Estimating the basic reproduction number from surveillance data on past epidemics

Transfusion MedicineVolume 19, Issue 3 p. 149-151 The need for computerized tracking systems for resource-limited settings: the example of Georgetown, Guyana S. V. Basavaraju, Corresponding Author S. V. Basavaraju U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Global AIDS, HIV Prevention Branch, Medical Transmission Team, Atlanta, GA, USASridhar V. Basavaraju, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS E-04, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Tel.: 404 639 6341; fax: 404 639 8114;e-mail:[email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJ. P. Pitman, J. P. Pitman U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Global AIDS, HIV Prevention Branch, Medical Transmission Team, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorN. Henry, N. Henry U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guyana,Search for more papers by this authorC. McEwan, C. McEwan Guyana National Blood Transfusion Service, GuyanaSearch for more papers by this authorC. Harry, C. Harry U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guyana,Search for more papers by this authorL. Hasbrouck, L. Hasbrouck U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guyana,Search for more papers by this authorL. Marum, L. Marum U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Global AIDS, HIV Prevention Branch, Medical Transmission Team, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this author S. V. Basavaraju, Corresponding Author S. V. Basavaraju U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Global AIDS, HIV Prevention Branch, Medical Transmission Team, Atlanta, GA, USASridhar V. Basavaraju, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, MS E-04, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, Tel.: 404 639 6341; fax: 404 639 8114;e-mail:[email protected]Search for more papers by this authorJ. P. Pitman, J. P. Pitman U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Global AIDS, HIV Prevention Branch, Medical Transmission Team, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorN. Henry, N. Henry U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guyana,Search for more papers by this authorC. McEwan, C. McEwan Guyana National Blood Transfusion Service, GuyanaSearch for more papers by this authorC. Harry, C. Harry U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guyana,Search for more papers by this authorL. Hasbrouck, L. Hasbrouck U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guyana,Search for more papers by this authorL. Marum, L. Marum U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of Global AIDS, HIV Prevention Branch, Medical Transmission Team, Atlanta, GA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 June 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3148.2009.00925.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume19, Issue3June 2009Pages 149-151 RelatedInformation

Ten Million Calls and Counting: Progress and Promise of Tobacco Quitlines in the U.S.

Clinical Preventive Medicine in Primary Care: Background and Practice: 1. Rationale and Current Preventive Practices

Monkeypox: Considerations as a New Pandemic Looms

The goal of this American Heart Association Guide for Improving Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level (AHA Community Guide) is to provide a comprehensive inventory of evidence-based goals, strategies, and recommendations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke prevention that can be implemented on a community level. This guide advances the 2003 AHA Community Guide1 and the 2005 AHA statement on guidance for implementation2 by incorporating new evidence for community interventions gained over the past decade, expanding the target audience to include a broader range of community advocates, aligning with the concepts and terminology of the AHA 2020 Impact Goals, and recognizing the contributions of new public and private sector programs involving community interventions. In recent years, expanding arrays of programs and policies have been implemented in increasingly diverse communities to provide tools, strategies, and other best practices to potentially reduce the incidence of initial and recurrent cardiovascular events. The AHA Community Guide complements the AHA statement entitled “Population Approaches to Improve Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking Habits”3 and supports the AHA 2020 goal4 to “improve the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20%, while reducing deaths from CVDs and stroke by 20%.” The present AHA Community Guide supports the AHA 2020 goal by identifying exemplary regional or national programs that encourage cardiovascular health behaviors and health factors (formerly addressing risk behaviors and risk factors) from which communities might acquire proven strategies, expertise, and technical assistance for improving cardiovascular health. The AHA Community Guide seeks to prevent the onset of disease (primary prevention) and to maintain optimal cardiovascular health (primordial prevention) among broader segments of the population. Prior research indicates that using public health strategies such as sodium reduction in processed foods to lower blood pressure,5–8 tobacco laws to promote smoking cessation,9–11 and modification of …

Practice of sharing donated oocytes among several recipients

The EU Response to COVID-19: From Reactive Policies to Strategic Decision-Making.

