Essences, Contexts and Transitions: Inside Case Study

Preface. About the Authors. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1 Introduction to Architectural Acoustics and Basic Principles (WILLIAM J. CAVANAUGH). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Basic Concepts. 1.3 Design Criteria. 1.4 Selected Standards in Building Acoustics. Further Reading. CASE STUDY: Fogg Art Museum Lecture Hall, Harvard University (1895 1973) 33. Chapter 2 Acoustical Materials and Methods (REIN PIRN AND JEFFREY L. FULLERTON). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Sound Attenuation. 2.3 Sound Absorption 44. 2.4 Common Building Materials. 2.5 Acoustical Materials. 2.6 Special Devices. 2.7 Performance Tables. References. Further Reading. Selected Web Resources. CASE STUDY: Duke University Chapel: A Lesson on Acoustical Materials. CASE STUDY: Boston Waterfront Development Under a Flight Path: Sound-Isolating Facade. Constructions to Reduce Intrusive Noise. CASE STUDY: Berklee College of Music: Sound-Isolating Constructions Between Percussion Studios. Chapter 3 Building Noise Control Applications (GREGORY C. TOCCI). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Acoustical Analysis. 3.3 Standards Organizations for the Building Industry. 3.4 Overview of Building Noise Control Design. 3.5 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning System Noise Control. References. Further Reading. CASE STUDY: Mechanics Hall, Worcester, Massachusetts: Cooling Tower Sound Isolation. CASE STUDY: Field Impact Insulation Class Rating Measurements of Condominium Floor/Ceiling Construction. CASE STUDY: Noise Insulation Class Rating Measurements of a Hotel Guestroom Door. CASE STUDY: 500 Atlantic Avenue Hotel/Condominium Building Vibration Isolation. Chapter 4 Acoustical Design: Places for Listening (L. GERALD MARSHALL). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Sound Outdoors and Transition to Indoor Acoustics. 4.3 Concert Halls and Recital Halls. 4.4 Opera Houses, Theaters, General-Purpose Auditoriums, and Worship Spaces. 4.5 Other Places for Speech and Music Activities. References. Further Reading. CASE STUDY: Holy Cross Church, Dewitt, New York. CASE STUDY: Mitchell Hall at the University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware Historic Renovation. CASE STUDY: The New Hitchcock Presbyterian Church, Scarsdale, New York. CASE STUDY: Katherine M. Elfers Concert Hall at the Esther Eastman Music Center, Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, Connecticut. CASE STUDY: Ozawa Hall, Tanglewood Music Center, Lenox, Massachusetts. CASE STUDY: Hollywood Bowl Stage Redesign, Los Angeles, California. Chapter 5 Sound Systems (MATTHEW J. MOORE). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Loudspeaker Systems. 5.3 Equipment. 5.4 Examples of Sound Reinforcement and Reproduction Systems. 5.5 Special Sound System Installations. Further Reading. CASE STUDY: Hanover Theatre, Worcester, Massachusetts. CASE STUDY: Agganis Arena and Boston University Fitness and Recreation Center, Boston, Massachusetts. CASE STUDY: Ave Maria University Oratory, Ave Maria, Florida. CASE STUDY: University of Connecticut Student Union, Storrs, Connecticut. CASE STUDY: Rhode Island Senate Chamber, Providence, Rhode Island. CASE STUDY: Rhodes Arts Center, Northfield Mount Hermon School, Gill, Massachusetts. CASE STUDY: Tufts University Granoff Music Center, Medford, Massachusetts. CASE STUDY: Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois. Chapter 6 Recent Innovations in Acoustical Design and Research (GARY W. SIEBEIN AND BERTRAM Y. KINZEY, JR.). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Understanding and Measuring Room Acoustic Qualities. 6.3 Acoustical Modeling and Aural Simulation. 6.4 Other Directions in Architectural Acoustics Research. 6.5 Conclusions. References. Further Reading. CASE STUDY: Recent Halls for the Performing Arts and Acoustical Model Studies. CASE STUDY: Segerstrom Hall, Orange County Performing Arts Center, Orange County, California. CASE STUDY: McDermott Concert Hall, Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center, Dallas, Texas. CASE STUDY: Evangeline Atwood Concert Hall, Alaska Center for the Performing Arts, Anchorage, Alaska. CASE STUDY: Bass Performance Hall, Fort Worth, Texas. CASE STUDY: The Esplanade Concert Hall, Theaters on the Bay, Singapore. CASE STUDY: Tokyo Opera City Concert Hall, Takemitsu Memorial, Tokyo, Japan. CASE STUDY: Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, California. CASE STUDY: Computer Model Tests. Chapter 7 Sustainable Design and Acoustics (ETHAN SALTER, LEED AP). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Organizations Leading the Green Building Movement. 7.3 Acoustical Challenges of Green Design. 7.4 Postoccupancy Evaluations of Green Buildings. 7.5 Examples of Building Types Designed for Green Ratings. 7.6 Conclusion. References. Further Reading. Internet and Web Resources. CASE STUDY: Global Ecology Research Center at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. CASE STUDY: Dougherty Valley High School, San Ramon, California. CASE STUDY: Charles Salter Associates Tenant Improvement Office, San Francisco, California. Appendixes. Appendix A: Conversion Factors, Abbreviations, and Unit Symbols. Appendix B: Acoustical Societies Throughout the World. Appendix C: Selection of an Acoustical Consultant. Appendix D: Self-Study Guide for Using this Book. Glossary.

