EU’s green agenda will expose large divergences

Objectives: To examine and validate the investment in Carbon Capture and Storage technology for the production process in an inventory model, focusing on reducing carbon emissions while enhancing sustainable practices. Methods: An economic production quantity model along with greenhouse gas and wastewater emissions is formulated under two scenarios: (i) a sustainable model with Carbon Capture and Storage technology, and (ii) a model without Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Secondary data from Hui Ming Wee’s research are used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed model. Lagrangian method is applied to determine the optimal solution of the problem. Findings: The proposed model was solved using the given methodology, and the overall cost of the industrial enterprise with Carbon Capture and Storage technology is $27,393,962 whereas the overall cost of the manufacturing industry without Carbon Capture and Storage technology is $30,044,797. This demonstrates that the sustainable economic production quantity model performs better than the traditional one. Novelty: Carbon Capture and Storage technology has been implemented, and its efficiency has been examined in an economic production quantity model, whereas earlier researches mostly focused on other green technologies. 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: 90B05. Keywords: Carbon Capture And Storage Technology, Carbon Emission, Economic Production Quantity Model, Inventory, Sustainability

Rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 20th century have led to increasing volumes of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere[...]

Climate change is a pressing global issue, leading to the establishment of various carbon reduction goals, and thus carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has attracted considerable attention. This article provides an overview of the primary carbon capture and storage technologies, explores their technical principles along with their pros and cons, and examines the challenges they encounter. There are three ways to capture carbon: post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-combustion. Post-combustion capture includes adsorption, absorption and membrane separation. Adsorption can be further categorized into four specific technologies: Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA), Pressure swing adsorption (PSA), Vacuum swing adsorption (VSA), and Electric swing adsorption (ESA). Absorption has physical and chemical types. Membrane separation is to filter the gas to CO2. Pre-combustion capture is to use physical solvents to separate the gas. Oxy-combustion uses pure oxygen to obtain CO2. There are three ways to store carbon, geo-sequestration, marine storage and mineralization storage. Geo-sequestration is to bury CO2 in a suitable state in the rock layer below the surface. Marine storage is to bury CO2 in various places in the sea in a classified manner. Mineralization storage refers to the use of solid waste rich in calcium and magnesium to mineralize CO2 and produce chemical products. There are three main challenges facing CCS technology: economically, the cost is too high with low benefits. The technology is not mature enough and will consume too much energy. Environmentally, there is a potential for ecological deterioration.

