Essentials of Surgery: Scientific Principles and Practice

This scoping review examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) tools into scientific education practices in school settings. Following the PRISMA statement guidelines, a literature search was conducted in the Web of Science and Scopus databases, identifying 2892 articles published between 2020 and 2024. After applying the eligibility criteria, 75 primary studies with empirical data demonstrating the outcomes of school‐based scientific practices using AI tools were selected. The studies were coded based on the type of AI, the type of scientific practice, AI competencies, and other contextual and pedagogical aspects. The results indicate that the most frequently used tools by students are computer vision, natural language processing and data mining. Most studies focus on secondary education levels, combining strategies such as project‐based learning, scientific inquiry and the STEM approach. Although the evidence suggests that these tools enhance scientific skills like data interpretation and computational thinking, limitations were identified, including the use of low‐reliability or paid software and a lack of representation of ethical competencies. Finally, the review highlights the need to strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration and the design of curricular programmes that integrate AI through an ethical framework. The findings are discussed to provide guidance for pedagogy, public policies and future research. Context and implications Rationale for this study: This study was conducted to examine current evidence on how AI tools are being integrated into K‐12 scientific practices. Why the new findings matter: The findings presented are relevant for analysing current trends, identifying research gaps and exploring opportunities to update interdisciplinary pedagogical frameworks and digital literacy curriculum policies. Implications for educational practitioners, policy makers and researchers: For education practitioners, this study provides a planning model with practical examples for integrating AI into K‐12 scientific practices. For policy makers, it highlights the urgency of updating curricular frameworks and public education policies to ensure equitable access to trustworthy technologies, as well as initial and ongoing teacher training in AI, while fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly between science and mathematics. For researchers, there is a clear need to expand empirical studies that examine scientific practices in virtual and hybrid modalities, in underexplored levels such as elementary education, and that take into account ethical competencies in the use of AI.

An emphasis on science practices in university science education provides a logical route to student development of scientific literacy and critical thinking. Unlike scientific literacy and critical thinking which have been the subjects of much debate and controversy, the science practices are consensus-based and well-defined. As the disaggregated components of critical thinking, science practices are well-positioned to support and systematically assess student development of critical thinking. In this paper, we report on our examination of general chemistry laboratory curricula for opportunities to engage students in science practices using the Three-Dimensional Learning Assessment Protocol, 3D-LAP. Our findings suggest that the laboratory curricula provide opportunities for students to engage in some practices, while others are consistently underrepresented. Additionally, there is a disproportionate emphasis on mathematical thinking which not only has equity implications, especially for marginalized students, but could also have the unintended consequence of students developing a distorted view of the intellectual work of chemistry. The findings of our study indicate a need for greater balance with respect to the practices in the general chemistry laboratory curricula, and have the potential to inform the design, development, or adaptation of lab curricula to better support scientific literacy and critical thinking. We couple accountable disciplinary knowledge and constructive alignment to discuss these and other findings and implications of our work for teaching, learning, and research.

Background: A good proportion of medical students and house officers will consider specialization in different aspects of medicine following graduation. However, there are still individuals who at this stage are undecided both in the question of specialization as well as on what area to pursue a career in. In a developing and resource poor country such as our environment where the doctor-patient ratio is very poor, proper distribution of physicians to meet the health demands of the people becomes of utmost importance.
 Study Design: A descriptive questionnaire based study.
 Place and Duration: Department of otorhinolaryngology surgery university of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital between January 2019 and March 2019.
 Methodology: We distributed semi structured self- administered questionnaire to all the final year medical students and the house officers of university of port Harcourt and university of port Harcourt teaching hospital. Only the house officers that did rotation in the ORL surgery department and final year medical students that gave their consent were recruited into the study. Those that did not do a rotation in ORL among the house officers and those that did not give consent were excluded. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and results presented in simple statistical tables.
 Results: In this study there was a recovery rate of 82.4% with 70 respondents, 45 males and 25 females with a ratio of 1.8:1. Age range was 20 to 39 years. The age range 25-29 (58.57%) was the highest and least in age 35-39(4.29%). The final year medical students constituted 57.14% of the study population, 60% (n=42) did not want to specialize; only about 31.43% will like to specialize. while57.14% rated their clinic exposure as excellent, most rated the trainer`s method mainly average. Most; 74.3% will not choose ORL, 14.3% were undecided and only 11.4% will like to specialize in ORL. Main reason for this choice is exposure during clinical rotation and mentorship.
 Conclusion: The interest in ORL among medical trainees is poor. Among those interested, exposure during clinical rotation is paramount. Dedication and innovative ideas on the part of teachers and mentors may arouse the interest in this specialty.