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) is transforming various health-related domains, including approaches to obesity management. Obesity remains one of the world’s leading health issues, prompting the research community to develop various weight-loss applications focused on physical activity, dietary planning, and related interventions. In this study, we explore the capability of the LLM ChatGPT for personalized dietary planning. We conducted two case studies: Case Study 1 examined self-supervised recipe generation using ChatGPT alone, while Case Study 2 investigated a self-supervised approach combining National Institute of Health standards with ChatGPT recipe recommendations. We also performed a user study to evaluate recipe recommendations from ChatGPT. Our results show that ChatGPT recommends appropriate recipes based on comparisons with the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) recipe calculator. We found no significant difference between ChatGPT-generated recipe recommendation calories and USDA standards for either Case Study 1 (p = 0.8530) or Case Study 2 (p = 0.0687). In addition, we found significant weight loss in participants following these recipes in both Case Study 1 (p < 0.00001) and Case Study 2 (p = 0.0014). Furthermore, the user study with potential weight-loss participants revealed varying levels of satisfaction (p = 0.001) and identified themes related to meal preferences, effective prompt generation, and mixed concerns regarding privacy, trust, user consent, and data storage. We conclude by discussing additional findings from our case and user studies, and present opportunities, challenges, and design and ethical considerations for the research community.

The case study is a neglected and maligned approach to social work research. Rejected more for how uninformed researchers have used it and less for flaws intrinsic to its nature, the case study is compatible with many forms of social work practice and policy research. Although case studies are not useful for estimating prevalence rates or for probabilistic generalization, they are useful to study problems in depth, to understand the stages in processes, or to understand situations in context (Greene & David, 1984; Yin, 1989). Other practice professions such as medicine, law, and business have long used case studies for research and teaching. Case studies have provided the basis for the development of psychotherapy (Kazdin, 1981), for the science of cognitive development as pioneered by Piaget (1951, 1952, 1954), and the science of human behavior (Garmezy, 1982). The foundation work for family therapy and family sociology was based on case studies (Gilgun, Daly, & Handel, 1992; Handel, 1991). This article defines the case study, presents guidelines for evaluating case studies, and shows the relevance of case studies to social work research. The guidelines for evaluation also provide guidelines for developing and interpreting case studies. The application of these guidelines will result in case studies that meet the rigorous standards of scientific research and are useful to social work practitioners. Background Definitions Case Study. The case study is an intensive investigation of a single unit (Handel, 1991; Runyan, 1982; Yin, 1989). Most case studies involve the examination of multiple variables. The interaction of the unit of study with its context is a significant part of the investigation. Examples include life history research on individual lives in context and thick description (Geertz, 1973, p. 6) ethnographies of social settings. Thickly described case studies take multiple perspectives into account and attempt to understand the influences of multilayered social systems on subjects' perspectives and behaviors. However, some case studies, such as single case evaluations as commonly practiced (Bloom & Fischer, 1983; Hersen & Barlow, 1984), look at a few variables measured over time and virtually ignore context. The defining characteristic of a case study, then, is its focus on an individual unit. The unit of study may be an individual person (Cooper, 1990; Fraiberg, 1981; Kivnick, 1988), but case studies can be done of other units such as a family (Davis & Reid, 1988), a treatment team (Gilgun, 1988), a segment of a clinical session (Sands, 1988), police in patrol cars (Ferraro, 1989), a community (Eckert, 1980), or a country (Ozawa, 1985). Case study research also can investigate multiple individual units (Gilgun, in press; Gilgun & Connor, 1989; Vera, 1990). Idiographic versus Nomothetic Research. Case studies are idiographic, meaning a single unit is studied, multiple variables are investigated, and generalizing is analytic rather than statistical and probabilistic (Runyan, 1982; Silverstein, 1988). In analytic generalization, findings extracted from a single case are tested for their fit with other cases and with patterns predicted by theory or with previous research and theory (Campbell, 1979; Gilgun, 1992; Yin, 1989). Researchers can argue for the generality of findings when findings are based on a wide variety of cases and are congruent with related research and theory (Gilgun, 1991, 1994; Green & David, 1984; Kazdin, 1981). Still, there is no guarantee that a set of findings will fit any other cases except those on which the findings have been constructed; the next case may contradict previous findings. Case study findings, then, are open-ended, subject to revision when they do not fit new cases. Idiographic research often is contrasted with nomothetic research, in which a few variables are investigated using groups of subjects. …

