Entire Issue Volume 22, Number 1

Entire Volume

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of a new, highly flexible radiofrequency (RF) coil system for imaging patients undergoing MR simulation. Methods: Volumetric phantom and in vivo images were acquired with a commercially available and prototype RF coil set. Phantom evaluation was performed using a silicone-filled humanoid phantom of the head and shoulders. In vivo assessment was performed in five healthy and six patient subjects. Phantom data included T1-weighted volumetric imaging, while in vivo acquisitions included both T1- and T2-weighted volumetric imaging. Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and uniformity metrics were calculated in the phantom data, while SNR values were calculated in vivo. Statistical significance was tested by means of a non-parametric analysis of variance test. Results: At a threshold of p = 0.05, differences in measured SNR distributions within the entire phantom volume were statistically different in two of the three paired coil set comparisons. Differences in per slice average SNR between the two coil sets were all statistically significant, as well as differences in per slice image uniformity. For patients, SNRs within the entire imaging volume were statistically significantly different in four of the nine comparisons and seven of the nine comparisons performed on the per slice average SNR values. For healthy subjects, SNRs within the entire imaging volume were statistically significantly different in seven of the nine comparisons and eight of the nine comparisons when per slice average SNR was tested. Conclusions: Phantom and in vivo results demonstrate that image quality obtained from the novel flexible RF coil set was similar or improved over the conventional coil system. The results also demonstrate that image quality is impacted by the specific coil configurations used for imaging and should be matched appropriately to the anatomic site imaged to ensure optimal and reproducible image quality.

Purpose: To compare treatment plans on the Prometheus proton therapy complex (PTC) and a linac in terms of dose distribution parameters and radiation doses on organs at risk. Material and methods: The study included 20 adult patients who were treated on the Prometheus PTC in 2019–2020 for recurrent malignant gliomas. Comparative planning was carried out in the XIO radiation therapy planning system with the preparation of 3D-conformal photon radiation therapy plans using intensity modulated radiotherapy technology (IMRT) based on one set of contours of the irradiated volumes. Results: Dose-volume histograms were constructed for all volumes, dose parameters were taken into account to assess the coverage of target volumes and compliance with safety criteria for organs at risk. The average dose to the entire brain volume during proton therapy ranged from 4.54 to 20.63 Gy, the median was 6.74 Gy. The average dose during photon therapy planning ranged from 5.9 to 32.48 Gy, the median was 21.2 Gy. The average difference in radiation load to the entire brain volume was 15.24 Gy (p < 0.001). The mean maximum dose to the brainstem during proton therapy ranged from 0.01 to 51.35 Gy, median 9.77 Gy. The mean dose when planning photon therapy using the IMRT technique ranged from 1.6 to 55.1 Gy, median 44.37 Gy. The mean difference was 34.6 Gy (p < 0.003). The mean maximum dose to the optic nerve during proton therapy ranged from 0 to 25.19 Gy, median 2.15 Gy. The mean dose in the photon therapy plan was 0 to 51.35 Gy, median 21.05 Gy. The reduction in the mean difference in dose load when using proton therapy was 18.9 Gy (p< 0.001).The average maximum dose to the chiasm during intensity-modulated proton therapy ranged from 0 to 32.9 Gy, median 0.38 Gy. A similar dose when calculating photon therapy doses ranged from 1.4 Gy to 54.3 Gy, median 28.47 Gy. The average difference in the dose load on the optic nerve in favor of proton therapy was 28.09 Gy (p< 0.001). The average value of the homogeneity index of protons was 0.16 (CI 95 % 0.14–0.18), photons – 0.13 (CI 95 % 0.11–0.14), p=0.00158. Conclusion: Proton therapy during repeated courses of radiation therapy demonstrates a significant reduction in the dose load on risk organs when compared with photon therapy on a linear accelerator. Repeated irradiation of high-grade gliomas using an active scanning proton beam is a promising direction due to the reduction in overall toxicity of treatment and the possibility of delivering radiation doses close to radical ones.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether early changes in tumor volume and perfusion measurements derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) may predict response to antiangiogenic therapy in recurrent high-grade gliomas. Twenty-seven patients who received bevacizumab every 3 weeks were enrolled in the study. For each patient, three MRI scans were performed: at baseline, after the first dose, and after the fourth dose of bevacizumab. The entire tumor volume (V(tot)), as well as contrast-enhanced and noncontrast-enhanced tumor subvolumes (V(CE-T1) and V(NON-CE-T1), respectively) were outlined using post-contrast T1-weighted images as a guide for the tumor location. Histogram analysis of normalized IAUGC (nIAUGC) and transfer constant K(trans) maps were performed. Each patient was classified as a responder patient if he/she had a partial response or a stable disease or as a nonresponder patient if he/she had progressive disease. Responding patients showed a larger reduction in V(NON-CE-T1) after a single dose, compared to nonresponding patients. Tumor subvolumes with increased values of nIAUGC and K(trans), after a single dose, significantly differed between responders and nonresponders. The radiological response was found to be significantly associated to the clinical outcome. After a single dose, V(tot) was predictive of overall survival (OS), while V(CE-T1) showed a tendency of correlation with OS. Tumor subvolumes with increased nIAUGC and K(trans) showed the potential for improving the diagnostic accuracy of DCE. Early assessments of the entire tumor volume, including necrotic areas, may provide complementary information of tumor behavior in response to anti-VEGF therapies and is worth further investigation.

