Error and objectivity: cognitive illusions and qualitative research

Visual illusions occur around us all the time, which present in nature and appear when you least expect it. It is well known that visual illusions can have a dramatic effect upon our visual perception of an object 's size and position. However, whether visual illusions have a similar influence on visual guided action or not, it remains the subject of much debate. The purpose of this study is to explore whether the visual information used to identify and categorize an object would be similar to the visual information used to plan and control visually guided movements directed toward that object. The outcome of this study will be helpful for designers to understand our visual information system and apply that knowledge to the design practice. In order to achieve the purpose of this study mentioned above, three visual illusions as the experiment's apparatus are applied to examine the relative effect of visual illusions on both the visual perceived center of an object and the position of a grasp on that object when a balanced lift is required. The results of the experiment show that (1) Illusions influence both the perceived and the grasped estimates of the center position, but the grasp center is more veridical; (2) Judd-illusion, one of the three visual illusions, has a bigger degree of effect than two other illusions on both the perceived and the grasped estimates of the center position; (3) By providing the participants with a mean to guide their visual perception of these illusions, the errors from the estimation of the center position can be significantly reduced.

Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology

Luria (Luria, Cognitive development: Its cultural and social foundations, Harvard University Press, 1976) famously observed that people who never learnt to read and write do not perceive visual illusions. We conducted a conceptual replication of the Luria study of the effect of literacy on the processing of visual illusions. We designed two carefully controlled experiments with 161 participants with varying literacy levels ranging from complete illiterates to high literates in Chennai, India. Accuracy and reaction time in the identification of visual shape and color illusions and the identification of appropriate control images were measured. Separate statistical analyses of Experiments 1 and 2 as well as pooled analyses of both experiments do not provide any support for the notion that literacy affects the perception of visual illusions. Our large sample, carefully controlled study strongly suggests that literacy does not meaningfully affect the identification of visual illusions and raises some questions about other reports of cultural effects on illusion perception.

For Hegel the specific content of philosophical science is truth. But when we take a closer look at what Hegel’s understanding of truth is, we see that he argues for an objective or ontological concept of truth. Truth, according to Hegel, is not a property of theoretical judgements, but it belongs to the form of existence of a being. The kind of truth is denoted in Hegel’s terminology as ‘Idea.’ Whatever exists as Idea exists in the form of the unity of notion and reality and, thus in the form of truth. What makes Hegel’s concept of truth exceedingly complex is that his concept allows him, on the one hand, to graduate the unity of notion and reality in an object and, on the other hand, to conceive different objects dependent upon their notions as existences which realize different degrees of truth. The highest existence of truth, then, is the absolute spirit. Since Hegel’s concept of truth repeatedly raises problems which counteract an adequate understanding of his whole system, the aim of the following remarks is to profile Hegel’s concept of truth.

Qualitative research grounded in a social constructionist epistemology troubles the assumption, integral in positivist research, that a researcher can be neutral and apolitical. In fact, many scholars are drawn to constructionist epistemologies because they situate the research process as a site of ontological resistance and social change. This essay explores the politics of voice and representation in anti-oppressive qualitative research. Using an example from one author's research on stigma management among formerly incarcerated women, and the particularly pernicious stigma women faced if they had engaged in sex work, we detail the benefits and pitfalls of either re-presenting research participants in their exact words or changing participants' words, a process we refer to as re-languaging. Drawing upon philosophical and social scientific scholarship on the "crisis of representation" in qualitative research and recent scholarship and news articles about human sex trafficking, we underscore the powerful political effects of language. We argue that researchers' choices about language are neither inherently liberatory nor oppressive, but they are always political. We call for a more reflexive scholarly dialog on voice in qualitative social work research and press scholars to explicitly engage the question of whom and what we represent when we claim to represent marginalized others.

Principles and applications of open science (also referred to as open research or open scholarship) in psychology have emerged in response to growing concerns about the replicability, transparency, reproducibility, and robustness of psychological research alongside global moves to open science in many fields. Our objective in this paper is to inform ways of collectively constructing open science practices and systems that are appropriate to, and get the best out of, the full range of qualitative and mixed‐method approaches used in psychology. We achieve this by describing three areas of open research practice (contributorship, pre‐registration, and open data) and explore how and why qualitative researchers might consider engaging with these in ways that are compatible with a qualitative research paradigm. We argue it is crucial that open research practices do not (even inadvertently) exclude qualitative research, and that qualitative researchers reflect on how we can meaningfully engage with open science in psychology.