Preface. Acknowledgments. CHAPTER 1 Introduction. Themes. Case Study: A CFO's Dilemma. CHAPTER 2 Why Are Ethics Critical? What Is the Objective? The Research. Stakeholder Approach. All Animals Are Equal, but ... A Two-Way Street. Uncle Sam. Toward a Workable Model. CHAPTER 3 Why Ethics Is Not Just about Corporations. Case Study: The Duke University Lacrosse Scandal. 20/20 Hindsight. The Burden of Expectations. Case Study: The United Way. A Broad Impact. CHAPTER 4 A Historical Review. The Ancient World. Greek Citizens' Code. Military Codes. Cardinal Virtues and Vices. Business Ethics in Times Past. Timbuktu. Case Study: Saint Thomas Aquinas. Case Study: Arthur Andersen. The Nature of Man. CHAPTER 5 Why Do People Behave Badly? Moral Development. Fraud Triangle. Propensity. Hierarchy of Needs. Case Study: Walt Pavlo. There but for the Grace of God. Broken Windows. Rending Moral Fabric. CHAPTER 6 Work Environment and Group Dynamics. Social Animals. Relative Ethics. Social Control Theory. Case Study: The Stanford Prison Experiment. Elements of Social Bonding. Case Study: The Milgram Experiment. Power, Authority, and Proximity. Positive Peer Pressure. CHAPTER 7 Leadership. Tone at the Top. Authenticity. Case Study: Vaclav Havel. Outside Perspectives. Case Study: The Smithsonian Institution. Leadership Bonding. CHAPTER 8 The Common Element-Trust. Prisoners' Dilemma. Trust. The Cost of Trust. Case Study: The Tylenol Poisonings. A Well of Goodwill. Case Study: Firestone-Ford Tire Recalls. Two Approaches. CHAPTER 9 Building an Army of Davids. Herding Cats. 1 Samuel 17. Breaking the Chains. Basic Principles. Evangelize. Case Study: Jordan's Furniture. Back to Maslow. Moral Hazard. Causes and Culture. CHAPTER 10 The Positive Power of Peer Pressure. The Gentleman at Dinner. Belief. I Fly SWA. Attachment. Commitment. Involvement. In the Trenches. Why Are We Doing This? The Whole Picture. CHAPTER 11 How to Develop Leadership. Fore! Case Study: Whirlpool and Leadership Development. Investing in the Future. Emerging Leaders. A Bias. CHAPTER 12 The Logic of William of Ockham. Law of Parsimony. Is It the Means or the Ends? The Whole View. All Organizations Are Businesses. Case Study: University versus Nation. All about Me. Case Study: Charles Ponzi and His Scheme. Enjoying the Kool-Aid. CEO and Trust. Feeding the Wolf. Index.