Quantification of changes in tumor shape and size allows physicians the ability to determine the effectiveness of various treatment options, adapt treatment, predict outcome, and map potential problem sites. Conventional methods are often based on metrics such as volume, diameter, or maximum cross sectional area. This work seeks to improve the visualization and analysis of tumor changes by simultaneously analyzing changes in the entire tumor volume. This method utilizes an elliptic partial differential equation (PDE) to provide a roadmap of boundary displacement that does not suffer from the discontinuities associated with other measures such as Euclidean distance. Streamline pathways defined by Laplace's equation (a commonly used PDE) are used to track tumor progression and regression at the tumor boundary. Laplace's equation is particularly useful because it provides a smooth, continuous solution that can be evaluated with sub-pixel precision on variable grid sizes. Several metrics are demonstrated including maximum, average, and total regression and progression. This method provides many advantages over conventional means of quantifying change in tumor shape because it is observer independent, stable for highly unusual geometries, and provides an analysis of the entire three-dimensional tumor volume.

To investigate whether a radiomic MRI feature-based prediction model can differentiate oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) according to the human papillomavirus (HPV) status. Retrospective cohort study. Pretreatment MRI data from 62 consecutive patients with oropharyngeal SCC were retrospectively reviewed, and chronologically allocated to training (n = 43) and test sets (n = 19). Enhancing tumors were semi-automatically segmented on each slice of the postcontrast T1WI to span the entire tumor volume, after registration of T2WI to postcontrast T1WI; 170 radiomic features were extracted from the entire tumor volume. Relevant features were selected and radiomics models were trained using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression model with 10-fold cross-validation, after subsampling of training sets using synthetic minority over-sampling technique to mitigate data imbalance. The selected features, weighted by their respective coefficients, were combined linearly to yield a radiomics score. The diagnostic performance of the radiomic score was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Six radiomic features, which revealed strong association with HPV status of oropharyngeal SCC, were selected using LASSO. The radiomics model yielded excellent performance on the training set (AUC, 0.982 [95% CI, 0.942-1.000]) and moderate performance on the test set (AUC, 0.744 [95% CI, 0.496-0.991]) for differentiating oropharyngeal SCC according to HPV status. Radiomics-based MRI phenotyping differentiates oropharyngeal SCC according to HPV status, and thus, is a potential imaging biomarker. 3 Laryngoscope, 131:E851-E856, 2021.

T2* placental MRI in pregnancies complicated with fetal congenital heart disease

Cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) displays cardiac flow in cine loop fashion on multiple tomographic sections. Since laminar flow is easily distinguished from turbulent flow, cine MRI may be uniquely suited to the study of valvular regurgitation: the entire cardiac volume can be sampled and the regurgitant jet at the valve plane can be depicted. We therefore assessed aortic regurgitation (AR) by cine MRI in 35 patients and 11 normal volunteers and compared results to pulsed (n = 32) or color flow Doppler (n = 14). The extent of the flow disturbance was estimated for both cine MRI and Doppler by indexing the size of the maximal, single plane regurgitant jet area (JA) to the left ventricular (LV) area. Cine MRI JA/LV ratio compared well with pulsed (r = 0.81) and color flow (r = 0.88) Doppler; classification as mild (less than 20%), moderate (20-40%), and severe (greater than 40%) AR by both methods was identical in 43 of 46 cases with no differences of more than one grade. Overall sensitivity and specificity of cine MRI, compared to Doppler, were 94 and 95%, respectively. Cine MRI also depicted the regurgitant jet at the valve plane in 11 patients. Thus planar analysis of cine MRI images in patients with AR provides a semiquantitative assessment of the AR flow disturbance which is similar to Doppler but, in addition, can image the entire cardiac volume and the regurgitant jet at the valve plane.

