Estimating Subjective Evaluation on Drinking Experiences Using fNIRS Sensing

While extensive references are present in the literature dealing with the correlation between subjective and objective evaluation of tooth shade, there is a lack of information on this correlation regarding the soft tissue color. The purpose of this experimental study was to verify whether a correlation between the objective and subjective evaluation exists in analyzing soft tissue color. A total of 39 patients with at least one implant-supported restoration in the anterior maxilla were included in the study. The shade of the peri-implant mucosa was compared with the shade of the gingiva at the adjacent tooth in a subjective and in an objective manner. The subjective evaluation was performed by five dental professionals (prosthodontist, periodontist, general dentist, dental hygienist, and dental assistant) in a subjective scale (ranging from 1 to 4). The objective evaluation was obtained by means of a spectrophotometer in a CIELAB* Color Scale, and the differences were evaluated through formula ΔE=[(ΔL)²+(Δa)²+(Δb)²]¹/². To correlate the subjective and the objective evaluation, for each arithmetical median value of the subjective evaluation, a mean value of objective evaluation has been calculated, and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient has been used. The differences have been also analyzed for thin and thick tissue biotypes. The mean ∆E value for the subjective evaluation between peri-implant soft tissue and adjacent tooth gingival tissue was ∆E = 9.74. Also, mean ∆E values of 10.35 and 7.54 have been reported for thin and thick biotypes, respectively. Mean values of ∆E = 6.63, 8.54, and 15.54 were presented by median values of 1 (perfect matching), 2 (good matching), and 3 (clinically distinguishable), respectively. The threshold for the distinction of differences of mucosal color by the human eyes between perfect or good matching and distinguishable values has been calculated in ∆E = 8.74. Within the limitation of this study, a correlation between the subjective and the objective evaluation of the peri-implant soft tissue exists and the threshold for the distinction of mucosal color differences between perfect or good matching and distinguishable subjective values has been calculated in ∆E = 8.74 in the objective evaluation.

Correlation analysis of subjective and objective evaluation for automobile sound quality is an important topic in automobile technology fields. Considering the theoretical characteristics of grey system method and neural network theory, grey relational analysis was applied to analyse the contributions of the variables of objective evaluation to subjective evaluation using the existing subjective and objective evaluation data of automobile horn sound quality. Then the main objective variables affecting the subjective feeling were determined, which include sound pressure level, A-weighted sound pressure level and sharpness. Back-propagation neural network model was designed and established as a quantitative expression between subjective and objective evaluation data. The simulation results of neural network model accorded with the original value of the subjective evaluation data very well, which illustrated the reliability of this method.

Expert consensus-derived evaluation criteria for orthodontic treatment outcomes using a novel ranking method: A retrospective dental cast analysis study.

Based on the definition of light and the characteristics of indoor environment and its function settings, this paper determines the subjective evaluation index of LED light environment affecting confined space as pleasant, spacious, privacy, glare uncomfortable, clear, relaxed, spatial lighting coordination, color authenticity, three-dimensional shape, light and dark contrast. According to the actual closed space, the objective index is selected as the illumination level. Quantitative analysis of subjective evaluation indicators and objective indicator data, the relationship between subjective evaluation indicators and objective indicators were obtained by nonlinear regression analysis. The result showed that the six subjective evaluation indexes of pleasant, spacious, clear, spatial lighting coordination, three-dimensional shape and color authenticity all increase and then decrease with the increase of illumination; that the four subjective evaluation indexes of privacy, relaxed, glare uncomfortable, light and dark contrast all decreased with the increase of illumination. The relationship between the subjective comprehensive evaluation index and the objective index determined in the paper can provide a simple and practical method for the evaluation of LED light environment quality in confined space.