The style and character of a leader does not just appear, but is influenced by the values and culture of the community. So that each region has a different style and character of the leader. This study examines whether religious (Islamic) and cultural values (local wisdom) influence the Sundanese leadership model in West Java. The research method uses descriptive-analytical with the aim to get a comprehensive picture related to the focus of research. Based on the research results that the leadership of Sunda in West Java is influenced by the values of religion (Islam) and culture (local wisdom) of society. So that appears 3 models of leadership Sunda especially Head of Region in West Java, that is (1). The Sundanese leadership model of Nyunda. Examples of cases of this leadership model is the Regent of Purwakarta Regency. (2). The model of Sundanese leadership is Islamic (Nyantri). The example of this leadership model case is Tasikmalaya District Head (3). The Sundanese leadership model has both the Nyunda-Islami. Examples of cases of this leadership model is the Mayor of Bandung.

Case study methodology in tissue viability. Part l: methodological considerations

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The case study approach, as an educational tool, has achieved widespread use in a variety of disciplines. The case method affords several advantages over conventional and traditional lecture methods of education, but the degree of effectiveness of the case study approach varies considerably between different disciplines. Therefore, an interdisciplinary comparison of case study techniques may be of some value in improving the case study methods used in engineering studies.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The most notable applications of case methods include the areas of business and management decision making, medicine, the social sciences, and engineering. The Harvard School of Business has established the pattern for business case studies. Much of today's accepted medical practice is based on “case studies.” Many significant sociological and psychological findings are based on case studies, while engineering case studies can be applied to achieve a wide variety of objectives including creativity in design, technical feasibility, etc. The analysis of the case study historically applied in each discipline reveals certain characteristics which seem to be unique to each area of case study application. Interdisciplinary comparison also reveals basic differences in case study techniques. Some of these differences lie in the nature of the discipline itself, while some are based upon extraneous causes which are completely unrelated to the area of study.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">On the basis of the interdisciplinary analysis and comparison, certain conclusions may be drawn regarding the effectiveness of the engineering case study. The evidence seems to indicate that there is far more potential for improvement in the engineering case study than in the other areas considered. The basic recommendation resulting from the comparison of case study methods is that engineering educators incorporate more case studies into their courses. Engineering educators should also integrate into their case studies as many as possible of the characteristics of successfully proven case study techniques used in other disciplines.</div>

AMA Kozłowska A, Gorzkowski M, Obtułowicz A, Wojas-Pelc A, Jaworek A. Pyoderma gangrenosum as a possible paraneoplastic disease – case study and literature review. Dermatology Review/Przegląd Dermatologiczny. 2023;110(1):43-55. doi:10.5114/dr.2023.127661. APA Kozłowska, A., Gorzkowski, M., Obtułowicz, A., Wojas-Pelc, A., & Jaworek, A. (2023). Pyoderma gangrenosum as a possible paraneoplastic disease – case study and literature review. Dermatology Review/Przegląd Dermatologiczny, 110(1), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.5114/dr.2023.127661 Chicago Kozłowska, Arletta, Mateusz Gorzkowski, Aleksander Obtułowicz, Anna Wojas-Pelc, and Andrzej K. Jaworek. 2023. "Pyoderma gangrenosum as a possible paraneoplastic disease – case study and literature review". Dermatology Review/Przegląd Dermatologiczny 110 (1): 43-55. doi:10.5114/dr.2023.127661. Harvard Kozłowska, A., Gorzkowski, M., Obtułowicz, A., Wojas-Pelc, A., and Jaworek, A. (2023). Pyoderma gangrenosum as a possible paraneoplastic disease – case study and literature review. Dermatology Review/Przegląd Dermatologiczny, 110(1), pp.43-55. https://doi.org/10.5114/dr.2023.127661 MLA Kozłowska, Arletta et al. "Pyoderma gangrenosum as a possible paraneoplastic disease – case study and literature review." Dermatology Review/Przegląd Dermatologiczny, vol. 110, no. 1, 2023, pp. 43-55. doi:10.5114/dr.2023.127661. Vancouver Kozłowska A, Gorzkowski M, Obtułowicz A, Wojas-Pelc A, Jaworek A. Pyoderma gangrenosum as a possible paraneoplastic disease – case study and literature review. Dermatology Review/Przegląd Dermatologiczny. 2023;110(1):43-55. doi:10.5114/dr.2023.127661.