Mathematical perspective of Covid-19 pandemic: Disease extinction criteria in deterministic and stochastic models.

In December 2019, reports emerged of pneumonia clusters of unknown cause at health facilities in Wuhan, China. These cases were linked to a wet animal wholesale market in the region and, after extensive epidemiologic investigation, led to identification of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19). COVID-19 is among a family of viruses – called coronaviruses – that can affect both humans and animals (Zhu et al., 2020). Coronavirus infections are respiratory in nature and can range from the common cold with mild symptoms to more severe infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome (Perlman, 2020; World Health Organization [WHO], 2020). The newly identified COVID-19 infection typically presents as fever, tiredness, fatigue, and dry cough (Huang et al., 2020). However, more severe symptoms such as dyspnoea, diarrhoea, pneumonia, and others have been reported. As of 9 March 2020, cases of COVID-19 have been reported in countries across the world. The global number of reported cases has surpassed 100,000 with almost 4,000 deaths (WHO, 2020). China remains the highest risk area but, clearly, COVID-19 is a global health problem. Nurses are central to COVID-19 prevention and response efforts. Nursing is the largest healthcare profession in the US and the world, with approximately 3.8 million nurses in the US and over 20 million nurses worldwide. Nurses are providing front-line care in the most patient-facing role to complex COVID-19 cases that require hospitalization. Individuals who have preexisting health vulnerabilities are at greatest risk for COVID-19 complications or mortality and nursing resources are critical to managing this population. Public health experts predict that healthcare and hospital resources will become even more urgently needed as COVID-19 spreads in communities (Jiang et al., 2020; Pan, Wang, & Huang, 2020). As one of the most trusted health professional groups, nurses also play a key role in providing public education on disease prevention and reducing the spread of misinformation around the outbreak. There has been widespread misinformation on how COVID-19 is transmitted, who is at risk of transmitting or receiving the virus and where outbreaks are occurring (Wen, Aston, Liu, & Ying, 2020). For example, in some cases, Chinese and other Asian individuals have been assumed to be at higher risk for being infected with COVID-19 simply because of their nationality or race, resulting in stigma and xenophobia (Wen et al., 2020). There has also been misinformation about appropriate use of face masks. Some individuals have assumed that they are protected from COVID-19 by wearing a face mask – even though evidence is mixed from studies of other viral infections – and may neglect more efficacious infection prevention measures (e.g., handwashing) while also limiting the availability of face masks for response professionals who need them (Cowling, Zhou, Ip, Leung, & Aiello, 2010; WHO, 2020). Such misinformation may be spread via traditional media, social media, or in communities and can interfere with public health response efforts. Because of the unique patient-facing nature of nursing work in community, outpatient, and acute care settings, there are occupational risks to providing care during the COVID-19 outbreak. It is essential that nurses are supported to protect themselves during the management of COVID-19 in clinical care with clear infection control protocols (standard, contact, and airborne) and adequate availability of personal protective equipment at their place of work, including/N95 respirators, masks, gowns, eye protection, face shields, and gloves (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2020). Healthcare facilities employing nurses must ensure consistent availability and use of hand hygiene supplies; provide updated information on screening, isolation, quarantine, and triage procedures based on guidance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or other appropriate public health agencies; and coordinate with local, state, or national outbreak management efforts (ANA, 2020). Healthcare leaders should closely monitor the well-being, occupational health, and safety of their clinical nursing staff. Nurses have a responsibility to stay home if they have travelled to areas that have declared states of emergency or contract COVID-19 in their work. Healthcare leaders must support and provide resources for nurses who are exposed to COVID-19 or experience other outbreak-related harm as a result of their work, even if nursing resources become strained. Despite these occupational risks and the immediate need for health system interventions to support nurses, nursing also has unique responsibilities in the COVID-19 outbreak. Nurses will continue to be at the front line of patient care in hospitals and closely involved with assessment and monitoring in outpatient and community settings. They must ensure that all patients receive individualized, high-quality care regardless of their infection status and participate in preparation for increased nursing and health system demand related to COVID-19. Nurses also must continue to provide education to patients and the public about the outbreak. This includes confronting misinformation, directing communities to reputable public health resources such as the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and promoting evidence-based infection prevention measures (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 2020; WHO, 2020). Leaders and educators in nursing should provide education to clinical nurses and support staff about current COVID-19 issues and risks specific to their practice area (e.g., paediatrics, maternal–infant health, nursing homes, schools, places of worship). This education should extend to nursing students, who may have additional considerations related to being in a campus environment. Finally, nurses should advocate for local, state, and national policy response to the COVID-19 outbreak and support local preparedness and prevention efforts (International Council of Nurses, 2020; National Nurses United, 2020). Particularly, there is a need for care coordination across public health departments, communities, and healthcare systems that nurses are ideally suited to providing. A global outbreak requires the active participation of the nursing workforce in clinical care, education and information sharing, public health, and policy. Nurses are already fully engaged in COVID-19 response and, with appropriate support, will be key players in ending the outbreak. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors in relation to the study itself. Note that M. Cynthia LOGSDON is a JAN editor but, in line with usual practice, this paper was edited by another editor. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Clinical Practice Guidelines and Recommendations: Room for Dissent?