The Pegasus workflow management system: Translational computer science in practice

Family medicine is an important specialty that provides continuous, coordinated, and comprehensive care for patients, within his or her family and the community in a holistic manner and this encompasses all ages, gender, race and every disease. Family medicine also provides comprehensive care of unselected patients with undifferentiated problems. It integrates clinical and biopsychosocial science in managing patient illness. It is a specialty that provides complete physical, mental, social, emotional, spiritual and occupational well-being of individual in within the family and the community. This study aimed to evaluate the Factors Influencing the Choice of Family Medicine as a Specialty Among Medical Students and House Officers in Tertiary Institutions in South-South Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study involving 250 medical students (100) and house offices (150). Participants age between 18 to 47 years. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. The study lasted for a period of 2 months. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 25.0 and p < 0.05 was significant. The results revealed that the participants were between 18 to 47 years, 40% of the participants were male, 60% female, 68% single, medical students 40%, House officers 60%, 48% were in federal institutions, 32% state, 20% private, 80% are aware of family medicine as a medical specialty, 60% first learned about family medicine at their clinical years, 80% had clinical postings in family medicine, 80% agreed that family medicine provides comprehensive and continuous patient care, 68%% agreed that family physicians have opportunities to work in diverse healthcare settings, 78% agreed that family medicine offers good career prospects in Nigeria and 80% are interested in choosing family medicine as a specialty. Family Medicine is a medical field that focused on comprehensive healthcare for people of all ages from newborns to seniors and majority of the participants are intere

Initiatives are underway to increase geriatrics training in nonprimary care disciplines. However, no validated instrument exists to measure geriatrics knowledge of house officers in surgical specialties and medical subspecialties. A 23-item multiple-choice test emphasizing inpatient care and common geriatric syndromes was developed through expert panels and pilot testing, and administered to 305 residents and fellows at 4 institutions in surgical disciplines (25% of respondents), emergency medicine (29%), medicine subspecialties (19%), internal medicine (12%), and other disciplines (15%). Three items decreased internal reliability. The remaining 20 items covered 17 topic areas. Residents averaged 62% correct on the test. Internal consistency was appropriate (Cronbach's alpha coefficient=0.60). Validity was supported by the use of expert panels to develop content, and by overall differences in scores by level of training (P<.0001) and graded improvement in test performance, with 58%, 63%, 62%, and 69% correct responses among HO1, HO2, HO3, and HO4s, respectively. This reliable, valid measure of clinical geriatrics knowledge can be used by a wide variety of surgical and medical graduate medical education programs to guide curriculum reform or evaluate program performance to meet certification requirements. The instrument is now available on the web.

We studied a systematic program to reeducate our medical house officers on how to manage inpatient hyperglycemia without the use of sliding-scale insulin (SSI). Patients admitted to the general medical service with diabetes or a blood glucose >140 mg/dl were included. HbA(1c) was measured in all patients, and therapy was modified if the HbA(1c) was >7.0%. For each 24 h on call, two house officers were responsible for all glucose management for their team's patients and rounded with a teaching endocrinologist twice daily for 2 weeks. Oral agent or insulin therapy was modified using blood glucoses and HbA(1c). All patients who required insulin therapy were treated with basal and bolus insulin, usually NPH and regular, adjusted twice daily. During 8 weeks, 88 patients were identified and 16 house officers were instructed. The mean duration of diabetes was 10.4 years. Mean HbA(1c) level was 8.7%, and 48% of patients had HbA(1c) >8%. All patients with HbA(1c) >7% had diabetes therapy intensified. Overall 80% had their diabetes therapy changed by discharge. Compared with 98 historical control subjects, significantly fewer study patients had episodes of hyperglycemia, and a subgroup followed for 12 months showed a decrease in HbA(1c) from 10.1 to 8%. Medical history, blood glucose, and HbA(1c) testing can effectively identify patients with inpatient hyperglycemia. Using direct ward-based teaching and a widely disseminated pocket set of guidelines, house officers can be taught to effectively and safely manage inpatient hyperglycemia without the use of SSI.