Acknowledgements. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Past, Present and Future. 1.2 About this Book. Bibliography. 2 Case Studies. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Datasets, Matrices and Vectors. 2.3 Case Study 1: Forensic Analysis of Banknotes. 2.4 Case Study 2: Near Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Food. 2.5 Case Study 3: Thermal Analysis of Polymers. 2.6 Case Study 4: Environmental Pollution using Headspace Mass Spectrometry. 2.7 Case Study 5: Human Sweat Analysed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. 2.8 Case Study 6: Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of Pharmaceutical Tablets. 2.9 Case Study 7: Atomic Spectroscopy for the Study of Hypertension. 2.10 Case Study 8: Metabolic Profiling of Mouse Urine by Gas Chromatography of Urine Extracts. 2.11 Case Study 9: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Salival Analysis of the Effect of Mouthwash. 2.12 Case Study 10: Simulations. 2.13 Case Study 11: Null Dataset. 2.14 Case Study 12: GCMS and Microbiology of Mouse Scent Marks. Bibliography. 3 Exploratory Data Analysis. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Principal Components Analysis. 3.2.1 Background. 3.2.2 Scores and Loadings. 3.2.3 Eigenvalues. 3.2.4 PCA Algorithm. 3.2.5 Graphical Representation. 3.3 Dissimilarity Indices, Principal Co-ordinates Analysis and Ranking. 3.3.1 Dissimilarity. 3.3.2 Principal Co-ordinates Analysis. 3.3.3 Ranking. 3.4 Self Organizing Maps. 3.4.1 Background. 3.4.2 SOM Algorithm. 3.4.3 Initialization. 3.4.4 Training. 3.4.5 Map Quality. 3.4.6 Visualization. Bibliography. 4 Preprocessing. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Data Scaling. 4.2.1 Transforming Individual Elements. 4.2.2 Row Scaling. 4.2.3 Column Scaling. 4.3 Multivariate Methods of Data Reduction. 4.3.1 Largest Principal Components. 4.3.2 Discriminatory Principal Components. 4.3.3 Partial Least Squares Discriminatory Analysis Scores. 4.4 Strategies for Data Preprocessing. 4.4.1 Flow Charts. 4.4.2 Level 1. 4.4.3 Level 2. 4.4.4 Level 3. 4.4.5 Level 4. Bibliography. 5 Two Class Classifiers. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Two Class Classifiers. 5.1.2 Preprocessing. 5.1.3 Notation. 5.1.4 Autoprediction and Class Boundaries. 5.2 Euclidean Distance to Centroids. 5.3 Linear Discriminant Analysis. 5.4 Quadratic Discriminant Analysis. 5.5 Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. 5.5.1 PLS Method. 5.5.2 PLS Algorithm. 5.5.3 PLS-DA. 5.6 Learning Vector Quantization. 5.6.1 Voronoi Tesselation and Codebooks. 5.6.2 LVQ1. 5.6.3 LVQ3. 5.6.4 LVQ Illustration and Summary of Parameters. 5.7 Support Vector Machines. 5.7.1 Linear Learning Machines. 5.7.2 Kernels. 5.7.3 Controlling Complexity and Soft Margin SVMs. 5.7.4 SVM Parameters. Bibliography. 6 One Class Classifiers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Distance Based Classifiers. 6.3 PC Based Models and SIMCA. 6.4 Indicators of Significance. 6.4.1 Gaussian Density Estimators and Chi-Squared. 6.4.2 Hotelling's T 2 . 6.4.3 D-Statistic. 6.4.4 Q-Statistic or Squared Prediction Error. 6.4.5 Visualization of D- and Q-Statistics for Disjoint PC Models. 6.4.6 Multivariate Normality and What to do if it Fails. 6.5 Support Vector Data Description. 6.6 Summarizing One Class Classifiers. 6.6.1 Class Membership Plots. 6.6.2 ROC Curves. Bibliography. 7 Multiclass Classifiers. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 EDC, LDA and QDA. 7.3 LVQ. 7.4 PLS. 7.4.1 PLS2. 7.4.2 PLS1. 7.5 SVM. 7.6 One against One Decisions. Bibliography. 8 Validation and Optimization. 8.1 Introduction. 8.1.1 Validation. 8.1.2 Optimization. 8.2 Classification Abilities, Contingency Tables and Related Concepts. 8.2.1 Two Class Classifiers. 8.2.2 Multiclass Classifiers. 8.2.3 One Class Classifiers. 8.3 Validation. 8.3.1 Testing Models. 8.3.2 Test and Training Sets. 8.3.3 Predictions. 8.3.4 Increasing the Number of Variables for the Classifier. 8.4 Iterative Approaches for Validation. 8.4.1 Predictive Ability, Model Stability, Classification by Majority Vote and Cross Classification Rate. 8.4.2 Number of Iterations. 8.4.3 Test and Training Set Boundaries. 8.5 Optimizing PLS Models. 8.5.1 Number of Components: Cross-Validation and Bootstrap. 8.5.2 Thresholds and ROC Curves. 8.6 Optimizing Learning Vector Quantization Models. 8.7 Optimizing Support Vector Machine Models. Bibliography. 9 Determining Potential Discriminatory Variables. 9.1 Introduction. 9.1.1 Two Class Distributions. 9.1.2 Multiclass Distributions. 9.1.3 Multilevel and Multiway Distributions. 9.1.4 Sample Sizes. 9.1.5 Modelling after Variable Reduction. 9.1.6 Preliminary Variable Reduction. 9.2 Which Variables are most Significant?. 9.2.1 Basic Concepts: Statistical Indicators and Rank. 9.2.2 T-Statistic and Fisher Weights. 9.2.3 Multiple Linear Regression, ANOVA and the F-Ratio. 9.2.4 Partial Least Squares. 9.2.5 Relationship between the Indicator Functions. 9.3 How Many Variables are Significant? 9.3.1 Probabilistic Approaches. 9.3.2 Empirical Methods: Monte Carlo. 9.3.3 Cost/Benefit of Increasing the Number of Variables. Bibliography. 10 Bayesian Methods and Unequal Class Sizes. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Contingency Tables and Bayes' Theorem. 10.3 Bayesian Extensions to Classifiers. Bibliography. 11 Class Separation Indices. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Davies Bouldin Index. 11.3 Silhouette Width and Modified Silhouette Width. 11.3.1 Silhouette Width. 11.3.2 Modified Silhouette Width. 11.4 Overlap Coefficient. Bibliography. 12 Comparing Different Patterns. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Correlation Based Methods. 12.2.1 Mantel Test. 12.2.2 R V Coefficient. 12.3 Consensus PCA. 12.4 Procrustes Analysis. Bibliography. Index.