On 19 September 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended that asymptomatic individuals, those who have close contact with infected person, be tested. Also, American society for biological clinical comments on testing of asymptomatic individuals. So, we proposed a new mathematical model for evaluating the population-level impact of contact rates (social-distancing) and the rate at which asymptomatic people are hospitalized (isolated) following testing due to close contact with documented infected people. The model is a deterministic system of nonlinear differential equations that is fitted and parameterized by least square curve fitting using COVID-19 pandemic data of Pakistan from 1 October 2020 to 30 April 2021. The fractional derivative is used to understand the biological process with crossover behavior and memory effect. The reproduction number and conditions for asymptotic stability are derived diligently. The most common non-integer Caputo derivative is used for deeper analysis and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 infection. The fractional-order Adams–Bashforth method is used for the solution of the model. In light of the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in terms of social distancing and isolation are being investigated. The reduction in the baseline value of contact rates and enhancement in hospitalization rate of symptomatic can lead the elimination of the pandemic.

This study aims to explore the use of Instagram by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one of the representative public health authorities in the United States. For this aim, all of the photos uploaded on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Instagram account were crawled and the content of them were analyzed using Microsoft Azure Cognitive Services. Also, engagement was measured by the sum of numbers of likes and comments to each photo, and sentiment analysis of comments was conducted. Results suggest that the photos that can be categorized into "text" and "people" took the largest share in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Instagram photos. And it was found that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's major way of delivering messages on Instagram was to imprint key messages that call for actions for better health on photos and to provide the source of complementary information on text component of each post. It was also found that photos with more and bigger human faces had lower level of engagement than the others, and happiness and neutral emotions expressed on the faces in photos were negatively associated with engagement. The features whose high value would make the photos look splendid and gaudy were negatively correlated with engagement, but sharpness was positively correlated.

