Ethics in HCI

PurposeDrawing upon a circular model proposition, Kantian ethics is employed to explore how ethical considerations within AI translate into concrete actions that prioritize transparency, privacy, inclusivity and equality. Additionally, agency theory is applied to understand the relevance of fairness in the interactions between agents, principals and algorithmic systems, particularly in the creation of value through digital platforms.Design/methodology/approachA review of literature on ethical concerns within the AI ecosystem is conducted, proposing a unifying ethical principle and standards. The circular model for ethics in action is then developed, emphasising the responsible use of AI and its role in capturing and creating social value, ultimately contributing to sustainable organizational outcomes. The model also highlights key drivers that shape the ethical framing of AI, as well as the influence of the institutional context on its adoption and effectiveness.FindingsResponsible use of AI positively affects organizational performance and the digital ecosystem via the psychological mechanism of ethical identity. Ethical standards and regulations are the global requirements for the AI ecosystem that are required for achieving a sustainable digital society.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the responsible use of AI’s and its practical and theoretical implications for organizations in the current digital ecosystem. Lack of global understanding, awareness and implementation of ethical practice in the AI ecosystem is not yet developed and practice. Future researchers can design a cross-border ethical framework to overcome these limitations. Organizations targeting to increase responsible digital interactions can benefit from maintaining ethical principles through responsible labourers, leaders and all stakeholders involved in the ecosystem.Practical implicationsThis study offers practical guidance for businesses, policymakers and AI practitioners on the ethical use of AI. It emphasizes the need for robust data governance, a “human-first” approach focusing on privacy and accountability and alignment with ethical standards. Given AI’s global reach, international cooperation and standard-setting are essential to navigate diverse regulatory and cultural contexts. The paper also highlights the importance of ethics education for AI developers and practitioners. Investing in training that integrates technical skills with ethical awareness will help build a responsible AI workforce capable of addressing societal impacts and maintaining public trust.Social implicationsThis study underscores the urgent need for responsible AI adoption, highlighting risks such as bias, lack of transparency and privacy concerns. As AI reshapes work, decision-making and governance, its social impact grows – potentially deepening inequalities if left unchecked. The study calls for explainable, fair and inclusive AI systems guided by ethical frameworks that respect human dignity. A “human-first” approach ensures AI supports-not replaces-human agency. By fostering transparency, accountability and cultural sensitivity, organizations can build public trust, empower diverse communities and contribute to a more equitable digital future. Ethical leadership and inclusive design are essential to avoid reinforcing systemic harms.Originality/valueThis study presents an original approach to integrating ethical considerations into the development and deployment of artificial intelligence, by conceptualizing how transparency, accountability and inclusivity can be embedded throughout the AI ecosystem, fostering trust and responsible innovation. Through a comprehensive examination of ethical principles and requirements, we recommend a set of tools and strategies needed to promote ethical AI practices, mitigate risks and maximize societal benefit. Furthermore, this study serves as a roadmap for building AI systems that prioritize human collaboration and uphold fundamental values in the digital age.

This study examines the relationship between the construct Internal Work Motivation and the use of Extrinsic Guides, concerns for Personal Advancement, and Religion/Moral Beliefs for making ethical journalistic decisions. The study reports that journalists who use extrinsic guides such as peers, employers, or the law as ethical heuristics are motivated to perform well on the job. Journalists who use concerns for personal advancement as an ethical motivation are not motivated to perform well on the job. Journalists who use religion/moral beliefs as an ethical motivation may or may not be motivated to perform well on the job depending on how they would deal with an ethical dilemma.

Among the fields of ethics, medical ethics has a special place, because of the special status of the medical profession. Justice is one of the four principles of biomedical ethics that is often considered synonymous with fairness and moral obligation to act according to its fair judgments in medical domains. In Islamic ethics Justice means putting everything in its proper place and is entitled to the right level. In this paper we have attempted to study the principle of justice as one of the four principles of medical ethics. In a comparative study, advantages and challenges of religious and non-religious view to justice and its place in medical ethics have been analyzed and evaluated. This article is the result of a cross. We have used valid books and Internet sources and articles for data collection. After explaining the concepts and principles of justice in medical ethics, also Islamic Virtue Ethics, subscriptions and moral differences between the two devices in concept of justice are expressed. Regardless of the emphasis on the necessity and importance of professional ethics, Justice in the concept that Islamic ethics emphasis on it, is more comprehensive than medical ethics. Because justice in medical ethics is derived from social justice that is available by appropriate and balanced legislation and guidelines. But in religion justice is an institutionalized in human and includes all personal and social aspects of his life.

