Ethiopia renewable energy potentials and current state

Introduction: To date, a variety of studies have been published on the topic of long term energy system transition. Most studies on future energy systems, however, have a shorter time frame or adopt a supranational focus (e.g. the Energy Roadmap, 2011 or the World Energy Outlook, 2015). It then constitutes a sincere challenge to perform a national energy system transition study with as time horizon 2050 and covering a far-reaching transformation of the energy system. VITO, together with the FPB (Federal Planning Bureau) and ICEDD, performed a study to scrutinise the transition of the Belgian national energy system towards a future mix entirely based on renewable energy sources. The focus on renewable energy sources and on building a national energy system completely running on renewable energy can be traced back to three main concerns: – Climate change: Renewable energy sources (RES) are a major instrument in the fight against climate change as RES do not release (net) greenhouse gas emissions. – Security...

Renewable energy is emphasized globally due to its potential to contribute to economy and energy sustainable development, as well as mitigate the climate change. Developed and developing countries have set their sights on renewable energy as increasing exhaustion of the fossil energy and deterioration of environmental problem. This article focuses on concise summary and statistic of renewable energy resources potentials, including solar energy, wind energy, bioenergy, geothermal energy, and hydropower. Meanwhile, it provides the renewable energy development status of G8(US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Japan, Russia) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries. The result indicates that renewable energy resources are abundant, especially in China, the US and Russia. Each country has its own resources advantage. China has abundant renewable energy resources but still needs to accelerate renewable energy technology innovation. At last, suggestions are proposed for policy makers on renewable energy penetration.

Climate change, limited fossil fuel availability and the dependency on energy carrier imports lead the European Union to the formulation of an energy policy for Europe. The EU sets the following criteria for its future energy supply: sustainability, security of supply and competitiveness. Considering the carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuels and the unsolved problem of the ultimate disposal of radioactive waste, only renewable energy can currently be considered sustainable if applied in a socially acceptable way and in accordance with nature conservation. The use of renewable energy can also reduce the dependency on energy carrier imports. Contrary to fossil fuels, renewable energy will become cheaper in the future due to technological learning. The main disadvantage of some renewable energy resources is their fluctuating availability. Adaptation of the energy supply system must take place especially in the power sector in order to reliably cover fluctuating demand with fluctuating resources at any time. In this work, the energy system model ‘REMix’ (Renewable Energy Mix for Sustainable Electricity Supply) is developed. It uses data on the availability of renewable energy across Europe and North Africa (EUNA) to dimension low-cost power supply structures for the EUNA-region, or parts of it, under specific conditions, such as specified shares of renewable energy in the power supply or specified national self-supply shares. The model takes into account the costs of generation technologies, transmission lines and storage units, and finds a combination of these technologies and their geographic locations that is least-cost under the given assumptions. A geographic information system was used for the analysis of the installable capacities and power generation potentials of typical technologies for harnessing renewable energy resources. This analysis is described and the potentials of solar PV, solar CSP, wind onshore and wind offshore, biomass, hydro and geothermal power plants are shown in tables and maps. The data are used as input into a linear programming energy system model which uses them as constraints on the power supply system to be dimensioned. The model, its sensitivity to input parameter variations and a test application are described. The findings confirm the basic findings of other work in this field: transmission lines can be a crucial element of a low-cost, renewable-energy-based electricity supply because they enable balancing effects in a large grid and the use of the highest quality resources even in remote areas, such as deserts or at sea. However, the international cooperation that is necessary to reach the cost-minimum for a given supply task may not be reached by politics or resulting dependencies may be opposed to political goals. Therefore, REMix was built such that countries can be examined individually and the influence of different parameters on their energy supply costs and structure can be investigated. In the test model application, power supply systems for 36 regions in Europe and North Africa, almost all individual countries, are designed with REMix as island grids on the one hand and on the other hand as a network without transmission restrictions (other than the costs of the transmission lines). The model shows that in certain regions the island grid electricity costs can be much higher than, only a little higher than, or even lower than the electricity costs in the network, under the given technological and economic assumptions. The sensitivity to parameter variations is shown to be high; the results of the test application must therefore be considered one example of a technically feasible and efficient supply system but cannot claim to be least-cost in general.