A pseudo-3D ball lattice artifact and method for evaluating the metrological performance of structured-light 3D scanners

We report the discovery of a new fluoride-arsenide bulk diluted magnetic semiconductor (Ba,K)F(Zn,Mn)As with the tetragonal ZrCuSiAs-type structure which is identical to that of the “1111” iron-based superconductors. The joint hole doping via (Ba,K) substitution & spin doping via (Zn,Mn) substitution results in ferromagnetic order with Curie temperature up to 30 K and demonstrates that the ferromagnetic interactions between the localized spins are mediated by the carriers. Muon spin relaxation measurements confirm the intrinsic nature of the long range magnetic order in the entire volume in the ferromagnetic phase. This is the first time that a diluted magnetic semiconductor with decoupled spin and charge doping is achieved in a fluoride compound. Comparing to the isostructure oxide counterpart of LaOZnSb, the fluoride DMS (Ba,K)F(Zn,Mn)As shows much improved semiconductive behavior that would be benefit for further application developments.

The real-time issue of reliability segmenting root structure while using X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) images is addressed in this work. A deep learning approach is proposed using a novel framework, involving decoders and encoders. The encoders-decoders framework is useful to improve multiple resolution by means of upsampling and downsampling images. The methodology of the work is enhanced by incorporating network branches with individual tasks using low-resolution context information and high-resolution segmentation. In large volumetric images, it is possible to resolve small root details by implementing a memory efficient system, resulting in the formation of a complete network. The proposed work, recent image analysis tool developed for root CT segmented is compared with several other previously existing methodology and it is found that this methodology is more efficient. Quantitatively and qualitatively, it is found that a multiresolution approach provides high accuracy in a shallower network with a large receptive field or deep network in a small receptive field. An incremental learning approach is also embedded to enhance the performance of the system. Moreover, it is also capable of detecting fine and large root materials in the entire volume. The proposed work is fully automated and doesn’t require user interaction.

The works of Alfred C. Kinsey and his colleagues at Indiana University, most notably Wardell Pomeroy, have been lightning rods for controversy since its initial publication. Yet, in the past decade it seems as though there has been perhaps more attention in the "popular" media to Kinsey, the man, and his work than in the years immediately following the publication of his two major works. In this review essay, I want to touch on what I believe has led to this "revival" fervor. I will argue that the "science" on which the work ofKinsey et al. is built on is of little importance. On the other hand, it is precisely the science that Kinsey et al. represent that is important to the current attention focused on them, especially Kinsey and Pomeroy. Before going much further, I must admit something of an embarrassment; or, at least something I think makes me much like many who discuss Kinsey et al. freely. Prior to planning this review, I had never read Kinsey et al. (1948) from cover to cover. True, over the years I had checked the volume out of the library and consulted a particular chapter or some sections, looking for information about the issue I was researching at the time ("purposeful" reading). I had never taken the time to truly read through the entire volume following the logic chain from start to finish. No doubt there will be many who think I still have not done so, for a variety of reasons. Perhaps this essay will motivate some