Medicine and ethics have increasingly more links caused by considerable progresses in biotechnology in different fields of medical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The issue of research ethics is one of the most important subjects which have been emphasized by international and regional organizations, policy-makers, medical and religious professions, scientists and researchers in different countries in recent decade. Research ethics, as one of the main issues of modern bioethics, has attracted the interest of scientists and ethicists in various areas of science and technology around the world. Research Ethics Committees (RECs) have been established to improve putting ethics into practice in the field of research. A ‘Research Ethics Committee' (REC) is defined as a multidisciplinary, independent, body charged with reviewing research involving human participants to ensure that their dignity, rights and welfare are protected. Research ethics committees protect the welfare and rights of participants involved in research through reviewing research proposals, monitoring the conduct of research and dealing with complaints that arise from research. RECs, fortunately, have received a great deal of attention in different countries, and their mission, goals, and tasks have been described in many national and international guidelines. Ethical guidelines for biomedical research and RECs administrative regulations have been developed in Iran too. This manuscript will introduce you to the concepts underlying research ethics committees worldwide and in Iran. In this study, we present suggestions concerning course presentation and contents, which are provided by international assemblies. In view of the fact that many RECs in our country do not have specific plans for their members' primary training and continuing education, there seems to be a need for fundamental changes in the educational prerequisites for membership in this important organization. We hope the manuscript could enhance awareness of biomedical researchers about status and duties of research ethics committees and consequently strengthen the RECs in our country. Moreover, it is recommended that the Ministry of Health and Medical Education take more serious actions to establish and monitor ethics committees throughout the country. Therefore, a comparative study of ethical codes and guidelines is necessary to prevent the possible deviations in the course of research. This study is a literature review study and after reviewing the scientific literature in this field, review set of existing international codes such as Nuremberg, Helsinki, Belmont and... . The findings of this review article can help developing policymakers of codes of ethics.

Background and Aim: Promotion of professional ethics of teachers is of particular importance for increasing the efficiency of the educational system. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hope on professional ethics with mediator role of happiness in primary school teachers. Materials and Methods: This descriptive - correlative research was conducted on 197 teachers of primary schools of Qaen city in academic year 2017-2018. Sampling was done randomly. Three standard questionnaires: Snyder's hope, professional ethics of C-Petty, and Ruhie Saatchi et al, were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 18. Findings: The level of hopefulness of the participants was 5.39 ± 0.04, professional ethics with a mean of 4.46 ± 0.02 and happiness with a mean of 3.71 ± 032.0 was higher than the average. There was a meaningful relationship between the components of hope and happiness with the professional ethics of the teachers (P <0.01). 25% , 31% of changes of the variances of teachers' professional ethics and happiness was explained by hope. Also, the happiness was explained 38% of the variance changes in teachers' professional ethics. The happiness played a meditaor role in the relationship between hope and professional ethics of participants. Conclusion: Hope and happiness improve the professional ethics of the teachers. On the other hand, it provides hope for the promotion of morale. On the other hand, hopefulness provides the background for the promotion of happiness. Therefore, increasing hope and happiness in educational institutions can increase the professional ethics of teachers and increase the efficiency of the educational system. Please cite this article as: Gholampour M, Pourshafei H, Ghorani Sirjani S. The Effect of Hope on Professional Ethics with Mediator Role of Happiness in the Teachers of Primary Schools. Bioethics Journal 2018; 8(28): 57-68.