The 2016 recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule has been approved by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The 2016 format is similar to the 2015 schedule, with a single schedule for people from birth through 18 years of age. The yellow bars indicate the recommended age range for all children and contain a notation indicating the recommended dose number by age. The green bars indicate the ages for recommended catch-up. The purple bars designate the recommended ages for immunization for certain groups at high risk. A blue bar has been added for the first time and indicates the range of recommended ages for people in non–high-risk groups who may receive a vaccine, subject to individual decision-making. The combined green and purple bar indicates the recommended age when vaccine catch-up is encouraged for certain high-risk groups. The white boxes show the ages when a vaccine is not recommended routinely. The catch-up schedule offers recommendations for children and adolescents 4 months through 18 years of age who start vaccinations late or are >1 month behind.The immunization schedule will not be published in Pediatrics. Readers are referred to the American Academy of Pediatrics Web site (http://redbook.solutions.aap.org/SS/Immunization_Schedules.aspx) or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site (http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/child-adolescent.html) for the most recent version of the immunization schedule, the full set of footnotes, and the catch-up schedule. This method will ensure that providers have the most current recommendations. In addition, the Web sites include tables (job aids) to assist in clarification of recommended use of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, pneumococcal- and pertussis-containing vaccines as a function of age, the number of doses previously administered, and the time interval since the last dose.Footnotes contain recommendations for routine vaccination, for catch-up vaccination, and for vaccination of children and adolescents with high-risk conditions or in special circumstances. A parent-friendly vaccine schedule for children and adolescents is available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html. An adult immunization schedule is available at www.cdc.gov/vaccines.These schedules are revised annually to reflect current recommendations for use of vaccines licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration and include the following specific changes from last year:Clinically significant adverse events that follow immunization should be reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Guidance about how to obtain and complete a form for this system can be obtained at www.vaers.hhs.gov or by calling 800-822-7967. Additional information can be found in the Red Book and at Red Book Online (http://aapredbook.aappublications.org/). Statements from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that contain details of recommendations for individual vaccines, including recommendations for children with high-risk conditions, are available at www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/ACIP-list.htm. Information on new vaccine releases, vaccine supplies, and interim recommendations resulting from vaccine shortages and statements on specific vaccines can be found at www.aapredbook.org/news/vaccstatus.shtml and www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/ACIP-list.htm.Carrie L. Byington, MD, FAAP, ChairpersonYvonne A. Maldonado, MD, FAAP, Vice ChairpersonElizabeth D. Barnett, MD, FAAPH. Dele Davies, MD, MS, MHCM, FAAPKathryn M. Edwards, MD, FAAPRuth Lynfield, MD, FAAPFlor M. Munoz, MD, FAAPDawn Nolt, MD, MPH, FAAPAnn-Christine Nyquist, MD, MSPH, FAAPMobeen H. Rathore, MD, FAAPMark H. Sawyer, MD, FAAPWilliam J. Steinbach, MD, FAAPTina Q. Tan, MD, FAAPTheoklis E. Zaoutis, MD, MSCE, FAAPDavid W. Kimberlin, MD, FAAP – Red Book EditorMichael T. Brady, MD, FAAP – Red Book Associate EditorMary Anne Jackson, MD, FAAP – Red Book Associate EditorSarah S. Long, MD, FAAP – Red Book Associate EditorHenry H. Bernstein, DO, MHCM, FAAP – Red Book Online Associate EditorH. Cody Meissner, MD, FAAP – Visual Red Book Associate EditorDouglas Campos-Outcalt, MD, MPA – American Academy of Family PhysiciansKaren M. Farizo, MD – US Food and Drug AdministrationMarc Fischer, MD, FAAP – Centers for Disease Control and PreventionBruce G. Gellin, MD, MPH – National Vaccine Program OfficeRichard L. Gorman, MD, FAAP – National Institutes of HealthNatasha Halasa, MD, MPH, FAAP – Pediatric Infectious Diseases SocietyJoan L. Robinson, MD – Canadian Paediatric SocietyJaime Deseda-Tous, MD, FAAP – Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectologia PediatricaJane F. Seward, MBBS, MPH, FAAP – Centers for Disease Control and PreventionGeoffrey R. Simon, MD, FAAP – Committee on Practice Ambulatory MedicineJeffrey R. Starke, MD, FAAP – American Thoracic SocietyJennifer M. Frantz, MPH

Unraveling pine wilt disease: Comparative study of stochastic and deterministic model using spectral method

The Importance of Vaccinations