Renewable energy scenario in India: Opportunities and challenges

The article is devoted to the problems of the transition of the Ukrainian electricity market to a new market model. Such a transition is due to the intentions of further integration of the energy markets of Ukraine and the EU. The transition to a new model of the electric energy market is accompanied by the appearance of new market participants, as well as new financial and economic relations between them. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical provisions and systematize the main prospects for the development of the electricity market of Ukraine in the context of European integration. The article analyzes the current state of the electric power industry. It was revealed that more than half of the electricity in 2019-2020 was produced at nuclear power plants. The main consumers of electricity were the residential sector and industry. Systematized main problems of the electricity sector: significant role of the state in the market, lack of transparency in setting tariffs for electricity supply services, existence of debts of market participants and electricity consumers. Attention was drawn to the problem of debts of participants in the electricity market. Prospects for the development of the electric power sector in the context of European integration are highlighted: synchronization of legislation, diversification of energy supplies, implementation of a transparent price regulation mechanism. It is also important for Ukraine to use the EU's experience in creating a stable common energy market. The integration of the energy markets of Ukraine and the EU will contribute to the diversification of Ukraine's energy supply and the introduction of new technologies. This process will take place based on the internal energy market of the EU, which will promote investments, energy security and self-regulation in the market.

The paper focuses on the economic opportunities of renewable energy resources (RES) in Azerbaijan's liberated territories. Armenia illegally exploited energy and other natural resources in Nagorno-Karabakh and its surrounding areas during its 30-year occupation. As a result, it is not surprising that the establishment of a "green energy" zone in the territories has been given high priority in the post-liberation period. Traditional energy sources are currently the most common source of electricity generation in the world. In this regard, the world's ever-increasing energy demand accelerates nation-states' gradual transition to green energy. Electricity generation from renewable energy sources is increasing in many countries, including the United States. In Nagorno-Karabakh and seven neighboring regions, the state is focusing on the production and effective use of renewable energy resources. As a result, ensuring harmony in the gradual use of renewable and traditional energy resources will be essential to the country's socioeconomic development, environmental sustainability, and energy security. The economic analysis of renewable energy potential and the establishment of a “green energy” industry are conducted in the article.

Economic growth and increasing population density have an influence on the large need for electrical energy in Indonesia. The amount of energy needed is directly proportional to economic growth and population density. This condition could threaten energy security in Indonesia if all stakeholders still depend on non-renewable energy. Coal, oil, and natural gas, which are continuously exploited for generating electricity, will eventually run out and will no longer be able to meet Indonesia's electrical energy needs. Apart from that, the use of non-renewable energy also has a negative impact on the environment. Indonesia is a country that is rich in renewable energy sources that can be used as a source of energy for generating electricity, but there are still obstacles in processing and using them, so they are not optimal. This paper aims to analyze the potential and challenges of providing electrical energy in Indonesia. The method used is a descriptive method using primary and secondary data and literature studies. The results of this study show that the potential for renewable energy that can be processed and developed for electricity generation is quite large, namely from energy sources originating from geothermal, hydropower, mini-hydro and micro-hydro, bioenergy, solar power, wind energy, and ocean waves. The survey results show that 52% of the public agree with the use of renewable energy, and 43% agree with the use of nuclear energy as a source of renewable electrical energy. The reason for choosing nuclear energy is the reliability of the energy supply. A strategy for developing renewable electrical energy can be formulated based on the opportunities and challenges currently faced to achieve energy security in Indonesia. Efforts to develop renewable electrical energy need to be carried out with the cooperation of all relevant stakeholders so that the sustainability of electrical energy in Indonesia can be realized.