&lt;p&gt;У даній статті надані світоглядні основи християнської етики та окреслені її&lt;br&gt; базисні принципи. Самими основами християнської етики є дві заповіді сформульовані в&lt;br&gt; Новому Заповіті, що є квінтесенцією десяти заповідей Старого Заповіту, які також є&lt;br&gt; аксіологічними принципами християнської етики як і заповіді Блаженства, висловлені в&lt;br&gt; Нагірній проповіді. Загальним Законом християнської етики є Бог воплощенний – Ісус&lt;br&gt; Христос, який є як трансцендентним мірилом і аксіологічним зразком так і самим&lt;br&gt; джерелом законів етики які непорушні та трансцендентні як і Він Сам. Сама ж&lt;br&gt; християнська етика є не тільки системою теоретичних принципів, а певним способом&lt;br&gt; життя належним християнам. Особливим місцем в християнській етиці є вчення о семи&lt;br&gt; смертних гріхах і їх вплив на душу і тіло людини. Практичним застосуванням етики є і&lt;br&gt; аскетика, як боротьба з пристрастями і розвиток чесноти.&lt;/p&gt;

Objective To discuss the impact of nursing ethics reeducation for the level of ethical cognitive and decision-making ability in practice nursing students. Methods A total of 72 cases of practice nursing students from July 2015 were selected as intervention group and 68 cases of practice nursing students from July 2016 were as control group. The nurses in intervention group participated in two months, a total of 8 times of nursing ethics continuing education courses. The forms of course included flip classroom, case discussion, and scene simulation. The control group accepted routine nursing clinical teaching. The level of ethical cognitive and decision-making ability before and after the intervention were measured in the two groups. Results After the intervention, the scores of ethical cognitive of intervention group were (3.74±0.41) points, higher than the control group (3.20±0.45) points, the difference was significant (t=-7.440, P=0.000); and decision-making ability of intervention group were (283.58±30.38) points, higher than the control group (270.88±29.51) points, the difference was significant (t=-2.507, P=0.013). Conclusions The nursing ethics re-education can improve the cognition of practice nursing students in nursing ethics, at the same time improving the ability of making nursing ethical decisions, helping nursing students making nursing ethical decisions in clinical better. Key words: Students, nursing; Nursing care; Ethics; Education

Objective: This study was carried out to examine the effect of the ethical training program applied to the nurses on the nurses’ level of capability for ethical decisions. Methods: This study was carried out as a qualitative research methods of descriptive phenomenology and the research sample consisted of 13 nurses. The research was carried out in three stages. In the first stage, the first data were collected by the face to face individual interviews lasting approximately 90-120 minutes.In the second stage of the research, “Ethical Training Program” was applied. In the third stage of the research, data were collected by the depth interview method. Nvivo 11 package software and “Content Analysis” method were used in evaluation of the qualitative data. Results: In the interviews with the nurses before the ethics education, 8 themes and 33 sub-themes were determined. After the ethics education, 10 main themes and 22 sub-themes were determined. After the education, the nurses could express their opinions about ethical decision making and ethical decision process which they couldn’t express before the education. Conclusions: In conclusion, after the “Ethical Training Program”, there was a positive change in the nurses’ “Ethical Basic Knowledge” and “Level of Capability of Ethical Decision”.

Chinese people have been attaching importance to leadership' ethics in order to build public confidence to our party and government. However, the pace of Chinese leadership theory development was slow and research finding was rare. We have been pressing for improved progresses in study on Chinese leadership theory. Especially, the need of systematic research on ethical leadership is urgent. As such, firstly, this paper introduced and based on mainly the conceptualization and structures of ethical leadership from an abroad business ethics and ethical leadership theories. Then, Using Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA), we developed a Ethical Leadership Questionnaire (ELQ) and dimensions of ethical leadership in Chinese governmental organizations. Finally, confirmative factor analysis (CFA) indicates ethical leadership double-structure model (Ethical characteristics and Influence strategy is superior to single-structure model.

In the discourse of business and global corporations, the study of ethics in business and globalcorporations are rarely found. Hence, this paper will discuss the ethics in business and globalcorporations. This paper firstly examines the theories and conceptual backrounds of ethics inthe discipline of International Relations. Then the paper starts to discuss the business ethics interms of international political economy. Authors found that the discourse of ethics in businessand global corporations could be examined through three paths. They are ethics and CSR,ethics and global governance, and also ethics and the new millennium. Last, the paperconcludes that business ethics are important. They are vital because the operations and thebehaviors of the global corporations reflect their business and economical interests. Keywords: The Ethics, Business and Global Corporations, International Political Economy,CSR, Global Governance, and The New Milenium.