Background: Medical house officers are at increased risk for stress related symptoms leading to professional burnout.Aims: Measure burnout in house officers and establish whether utilization of a psychotherapeutic tool individually by physicians reduces symptoms characteristic of burnout.Method: Two groups of pediatric house officers at the University of California Davis Health System completed a Maslach Burnout Survey (MBS) at the beginning and end of a three-month period in 2003. An Intervention group (7 of 15 enrolled) was trained in the use of a self-administered psychotherapeutic tool. Outcome Measures were MBS scores and a qualitative interview of intervention group members.Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups, prior to the study or over time. Qualitative interviews revealed that subjects experience stressors in relation to their professional activities, but already utilize some elements of the tool and were too busy to implement the entire tool systematically.Conclusions: Pediatric trainees did not seem to manifest burnout symptoms based upon the MBS; interviews suggested that some do experience significant stress, although manifestations and responses were varied, some may be at risk. Methods identifying individuals at risk for burnout, and interventions to cope with stress may be valuable to their training.

To explore rational measures to improve medical undergraduates' scientific research quality by investigating and analyzing their scientific research situation. A questionnaire survey was conducted in March 2022 among medical college/university undergraduates across four grades and five majors. Five hundred and ninety‐four questionnaires were distributed, and 553 valid copies were returned, with a 93.1% return rate. The results showed that 61.5% of the students had an intense interest in research experiments, and 46.8% thought it was important for undergraduates to participate in research experiments, but only 17.5% often participated in them. Among the students, 85.0% thought that the main factors preventing them from participating in research experiments were academic stress and insufficient time, and 82.6% hoped that mentors would focus on practical skills training; only 13.0% read literature at least once per week, and 93.5% were not proficient at organizing and using literature. Among the participating undergraduates, more than half were strongly interested in scientific research, but academic stress, unclear participation modes, and insufficient literature retrieval skills limited undergraduate scientific research practice and improvement of scientific quality. Therefore, it is essential to cultivate undergraduates' interest in scientific research, ensure that they have spare time to engage in scientific research, improve the undergraduate scientific research mentorship system, and enhance relevant scientific research abilities to cultivate more innovative talent in scientific research.

The issue of covering the right to access information in the context of modern communicative practices in domestic science is one of the main theoretical and applied problems, because without its clarification at the level of research consciousness it is hardly possible to talk about a comprehensive study. Therefore, the aim of the article is to analyze the right to access information in the context of modern communicative practices in domestic science, as well as to clarify the role of research in the development of modern theory of social communications and the right to access information. The methodological basis of the study is a set of philosophical and ideological approaches, general scientific and special legal methods. The article analyzes the problems of the right to access information as a scientific foundation for the formation of ideas about access to information in the context of modern communicative practices in domestic science. Scientific views and discussions of leading scientists and researchers of this problem are considered. Attempts to understand the problem of access to information in the context of communicative practices in the field of law and in the context of historical, philosophical, socio-psychological, political science and technical research are highlighted. Scientific sources devoted to the problems of information and the right to access it in the light of the formation and development of communicative practices in the information society are studied. The author found some inconsistencies in the views of scholars on the understanding of information in general as a category of social communications and communicative practices, the identification of the right to access information with the right to information. At the same time, a conclusion is made about the indisputable research value of the analyzed source base for further scientific research. It was found that scientific research of different periods of human development has not lost its significance, as a basis for the development of modern theory of social communications and the right to access information in the context of modern communication practices.

Education through scientific research is the most basic and obvious educational logic of postgraduates' ideological and political education, which has the characteristics of scientific research ideal orientation, cognition of scientific spirit, scientific research practice. The integration of scientist's spirit into the ideological and political education of postgraduates from the perspective of education through scientific research is feasible, and the two are compatible with each other in terms of content, coherent in terms of purpose, and manifest in terms of value. At present, under the environment of education through scientific research,scientist's spirit being integrated into the ideological and political education of graduate students faces the dilemma of subject, cognition and practice. We should improve the education through scientific research measures from the aspects of promoting the concept of scientific research education, deepening the spiritual cognition of scientists in connotation, and strengthening the links of scientific research participation in practice. To explore a new way to integrate the spirit of scientists into the ideological and political education of graduate students.