This Technical Note 'Case Study ¿ Italy' is part of a series of case studies within the ¿Sustainable Agriculture and Soil Conservation¿ (SoCo) project. Ten case studies were carried out in Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom between spring and summer 2008. The selection of case study areas was designed to capture differences in soil degradation processes, soil types, climatic conditions, farm structures and farming practices, institutional settings and policy priorities. A harmonised methodological approach was pursued in order to gather insights from a range of contrasting conditions over a geographically diverse area. The case studies were carried out by local experts to reflect the specificities of the selected case studies.

Wildlife habitat management: concepts and applications in forestry

Editorial| December 31 2019 The Case for Case Studies in the Context of Environmental Issues—Updated Wil Burns Wil Burns Editor-in-Chief, Case Studies in the Environment Email: wil@feronia.org Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Email: wil@feronia.org Case Studies in the Environment (2019) 3 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2019.eic.001 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Wil Burns; The Case for Case Studies in the Context of Environmental Issues—Updated. Case Studies in the Environment 31 December 2019; 3 (1): 1–5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2019.eic.001 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCase Studies in the Environment Search Keywords: scholarship, environmental issues, explanatory case study, descriptive case study, environmental practitioners In its most distilled form, a “case study” involves investigation of “real-life phenomenon through detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions, and their relationships.”1 The “case” may focus upon an individual, organization, event, project, or phenomenon, anchored in a specific time and place. Most cases are based on real events, or a plausible construction of events,2 and tell a story, often involving issues or conflicts that require resolution.3 The most effective case studies facilitate multiple assessments of the same situation, “leading to several equally plausible and compelling conclusions, each with different implications for action.”4 A case study usually focuses on a single subject of analysis; however, case study analyses can also be designed as comparative investigations that highlight the relationship between two or more subjects. They also frequently include central characters and quotations and dialogue.5 The methodology can be a quantitative,... You do not currently have access to this content.