Subjective lameness evaluation during lungeing is routinely performed in equine practice, but its consistency remains limited, especially in cases of mild or complex asymmetry. This study aimed to assess the agreement between subjective gait evaluations and a markerless AI-based gait analysis system (OAI-MS) in traditional racehorses during lungeing. Intra- and inter-observer agreement of subjective evaluations was also investigated. 24 traditional racehorses were assessed during routine pre-race inspections (T0) while trotting on a soft surface. Two experienced equine clinicians independently evaluated each horse on both reins using the AAEP 0-5 scale; scores were then converted to a 3-level ordinal scale (0 = sound, 1 = mild, 2 = severe). Simultaneously, gait data were collected using the OAI-MS. A subset of 10 horses was re-evaluated after 10 days (T1) to assess short-term repeatability of the OAI-MS. Video-based reassessment (T2) was used to evaluate intra-observer agreement. Agreement was calculated using weighted Cohen's and Fleiss' kappa. p < 0.05. Inter-observer agreement ranged from κ = -0.20 to 0.36. Agreement between subjective evaluators and the OAI-MS ranged from slight to moderate (κ = 0.13-0.47). Intra-observer agreement was fair (κ ≈ 0.22), and OAI-MS repeatability reached κ = 0.43. Agreement was higher for forelimbs than hindlimbs. Most discrepancies were of low magnitude. Subjective gait evaluations during lungeing showed limited agreement. The OAI-MS demonstrated moderate repeatability, supporting its usability in the field and its potential role as a complementary tool in clinical decision-making, particularly when asymmetries are mild or disagreement occurs.

Keywords: Subjective evaluation, Correlation coefficient, Cooling fan sound quality Abstract. As an essential equipment, the fan is widely used in industrial and civil fields for gas compression and gas delivery. Though the cooling fan can keep us comfortable temperature, it bring the annoying noise. Usually noise reduction will first be conducted to the cooling fan, however, the sound quality of cooling fan is also an important factor to annoy the people. In the paper, sound quality evaluation model for cooling fans will be established to evaluate the sound. It helps screen the objective parameters, including loudness, sharpness, etc. Also, it serves as the output when training the Back Propagation (BP) Neural Networks. Thus, it is important to find an appropriate method to complete the subjective evaluation experiment. In this test, various subjective evaluation methods are compared. And the best method for cooling fan sound quality evaluation is selected by analyzing the correlation coefficient between subjective and objective evaluation result.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to first compare the clinical outcome of anatomical double-bundle (DB) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with hamstring tendon (HT) autografts and anatomical rectangular tunnel ACLR with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) autografts. Secondly, we aimed to demonstrate the quantitative locations of the femoral and tibial tunnel apertures using postoperative three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT). Twenty-five patients underwent anatomical rectangular tunnel ACLR using BPTB grafts (Group B) and 23 patients underwent anatomical DB ACLR using HT grafts (Group H). All patients underwent subjective postoperative evaluations using the Lysholm score and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score. Patients also underwent objective evaluations by the International Knee Documentation Committee score, the Lachman test, the pivot-shift test, and range of motion. In addition, we quantitatively assessed anterior knee stability using a KneeLax3 arthrometer and thigh strength. All evaluations except for thigh strength were assessed for a minimum 2 years of follow-up period. Femoral and tibial tunnel aperture locations were quantitatively evaluated postoperatively using 3D CT images in all patients. BPTB grafts showed significantly better anterior knee stability than HT grafts (0.1 mm versus 1.1 mm, p = 0.01), although there were no significant differences in other objective and all subjective evaluations between the two graft types. Morphometric analysis of femoral and tibial tunnel locations revealed that the two procedures were based on the same anatomical concept. In conclusion, BPTB grafts showed significantly better anterior knee stability than HT grafts, although no significant differences in other objective evaluations and all subjective evaluations were detected between the two graft types in anatomical ACLR. Additional 3D CT data validated the anatomical concepts of these two procedures.

Driving comfort, which is mainly influenced by vibration and shock, is an essential factor to evaluate the performance of intelligent vehicles. The evaluation methods of driving comfort mainly contain subjective and objective evaluation. Subjective evaluation is time-consuming, expensive and sensitive to personal feelings. And objective evaluation is difficult to exactly define the relationship between objective parameters and driving comfort. In order to combine the advantages of subjective and objective evaluation, a neural network that adopt objective indicators as input and subjective ratings as output was established for evaluating driving comfort. First, a road test with about 9000 km was conducted and key parameters of vehicle status were recorded, as well as subjective ratings. Secondly, 25,165 segments were extracted from the naturalistic driving data. Then, total weighted root-mean-square accelerations of all segments were computed according to ISO 2631–1997 Standard. And the result shows that the comfort levels calculated by weighted root-mean-square accelerations cannot match the subjective ratings given by professional evaluators very well. Finally, a 20-128-256-256-128-6 BP neural network was established and trained. And the accuracy of evaluation based on neural network is better than evaluation based on weighted root-mean-square value. The result reveals that it is feasible to establish a neural network model based on collected naturalistic driving data to evaluate the driving comfort of vehicles.