To examine the attitudes of physicians practicing in New Mexico toward gay and lesbian medical students, house officers, and physician colleagues. In May 1996, the authors mailed a questionnaire with demographic and attitude questions to 1,949 non-federally employed physicians practicing in New Mexico. The questionnaire consisted of questions dealing with medical school admission, residency training, and referrals to colleagues. The response rate was 53.6%. Of all the responding physicians, 4.3% would refuse medical school admission to applicants known to be gay or lesbian. Respondents were most opposed to gay and lesbian physicians' seeking residency training in obstetrics and gynecology (10.1%), and least opposed to their seeking residency training in radiology (4.3%). Disclosure of homosexual orientation would also threaten referrals to gay and lesbian obstetrician-gynecologists (11.4%) more than to gay or lesbian physicians in other specialties. Physicians' attitudes toward gay and lesbian medical students, house officers, and physician colleagues seem to have improved considerably from those reported previously in the literature. However, gay men and lesbians in medicine continue to face opposition in their medical training and in their pursuit of specialty practice.

Summary One set of case notes a week for 12 successive weeks was selected randomly for each of twenty-eight house officers and scored for use of the POMR format in the data base, initial plans, and progress notes. Analysis was based on 336 sets of records. The purpose of the study was to obtain information which might improve the techniques of teaching POMR to junior hospital staff. The significant findings were: marked differences in scores among house officers; those who performed well or badly did so in all three components of the system; high scorers in the medical group identified more problems with no evidence that their patients were more ill; scores were better for house officers with favourable attitudes toward POMR and scores were better in the innovative sections if senior staff used the system; house officers with BA or BSc degrees scored better with initial plans and progress notes. No positive effect of feedback was demonstrated.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the field of graduate research is becoming more and more common, which has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges for the enhancement of graduate research ability. The purpose of this study is to deeply analyze the multiple mechanisms of artificial intelligence promoting the improvement of graduate students' scientific research ability. Firstly, this paper systematically analyzed the theoretical foundation of artificial intelligence in graduate research, covering the application of core algorithms such as machine learning and deep learning in scientific research practice, as well as the mechanism of the integration of artificial intelligence and scientific research, including the potential of interdisciplinary cooperation, the challenges encountered in the integration process and their coping strategies. Then the application examples of artificial intelligence in graduate research practice are expounded, including but not limited to the key links of literature search and analysis, experiment design and data analysis. Then, from the two dimensions of cultivating innovative thinking and improving learning autonomy, how artificial intelligence can help improve graduate students' scientific research ability is discussed. It is believed that artificial intelligence plays an important role in generating new hypotheses, stimulating creativity, breaking through traditional thinking patterns, generating personalized learning resources, and assisting group discussion. In summary, artificial intelligence plays a vital role in improving the scientific research ability of graduate students, and provides strong technical support and innovation motivation for graduate students' scientific research work.

In the early 1990s, breast cancer activists in the United States challenged the scientific establishment to include lay activists in the inner circles of science policy making. Within a few years, activists' demands extended beyond policy to inclusion in the everyday practices of science, that is, in the formulation of research questions, the design of scientific studies and the review of scientific grant proposals. While some activists refer to themselves as consumers, their participation in the practices of science has taken them beyond the narrow framework of consumption and cast them as producers, rather than simply consumers, of scientific knowledge. This paper describes a science education program organized by breast cancer activists to prepare them for involvement in the scientific arena. The specific goals of this educational program are to teach basic concepts of biology and epidemiology and critical appraisal of scientific literature and research studies, as well as to examine the institutional practices of science. By simultaneously engaging with the content and the politics of science in Project LEAD, breast cancer activists acquire tools that allow them not only to influence science policy but to evaluate the truth claims of science. In the process, they take a more active and direct role in determining the nature of knowledge produced about breast cancer.