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Erbium-doped/erbium-ytterbium co-doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs/EYCDWAs) have received much attention as essential components within large-scale functionalized silicon-based optoelectronic (SBO) chips for their remarkable ability to amplify optical signals on-chip at the communication band combined with their potential application across diverse fields. We reviewed the research progress of EDWAs/EYCDWAs comprehensively. In particular, the research advancements concerning amplifiers constructed with diverse host materials are introduced in detail, and the gain limitations of the waveguide amplifiers are thoroughly analyzed from multiple perspectives, such as host materials and innovative structural designs. Subsequently, the preparation processes of the gain medium and waveguide structure in EDWAs/EYCDWAs are discussed, and their common application scenarios and commercial applications are summarized. In addition, an assessment is carried out on the challenges encountered by EDWAs/EYCDWAs. Finally, a discussion is held on their potential applications and development prospects in the field of SBO chips, with the aspiration of providing valuable references for the development of EDWAs/EYCDWAs.
2Cooperative upconversion effects on the characteristics of Er3+ doped and Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped waveguide amplifiers
Cooperative upconversion effects on the characteristics of Er3+ doped and Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped waveguide amplifiers
5Gain and noise characteristics of phosphate glass $$\hbox {Er}^{3+}$$ Er 3 + – $$\hbox {Yb}^{3+}$$ Yb 3 + co-doped waveguide amplifiers
Under the conditions of the uniform doping and the steady state, simulation is performed for the phosphate glass $$\hbox {Er}^{3+}$$ – $$\hbox {Yb}^{3+}$$ co-doped waveguide amplifier by using a formulized iteration method to solve the rate equations and the propagation equations. In the simulation, we have considered ion-ion interaction mechanisms including upconversion, cross-relaxation, non-radiation relaxation, and energy transduction between $$\hbox {Yb}^{3+}$$ and $$\hbox {Er}^{3+}$$ ions, as well as the amplified spontaneous emission along the positive and negative directions of the waveguide. The gain and noise characteristics of the device are analyzed and discussed, and some useful results are obtained in three kinds of pump schemes, i.e. the forward-, backward- and bidirectional pump schemes. Simulation results show that by selecting proper parameter values, the output gain can be achieved over 10.3 dB, and the noise figure can be controlled below 3 dB.
Read more232 dB modal gain in Er:LiNbO3 waveguide amplifiers with Er,Yb:Al2O3 cladding layer via bidirectional pumping scheme
Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) holds substantial promise for applications in integrated photonic systems. Waveguide amplifiers are fundamental photonic components within integrated photonic platforms. In this paper, we report a high-gain erbium-doped lithium niobate (Er:LiNbO3) waveguide amplifier coated with an erbium and ytterbium co-doped aluminum oxide (Er,Yb:Al2O3) cladding layer. The ridge waveguide dimensions and cladding thickness were optimized via finite element method (FEM) simulations of electric field distributions, with further analysis of the impacts of optical confinement factor (Γ) and effective mode area (A eff ) on device performance. This paper further validates the advantages of a bidirectional pumping scheme in suppressing amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and reducing noise figures (NF). Numerical simulations based on an Er3+-Yb3+ co-doped theoretical model demonstrate that under an Er3+ concentration of 3×1020 cm−3, Yb3+ concentration of 2.7×1021 cm−3, and a signal power of −30 dBm, the amplifier achieves a modal gain of 32 dB. This work establishes a theoretical foundation for the monolithic integration of compact Er3+-Yb3+ co-doped waveguide amplifiers on the LNOI platform through systematic optimization of waveguide dimensions and doping ratios.
Read more3Theoretical and experimental research on Er-doped and Yb-Er co-doped Al2O3 waveguide amplifiers
The rate equations of Er-doped and Yb-Er co-doped systems pumped at 0.98 mm are presented, with consideration for the upconversion mechanisms such as cooperative upconversion, cross relaxation, and excited state absorption. A multi-theoretical model is founded to analyze the gain characteristics of Er-doped and Yb-Er co-doped Al2O3 waveguide amplifiers by using rate equations, a two-dimension waveguide finite element model and propagation equations with forward and backward amplified spontaneous emission. The dependence of the gain on amplifier length, pump power and doping concentration is obtained. The optimum design curve is given for designing waveguide amplifiers. The new theory is used to analyze the gain performance of a practical Yb-Er co-doped Al2O3 waveguide amplifier, and the analyzed results are in accordance with the experimental data.
Read more4Performance Enhancement of Er–Yb: Co-doped Waveguide Amplifier Employing Backward Pumping in the Presence of Energy Transfer Upconversion
Performance Enhancement of Er–Yb: Co-doped Waveguide Amplifier Employing Backward Pumping in the Presence of Energy Transfer Upconversion
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