240 Antiphon 16.3 (2012) Prior to the postconciliar reform, the Order of Mass began with the words “Sacerdos paratus,” which means, “When the priest is ready.” Now that phrase is replaced with “Populo congregato,” which means, “When the people have gathered.” This change, according to Turner, “unveils one of the main values of the revised Missal, the active participation of the people” (2). Turner’s entire volume provides a sophisticated yet accessible commentary on the Mass that not only promotes understanding but invites individuals deeper into its mysteries. Kristin Colberg College of St. Benedict / St. John’s University St Joseph / Collegeville, Minnesota Robert L. Tuzik Praying the Roman Missal: Pastoral Reflections on the Revised English Translation Chicago: Liturgy Training Publications, 2011 241 pp. Paperback $16.95. Robert Tuzik’s Praying the Roman Missal is one contribution among several works aimed at assisting the English-speaking Church to receive and pray well the Mass. The promulgation of the English edition of the Missale Romanum: Editio Typica Tertia inaugurated the rise of a particular genre that spans from technical lingual and process analyses to reflections upon theological shifts and focus, to pastoral reflections for the wary or casual observer. This ecclesial phenomenon, having begun in the United States on the First Sunday of Advent 2011, but prepared for months in advance, is, when viewed in a positive light, an opportunity for communal reflection. For the seasoned pastor it is a chance to meet the orations again for the first time. For the faithful, and possibly uninformed , Catholic parishioner, a time to understand better what it is the Church prays and believes. Tuzik writes for as broad an audience as the Roman Missal is intended, since every Catholic is affected no matter their liturgical or ecclesial role. As stated in the preface, the author hopes for the book “to appeal to parish councils, school boards, religious education boards, Catholic school teachers, catechists, RCIA teams, liturgy committees, musicians, cantors, and choir members” (x). And it would. Clearly written and not burdened by historical and theological complexities but filled with pastoral advice and ideas, the book could serve as a helpful resource to the host of groups mentioned above. 241 Book Reviews And yet distinctions in audience are not always evident. At times he gives advice seemingly to a priest celebrating Mass at the home of a shut-in. Elsewhere Tuzik encourages good use of a particular Mass for Various Needs, advice that could be directed to a priest, or perhaps to a liturgy committee that prepares which set of orations will be used. And then the reflection questions located at the end of each chapter tend to be mostly directed toward parishioners. Despite these shifts in tone, focus, and audience, Tuzik’s work holds the potential to be of assistance to any and all who engage it. At first the book focuses heavily upon translation comparisons. This is particularly true when discussing the Order of Mass. Then Tuzik speaks more broadly about the overall structure of the Roman Missal and its individual parts. This is helpful when analyzing the 22 Votive Masses and the 49 Masses and Prayers for Various Needs and Occasions. Readers may already be familiar with Lift Up Your Hearts, a collection of essays edited by Tuzik exploring the major structures of the Roman Missal. The two works complement each other. Though unfortunate that Tuzik excludes the Latin text, readers will benefit from side-by-side comparisons of the former and the newer English translations, making evident the perplexing omissions in the former English and thus the need for a translation more faithful to the original Latin. A helpful feature throughout most of the book is that individual words of the former translation which were not found in the original Latin, as well as words faithfully included in the newer, are placed in italics, a point Tuzik mentions repeatedly—six times in chapter five alone. Tuzik, like any fair-minded person, admits that no translation is perfect and lists what he names “unresolved issues”, including run-on sentences. But this work is overall positive in its outlook and is eager to assist priests, liturgy committees, and parishioners in familiarizing themselves...

Volumetric imaging, which supports quantitative and comprehensive assessment of a 3D sample from an entire volume, has attracted tremendous attention in biomedical research. Fluorescence imaging techniques, such as optical sectioning and light sheet microscopy, enable to reconstruct the 3D distribution of chemicals within a sample. However, current methods rely on exogenous labels, from which considerable perturbation may be introduced in living systems. Raman imaging offers a feasible solution to visualize components in biological samples in a label‐free manner. Besides, the integration of Raman microscopy with 3D approaches will benefit the research of biomedical samples on novel devices, which is dominated by the strongly enhanced spatial resolution, imaging speed, and overall field of view as well as complemented more details of samples. In this overview, recent achievements in 3D visualization of biological samples from the Raman perspective, are explored including scanning mechanism, light sheet, tomography strategy, compressive sensing, holography, and tissue clearing. Importantly, these platforms are compatible with biomedical research, thus allowing the imaging of chemical constituents and the distribution of samples in a whole volume. As a unique volumetric imaging tool for biological discovery, these methods may provide a strategy to accelerate new discoveries across diverse fields of research.

Quantifying submillimeter flows using optical diagnostic techniques is often limited by a lack of spatial resolution and optical access. This review discusses two super-resolution imaging techniques, structured illumination microscopy and total internal reflection fluorescence or microscopy, which can visualize bulk and interfacial flows, respectively, at spatial resolutions below the classic diffraction limits. First, we discuss the theory and applications of structured illumination for optical sectioning, i.e., imaging a thin slice of a flow illuminated over its entire volume. Structured illumination can be used to visualize the interior of multiphase flows such as sprays by greatly reducing secondary scattering. Second, the theory underlying evanescent waves is introduced, followed by a review of how total internal reflection microscopy has been used to visualize interfacial flows over the last 15 years. Both techniques, which are starting to be used in fluid mechanics, could significantly improve quantitative imaging of microscale and macroscale flows.