Point clouds have been gaining importance as a solution to the problem of efficient representation of 3D geometric and visual information. They are commonly represented by large amounts of data, and compression schemes are important for their manipulation transmission and storing. However, the selection of appropriate compression schemes requires effective quality evaluation. In this work a subjective quality evaluation of point clouds using a surface representation is analyzed. Using a set of point cloud data objects encoded with the popular octree pruning method with different qualities, a subjective evaluation was designed. The point cloud geometry was presented to observers in the form of a movie showing the 3D Poisson reconstructed surface without textural information with the point of view changing in time. Subjective evaluations were performed in three different laboratories. Scores obtained from each test were correlated and no statistical differences were observed. Scores were also correlated with previous subjective tests and a good correlation was obtained when compared with mesh rendering in 2D monitors. Moreover, the results were correlated with state of the art point cloud objective metrics revealing poor correlation. Likewise, the correlation with a subjective test using a different representation of the point cloud data also showed poor correlation. These results suggest the need for more reliable objective quality metrics and further studies on adequate point cloud data representations.

Comparison of subjective lameness evaluation, force platforms and an inertial-sensor system to identify mild lameness in an equine osteoarthritis model

The Net Impact of Training Measures from Active Labour Market Programs in Romania – Subjective and Objective Evaluation

The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of subjective faculty evaluations (1) in detecting the levels of clinical competence exhibited by third-year medical students in a junior clerkship and (2) in correlating with objective measures of the students' performance. Forty-eight third-year medical students were evaluated during the course of a 10-week surgery clerkship. Each student was subjectively evaluated by four surgery faculty members and by a number of objective measures. Unlike the subjective evaluations, the objective testing clearly demonstrated students' deficiencies. None of the seven students identified as underachieving by the battery of objective tests was identified as deficient by any of the faculty evaluators. The subjective scores in this study did not correlate highly with objective tests of either knowledge or performance. Reliance on subjective clinical evaluations as the sole measure of clinical ability is clearly not warranted. To better define clinical competence i...

The gear whine sound of an axle system is one of the most important sound qualities in a sports utility vehicle (SUV). Previous work has shown that, because of masking effects, it is difficult to evaluate the gear whine sound objectively by using only the A-weighted sound pressure level. In this paper, the characteristics of the axle-gear whine sound were first investigated on the basis of synthetic sound technology, and a new objective evaluation method for this sound was developed by using sound metrics, which are the psychoacoustic parameters, and the artificial neural network (ANN) used for the modelling of the correlation between objective and subjective evaluation. This model developed by using ANN was applied to the objective evaluation of the axle-gear whine sound for real SUVs and the output of the model was compared with subjective evaluation. The results indicate a good correlation of over 90 per cent between the subjective and objective evaluations.

Managers tend to provide subjective performance evaluations that are relatively high (leniency) and not very dispersed (compression). This paper reports on an experiment that investigates whether the layout of performance reports affects the leniency and compression of managers’ subjective evaluations. Relying on psychology theory, we predict that subjective ratings will be higher and more compressed if performance reports contain alphabetically listed indicators rather than categorically listed indicators (as in a balanced scorecard). Moreover, we predict that ratings will be higher and more compressed if performance reports present indicator target and actual values in tables than when this information is presented in graphs. The results from the experiment provide support for the hypothesis that performance ratings are higher if measures are listed in alphabetical order as opposed to presented in a four-category balanced scorecard format. However, there is no support for the other hypotheses. We discuss the implications of the study for accounting research and practice.

Quantitative response of subjective visual recognition to fog concentration attenuation based on image standard deviation