This article reviews the current and emerging status of qualitative research in psychology. The particular value of diverse philosophical paradigms and varied inquiry approaches to the advancement of psychology generally, and multicultural psychology specifically, is emphasized. Three specific qualitative inquiry approaches anchored in diverse philosophical research paradigms are highlighted: consensual qualitative research, grounded theory, and participatory action research. The article concludes by highlighting important ethical considerations in multicultural qualitative research.

Thoughts on the Conduct and Dissemination of Qualitative Research

Recently MR (Mixed Reality) techniques are used in many fields, and one of them is work support. Work support using MR techniques can display work instructions directly in the work space and help user to work effectively especially in assembling tasks. MR work support for assembling tasks often uses HMD (Head Mounted Display) to construct MR environment. However, there are some problems for the use of HMD, such as a burden to the head, a narrow view and a motion picture sickness. One of the techniques to solve such problems is pepper's ghost which is an optical illusion using a glass. In this paper, we propose the naked eye MR work supporting system for assembling tasks using pepper's ghost. This system enables a beginner to assemble some blocks into one object by the naked eye with a few burdens.

The article analyses the role of facts in the Law and examines the standards of proof of facts. It examines the prevalence of the use of the concepts of objective, formal and material truth as the purpose of proof in the Lithuanian legal regulation, legal literature and jurisprudence and assesses the correctness of the use of these concepts. The peculiarities of the standard of proof of facts in cases of constitutional justice are discussed.

While the quantitative–qualitative dichotomy still permeates academic circles, qualitative research is gaining momentum within the realm of social sciences. Among the scholars who have contributed to legitimize qualitative approaches to research, Denzin and Lincoln [2005. Preface. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. ix–xix). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2011. Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 1–19). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage] have represented one of the leading voices in the field in the last 30 years. A significant aspect of Denzin and Lincoln's scholarly production concerns the historical analysis of qualitative methodologies. More specifically, they identify eight historical periods or ‘moments’ of qualitative research, which heuristically map the development of qualitative studies from the beginning of the twentieth century until the ‘fractured present’. Based on Denzin and Lincoln's [2011. Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (pp. 1–19). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage] eight moments, this paper employs descriptive statistics to present a critical analysis of the state of qualitative tourism research in Southeast Asia. The results indicate that quantitative approaches are privileged over qualitative methodologies. Moreover, the findings show that Asian qualitative tourism research is mainly driven by positivist and post-positivist paradigms. The results are discussed in relation to the colonial and postcolonial forces that have shaped the political and sociocultural context of Southeast Asian academic circles.

Perceptual illusions refer to systematically oriented errors in the perception of figures or scenes, and these errors are observed in almost all people. For centuries, they have been called ‘opto-geometric illusions’ because it was thought that they concerned only visual perception. Although visual errors are relatively rare, comments and questions about visual illusions are found as early as in the Greek and Roman literature. In scientific psychology, the theoretical and practical problems raised by these deformations have been intensively studied since the end of the 19th Century, and the elements of the figure inducing each error are now identified. However, there is no general theory explaining all the visual illusions. Instead, each figure must be analysed in order to determine the specific processes leading to the error. KeywordsVisual IllusionPerceptual ErrorHaptic PerceptionExploratory MovementPonzo IllusionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Visual illusions are fascinating because visual perception misjudges the actual physical properties of an image or a scene. This paper examines the perception of visual illusions in three-dimensional space. Six diverse visual illusions were implemented for both immersive virtual reality and monitor based environments. A user-study with 30 healthy participants took place in laboratory conditions comparing the perceptual effects of the two different mediums. Experimental data were collected from both a simple ordering method and electrical activity of the brain. Results showed unexpected outcomes indicating that only some of the illusions have a stronger effect in immersive virtual reality, others in monitor based environments while the rest with no significant effects.

Animated optical illusions – how to effectively create them and how they are perceived

Systematic review of visual illusions in schizophrenia