Despite fads and fashions in the academic culture, case-based reasoning has proved to be a persistent form of analysis in the social sciences, in the humanities, and even in moral thinking. Broadly understood, casebased reasoning locates the ultimate source of our epistemic and moral intuitions in the concreteness and idiosyncrasy of particulars. Even though they can be traced back to a common root, different traditions of reasoning with cases and of using case studies coexist in the academic landscape. This thesis focuses primarily on the use of case studies in the social sciences as an epistemic strategy to formulate, establish, and generalize causal hypotheses. A secondary goal is an investigation into the use of causal findings generated within and by means of case studies to inform policy making in the social realm.The thesis is organized in four chapters. In chapter 1, I characterize what can be regarded as two alternative views of case studies and the understanding of science in which they are embedded. The first approach flourished in the 1970s and looked at case studies as a special, and typically weaker, form of the experimental, statistical, or comparative methods. Since this approach tends to evaluate case studies by criteria belonging to other methodological traditions, it can be said to present a heteronomous paradigm. The second, alternative view, which was developed in the last decades, is taking shape gradually and is still far from being fully articulated. This approach strives for an understanding of case studies liberated from the narrow mindset that caricatures case studies as the method of last resort. In particular, it sees case studies as an autonomous epistemic genre (Morgan 2012).In chapter 2, I address internal validity in historical narratives. Historical narratives are case studies that aim to formulate and substantiate causal hypotheses by articulating descriptions of the sequences of events leading to the outcome of interest. They typically make use of process-tracing to draw causal inference, and often rely on the additional use of the methods of comparison. Despite the important role of historical narratives in the social sciences, how process-tracing operates in the narratives is still poorly understood. The debate on process-tracing in fact, even though it is growing thanks to a number of recent contributions, is still muddy and under-developed. In particular, there are no shared criteria to assess its epistemic contribution; moreover, the conditions proposed so far tend to tie the validity of the findings to the use of specific kinds of evidence and are thus unhelpful when this specific evidence is not available.I argue that the proposed conditions are unduly restrictive and fail to acknowledge the actual contributions process-tracing can offer to valid causal inference. I formulate new conditions to assess processtracing performance in cases in which the favourable evidential circumstances do not occur and existing criteria fail to apply.In chapter 3, I address the problem of generalizability. I provide an outline of what I define as the traditional view on external validity. This approach is conditioned by a statistical viewpoint on case study research (CSR) and reduces external validity to issues of mere representativeness. In so doing it leads the debate on the generalizability of case-study results to a dead end as it quickly dismisses external validity as the downside of CSR. At the same time, it suggests that CSR is comparatively stronger in providing internally valid results. On this ground this approach recommends the use of case studies when internal validity is the main research goal of interest, while turning to other methods when one pursues generalizations instead. This outcome is unfortunate because, as a matter of fact, case studies are often performed with the explicit or implicit purpose of drawing lessons from the studied case to be carried over to new contexts yet unstudied. …