Objective Discussing the approach to design and implementation of ethical review information management system in clinical research involving human subject. Methods Systematic design and implementation based on ICH-GCP, Chinese GCP, Ethical review of biomedical research involving human subjects, Standard Operating Procedure compliant with Asia Pacific SIDCER certification standards, as well as the working experiences of author group. Results According to the specific working procedures in Beijing e-plugger Support Technology Co. Ltd, We implement ethical management system with real-time online interactive work model among investigators, ethical committee secretariat and ethical reviewers, which is prepared for further system optimization and upgrade. Conclusions The application of ethical review information management system make the ethical management work more reliable, efficient, and also improve the quality of ethical review, which helps a lot in safeguarding the development of medical science. Key words: Clinical research; Ethical review; Management information system

The study aimed to determine the mediating effect of personality traits on religiosity and ethical leadership among administrators of Christian institutions in the Philippines. A self-constructed questionnaire was used in gathering the data from 265 administrators of Christian institutions in the Philippines. The study shows that the administrators are highly religious. As to their personality traits they are: highly open to experience; conscientious; extravert; agreeable; and moderately neurotic. As leaders, the administrators are highly ethical. Moreover the following have significant relationship to one another: religiosity and personality; religiosity and ethical leadership; and personality traits and ethical leadership. The predictors of the study are stewardship, prayer, and service. On the other hand, agreeableness, openness to experience, and conscientiousness predict ethical leadership. Furthermore, there is no impact to ethical leadership when gender, age and years of service are considered. But there is an association in ethical leadership and its dimensions between a bachelor’s degree holder and a master’s degree holder. Religiosity has no direct effect on ethical leadership. Personality traits fully mediate the relationship of religiosity and ethical leadership. Leadership development program was developed based on the results of the study.

The maxims of normative ethics are often in conflict. Thus business practitioners facing ethical questions often find themselves operating in the area of relative ethics. There are arguably two dimensions to this area. One lies on a spectrum from weak companies in highly competitive industries to strong companies in protected industries. The second dimension places the would-be ethical manager in awkward situations imposed from either the hierarchy or from corrupt markets. This article develops an analysis model to portray this relative ethics dilemma. Then, an argument is made that the more the individual manager practices good ethics, the higher the level of ethics the individual is able to maintain. This article proposes an adaptation of the 1950s feedback model of group dynamics known as the “Johari Window” to show this improvement in ethical behavior.

Civil engineers are often faced with making critical decisions that directly affect health and environment of their community, safety of their workers and facilities, and their colleagues. Therefore, civil engineers should act considering their responsibility to public and environment and abide code of ethics. Work ethics, or simply known as `Ethics` intend to help people with authority in deciding what is right or wrong in business life. However, there are no written rules, guidelines or sanctions mechanism on ethics in Turkey. This study attempts to fill this void and emphasize on the significance of ethics concept by investigating applications in U.S.A., as an example country, which set the foundations in engineering ethics by integrating ethics concepts in major engineering institutions. The study includes investigation of topics, such as development of ethics codes, organization process, and accountability when in violation of codes. In addition, sample case studies on civil engineering ethics along with the interpretations and comments of the Board of Ethical Review, NSPE are presented to guide the civil engineers in Turkey in decision-making process.

Background and Aim: The relation between ethics and criminal law is discussable from two viewpoints of ethics relation with substantial criminal law and contractual criminal law. This study aimed to analyze the examples of sovereignty of the ethical requirements in the primary investigations process, in the Iran’s Code of Criminal Law. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative research, document analysis method was used. In order to introduce main conceptions, the phrases of the Iran’s Code of Criminal Law was firstly defined and then, the examples were analyzed and discussed. Findings: The examples of governance of the ethical requirements in the primary investigations process, in the Iran’s Code of Criminal Law has been paid attention under two main items: judicial officials tasks and victim actions. The possibility of ignoring the moralities in the primary investigations process by both judicial officials and accused person is more than other phases of investigation. Regarding the breach of ethical requirements in the primary investigations process lacks any legal guarantee, therefore, the consciousness and moralities are just executive guarantees. Conclusion: The findings indicate that according to the Iran’s Code of Criminal Law, the primary investigations of judicial officials is not based on the law text but is based on the ethical requirements and moralities. Moreover, in many cases the lawmaker has assigned some tasks and duties for the judicial officials that their just executive guarantee is ethical requirements. Please cite this article as: Gholami N, Moazenzadegan HA. The Position of Ethical Requirements in the Process of Primary Investigations in the Iran’s Code of Criminal Law. Bioethics Journal 2017; 7(25): 31-44.