Sustainable e-fuels production, liquefaction and transport technoeconomic feasibility using renewable energy resources

Review on renewable energy potential and capacities of South Asian countries influencing sustainable environment: A comparative assessment

Napjainkra az egész világon egyetértés van abban, hogy a megújuló energiaforrásokra szükség van, felhasználási arányukat jelentősen növelni kell. Térnyerésüket számos tényező befolyásolja: a földrajzi feltételek, a gazdasági, politikai környezet, az energiapolitika irányai, a nemzetközi vállalásokból eredő kötelezettségek, az egyes megoldások társadalmi elfogadottsága. Egy 2017-ben a dunántúli lakosság körében végzett reprezentatív felmerésünk szerint a téma iránti érdeklődés és a megújuló energiaforrások hasznosításához kapcsolódó ismeretek óvatos optimizmusra adhattak okot, azonban megszokás, az információhiány, a jó gyakorlatok kézzelfoghatóságának hiánya, a lakosság jövedelmi viszonyai, megtakarításai, az újtól való „félelem” az akkori vizsgálataink szerint gátat szabott a megújuló energiaforrások széleskörű hazai lakossági terjedésnek. Az elmúlt időszak hazai család- és otthonfelújítási támogatásai, a háborús konfliktus okozta energiaellátási bizonytalanságok, de ugyanúgy a járványhelyzet kapcsán otthon töltött idő okozta felújítási kedv növekedése egyértelműen felgyorsította a megújuló energiaforrások iránti lakossági érdeklődést. A 2022-es ismételt vizsgálatunk helyszíne szintén a dunántúli térség. A megújulóenergia-hasznosítás elméleti és gyakorlati kérdéseinek lakossági megítélése a témakörhöz való viszonyulásuk, megszerzett tapasztalataik, jövőképük, valamint a feltárható a területi különbségek megismerése közelebb viheti az ágazatot a témakörben rejlő helyi, térségi lehetőségek kiaknázásához, és ezáltal a szükséges intézkedések gyakorlati megvalósításához. Kutatásunk eredményei alátámasztják, hogy a hasznosítási lehetőségekhez kapcsolódó ismeretek, attitűdök, az egyes technikai megoldások ismertsége jól láhatóan javult. Felmérésünk alapján a legnagyobb népszerűséggel napjainkban is a napelemes rendszerek rendelkeznek, de más technikai megoldások ismertsége is nőtt. A megújuló energia alapú térségfejlesztés jelentősége megkérdőjelezhetetlen. Kiemelten fontosnak tartjuk, hogy minél szélesebb körben álljon rendelkezésre, tudatosan fejlődjön és épüljön be a közgondolkodásba a megújulóenergia-hasznosítási lehetőségekhez kapcsolódó tudás. Az egyes beruházások a helyi adottságok figyelembevételével szóba jöhető megoldások előnyeinek és hátrányainak ismeretében történjenek meg.

Energy is essential for crucial development in Africa. The current electricity shortages or load shedding in South Africa show the country faces significant challenges in reaching positive economic growth. For industries to operate sustainably, an innovative mechanism must be tailored to solve the negative impacts of industrial energy use, particularly climate change. Even though fossil fuels generate the majority of produced electricity in South Africa, the country’s potential for renewable energy sources is vast. In contrast, solar irradiance and wind offer considerable commercial potential. New renewable energy resources are widely seen as a means to address the challenges of climate change and energy insecurity. They can be of crucial importance in developing a sustainable economy in the country. The study aims to show how renewable energy technologies can provide new economic opportunities, contribute to higher standards of living, and reduce the impacts of society on ecosystems, among other things. This thesis presents a feasibility analysis and optimization of new energy technologies by designing and simulating a grid-connected PV system for sustainable development. The PVsyst software was used to simulate and optimize the PV system. The software was used to design and model the PV systems and to calculate the energy production, economic performance, and environmental impact. The researcher utilized simulation data to compare PV system performance in three scenarios and identify the optimal one. Overall, the findings of this thesis suggest that grid-connected PV systems are a feasible and sustainable option to meet South Africa's energy needs. By implementing the results and recommendations, the government, investors, and community can work together to develop and deploy a successful PV system that will benefit all.