Children, Youth and Environments Vol. 17 No. 4 (2007) ISSN: 1546-2250 Design and Landscape for People: New Approaches to Renewal Cumberlidge, Clare and Musgrave, Lucy (2007). New York: Thames & Hudson; 224 pages. $50. ISBN 9780500342336. Twenty-three case studies representing best practices in renewal from 14 countries, spanning five continents and sharing 25 awards (among 12 of the showcased projects). That, in a nutshell, is Clare Cumberlidge and Lucy Musgrave’s new book. Besides the impressive numbers underpinning its range, surely should be added the outstanding 269 color illustrations. This book is an impressive exhibition of some excellent innovations in rural and urban renewal that redeveloped existing land and infrastructure, created new facilities including through reuse of old, used culture and place identity to further economic development, and through strategic work with local communities, including children and youth, brought in desired environmental change. After a preface by Ralph Rugoff, who highlights the importance of the book, the introductory essay by the interdisciplinary author duo, Cumberlidge (curator, cultural planner and art consultant), and Musgrave (architect, planner, researcher) who founded the General Public Agency in London, provide a sweeping review of the emerging new practices in the field of renewal and cite several more examples from around the world in addition to the case studies included in the book. Renewal is typically considered an urban phenomenon. “Urban Renewal” historically had a negative image, with James Baldwin famously dubbing this process “negro removal” highlighting the marginalization of minority groups and the poor in renewal of “slums” and blighted areas in post-World War II American cities. However, a shift in renewal thinking occurred in the later part of the twentieth century with community development underpinning renewal efforts—though the need to command and control 415 populations and their use of land continue to drive renewal efforts in slums across the world, particularly in developing countries undergoing fast urbanization. Given this prevalent, inhumane image of renewal, this book helps to direct attention to emerging practices in both urban and rural contexts that have transformed people’s environments in a more people-friendly manner. The book’s 23 case studies are organized into five sections:Utility, Citizenship, Rural, Identity, and Urban. The introduction does not explain why these five categories were chosen, nor does it explain the process of selection of case studies from around the world beyond stating, “[w]e identified and were in communication with many inspirational projects from around the world which for reasons of editorial focus have not made it to the final selection” (224). Each section is introduced by the authors with a review essay that again introduces many more examples from around the world while briefly discussing the achievements of the selected case studies. A fact sheet about each case study is included at the end under “Project Information,” though inclusion of these summaries in the case studies themselves would have facilitated smoother reading and comprehension. The five case studies under “Utility,” from South Africa, Slovakia, Germany, Mexico, and India, demonstrate adaptive reuse of obsolete infrastructure as well as new infrastructural innovations to cater to multiple community needs. A wonderful example of this latter concept is the Playpump project in South Africa, where a merry-go-round for children enabled children to pump safe drinking water to an overhead tank while playing. Colorful advertising panels covered the overhead storage tanks and delivered public health messages to the water collectors, who were typically adolescent girls. Critical perspectives are missing from the case studies. For example, the “Utility” case study of Slum Networking in India showcases a highly contested project—the largest slum upgrading project using the concept of Slum Networking in the Indian city of Indore—without any critical analysis. The project targeted development of individual household toilets, water supply, roads 416 and soft landscaping across the city slums, but achieved only very limited coverage at the end of the project (Verma 2000). The tenant householders refused to make any investment in infrastructure, while others cited insufficient space within the house for a toilet, and still others who received toilets did not have private water supply. Further, a survey revealed that no water mains had been installed in ten...

Water pollution has become one of the most serious intractable issues of this era. The use of aquatic plants is considered as one of the suitable routes to remove pollutants from industrial wastewater, to protect the environment and restore resources for reuse, especially water hyacinth plant. Multi studies have shown that the water hyacinth plant has an ability to recover heavy metals from different water bodies. This paper aims to study the efficiency of the different parts of water hyacinth plant to remove many ions of heavy metals, namely chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from polluted water bodies in Iraq, Thera Dejla channel in the northwest of Baghdad as a case study. The results obtained showed the ability of water hyacinth plant roots to adsorb lead, manganese and zinc metals with concentrations of 3.668, 3.1297 ppm and 1.1057 ppm, respectively and the rafts to adsorb 10.1545 ppm of iron while cobalt and chromium were adsorbed by stem with 0.2652 and 0.0852 ppm respectively. However, the leafs of water hyacinth were the lowest ability to adsorb the heavy metals than other parts. On the other hand, the concentrations of these heavy metals were close to zero in the water near this plant. Therefore, this plant can be used as a cheap and low-cost bio-filter to purify polluted water in rivers, lakes and ponds despite the harmful effects caused by its excessive spread. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Ali GAA, Abbas MN. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. SRP. 2020; 11(9): 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Web Style Ali GAA, Abbas MN. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=7012 [Access: March 30, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Ali GAA, Abbas MN. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. SRP. 2020; 11(9): 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Ali GAA, Abbas MN. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. SRP. (2020), [cited March 30, 2021]; 11(9): 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Harvard Style Ali, G. A. A. & Abbas, . M. N. (2020) Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. SRP, 11 (9), 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Turabian Style Ali, Ghalib Adrees Atiya, and Mohammed Nsaif Abbas. 2020. Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 Chicago Style Ali, Ghalib Adrees Atiya, and Mohammed Nsaif Abbas. Atomic Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Ali, Ghalib Adrees Atiya, and Mohammed Nsaif Abbas. Atomic Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Study. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.9 (2020), 264-271. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Ali, G. A. A. & Abbas, . M. N. (2020) Spectroscopy Technique Employed to Detect the Heavy Metals from Iraqi Waterbodies Using Natural Bio-Filter (Eichhornia crassipes): Thera Dejla as a Case Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (9), 264-271. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.9.43