Energy security is defined as the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption and is a central component of political action. Since the oil crisis in 1973/1974, energy security is a topic of the general public. Over the years, the perception of energy security changed from reducing the dependency on oil exporting countries to additionally taking into account the decline of fossil fuels, environmental problems caused by conventional energy sources as well as the future electricity supply including renewable energy resources. Climate change increasingly impacts the environment and thus, water availability. That is why already today water availability impacts energy security in parts of Europe. In order to secure electricity supply, renewable energies such as wind turbines and photovoltaics, can be used additionally for electricity generation. Due to high fluctuation within the electricity grid, electricity supply can neither be secured by the conventional and nuclear power plants nor by renewable energies. Obviously, additional measures have to be taken to provide energy security. A system similar to demand-side management systems for electricity distribution can ease the problem and helps regulating the supply for electricity and water to the consumers to sustain energy security. For defining the necessary input data for such a system, it has to be analyzed which stakeholders are directly affected by water scarcity and/or low electricity supply, which data are already available and have additionally to be made available from each stakeholder and how these data will be used within the system.

As part of the energy transition towards renewable energies, Algeria, like many other countries around the world, is seeking to use renewable energy sources to enhance its energy security by diversifying its energy mix and reducing its dependence on fossil fuels. This study aims to shed light on the potential of renewable energy in Algeria by presenting theoretical concepts about renewable energies. It will also highlight the current renewable energy projects in the country and identify future strategies and ambitious plans to encourage investments in this field. We conclude that despite many challenges, Algeria has made significant progress in its transition to renewable energy, which is characterized by a great diversity of sources. The country has already developed several solar and wind energy projects and launched initiatives to promote energy efficiency and conservation. With continued investment and policy support, Algeria has the potential to become a leader in renewable energy and achieve energy security while addressing the challenges of climate change.

The panel of G-7 economies is considered one of the most prosperous economies, endowed with abundant natural and renewable energy resources. Due to their richness in these resources, most economic development and activities, including environmental and economic aspects, depend on and are determined by energy consumption and natural resource rents. However, the increasing dependence of G-7 economies on energy consumption and natural resources raises questions about their long-term growth and ecological policies towards achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the influence of natural resources, renewable energy, economic policy uncertainty, human capital, and globalization on the ecological footprint in the panel of G-7 economies from 1990 to 2020. After confirming the cross-sectional dependence issue, this study applied second-generation panel data approaches to estimate robust and reliable outcomes. The estimated evidence from this study discovered that natural resources, globalization processes, and economic policy uncertainty significantly increase the level of ecological footprint in the region. In contrast, renewable energy and human capital provide feasible solutions for ecological improvement in the study area. Likewise, the interactive role of renewable energy with economic policy uncertainty significantly protects the environmental quality in the study area. Based on the estimated findings, this study recommends various achievable policy options for policymakers and the governments of these economies to ensure environmental sustainability.

As the concept of integrated resource planning has spread among states and utilities, a reexamination of the role of renewable energy sources in the utility resource mix is taking place. This report documents the findings of a study of state regulatory commissions undertaken to: (1) help assess the state of knowledge and awareness about renewable energy resources and technologies; (2) assess the impacts of state policies on renewable energy development; and (3) identify important information needs. The key findings from this effort are: Renewable energy development has occurred only slowly over the last decade, and a small number of states account for the bulk of development. The development that has occurred has been limited to non-utility entities. Directed state policies have been a key driver in renewable energy development. Those states not currently addressing renewables may need more data and information before they proceed with directed policies. Other important observations are: The cost of renewables is an overriding concern. Regulators distinguish between emerging'' and established'' renewable energy technologies. Specific data are lacking on state-level renewable energy development. Detailed renewable resource assessments have yet to be performed in many states. This report identifies renewable energy information needs of state regulators. However, a number of concerns are also identified that must be addressed before renewables will receive serious attention in many of those states with limited renewables experience. Finally, the report catalogs a wide variety of policies that have been utilized in the states to promote greater development of renewable energy.