Being home to the largest oil and gas operators, its advanced subsurface technologies, extensive expertise, skilled labor, and abundant resources, the Middle East is a prime region for large-scale deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. Driven by the obligations of reducing carbon emissions and maintaining economic competitiveness in a carbon-constrained world; this study examines the regulatory foundations, and the market dynamics shaping CCS initiatives in the region. This study assesses the current deployment of (CCS) technology in the Middle East. It involves an analysis to assess the region's growing commitment to CCS within its broader sustainability and economic diversification strategies. The evaluation of government policies and incentives, such as carbon pricing mechanisms and investment subsidies, helps determine their effectiveness in supporting CCS initiatives and mitigating technological uncertainties. Moreover, the study reviews the adoption of international best practices to ensure safe, long-term CO2 storage and optimize storage capacity. Finally, the study identifies the critical roles of governments, industry stakeholders, and international partners in overcoming regulatory and technical barriers, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts in advancing CCS deployment in the Middle East. This study is performed using published data for the pilot CCS and Co2 EOR projects in the Middle East highlighting the current regulatory frameworks. The Middle East shows a strong and increasing commitment to CCS, various governments in the region have introduced supportive policies and incentives, such as carbon pricing mechanisms and investment subsidies, to mitigate technological uncertainties and address challenges like water scarcity. Demand forecasts and market assessments indicate substantial potential for CCS, particularly in industrial hubs with high CO2 emissions, driven by regulatory pressures and the strategic importance of CCS for the long-term viability of the oil and gas sector. Successful CCS deployment requires collaboration between stakeholders. Overall, the region's advanced capabilities positioning it uniquely to lead in CCS initiatives in addition CCS is poised to play a pivotal role in the Middle East's energy transition, contributing significantly to carbon mitigation and economic resilience, emphasizing the importance of tailored approaches and collaborative efforts to realize the full potential of CCS in the region. This study offers a fresh perspective by thoroughly analyzing MENA's high potential for large-scale deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies. It highlights the region's proficiency ineffectively implementing CCS technologies and the potential for the Middle East to significantly enhance the global reputation of CCS by fostering public acceptance and reassurance. Through a detailed examination, the study provides novel insights into the potential and strategic importance of CCS in securing the long-term viability of the oil and gas sector while meeting climate targets.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies represent a critical strategic intervention in addressing global climate change challenges while maintaining energy security in natural gas infrastructure. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted landscape of CCS technologies, examining technological innovations, economic frameworks, and environmental implications for clean energy production. By synthesizing current research and emerging approaches, the study provides a holistic assessment of CCS potential in mitigating carbon emissions from natural gas facilities. The review critically analyzes existing capture technologies, including post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion methods, highlighting recent advances in material sciences and technological innovations. Economic considerations are examined through the lens of investment strategies, policy frameworks, and long-term viability. Environmental performance evaluation encompasses comprehensive emissions assessment, geological storage risks, and broader ecosystem implications. Key findings underscore the complexity of CCS implementation, revealing both significant challenges and promising opportunities for transforming natural gas infrastructure. The study emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary approaches, robust policy support, and continued technological innovation to realize the full potential of carbon capture technologies in achieving sustainable energy transitions.

Technology readiness level assessment of carbon capture and storage technologies

This research work investigates the feasibility and efficiency of implementing Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technologies in Downstream Equipment such as in refining and processing, distribution and marketing, petrochemical production and retail sales as ways to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Considering the world is in urgent need to cut the emissions of greenhouse gases in order to deal with the challenge of climate change. Most mitigations have targeted carbon dioxide (CO₂), because it is the major agent in global warming. The research focuses on three primary CCS techniques: post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and oxy-fuel combustion. These technologies are unique because they stand out as the only technologies that permit the continued use of fossil fuel powered sources while reducing the amount of CO₂ from these sources. Post-combustion method is best suited for retrofitting existing power plants, its challenges of energy and operation costs would be addressed if there is advancement in chemistry solvent, process efficiency and integration with renewable sources. Pre-combustion method Capture CO2 with 90% efficiency and produces hydrogen as a clean fuel, its viable for new-build plants. Oxy-fuel combustion simplifies CO₂ capture by producing a pure CO₂ stream, also ideal for newly installed facilities. This research also discovered CCS applications in enhancing oil recovery, industries decarbonization, and limiting emissions in sectors necessary for CCS. High costs, infrastructure requirements, and regulatory needs, are few challenges. Each technology fits different need, but their economic viability would be to balance the cost, efficiency and suitability to existing or new installed facilities

Coal-fired power plants are by far the largest single source of carbon emissions in the country, and in the context of the "two-carbon" target, it is urgent to reduce carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants. At present, CCUS (Carbon capture, Storage and utilization) technology is the only technology that can reduce carbon dioxide emissions of coal-fired power plants on a large scale. At present, the commonly used technology is to install carbon capture devices on the basis of traditional coal-fired power stations to form carbon capture power plants. However, the introduction of carbon capture devices will affect the operation of power plants and peak load control ability. Based on the analysis of the basic principles of different carbon capture technologies, this paper selects a suitable carbon capture scheme based on a typical coal-fired power plant in China. By constructing the simulation models of conventional coal-fired thermal power units and carbon capture power plants, the operation interval of carbon capture power plants is obtained. Meanwhile, the peak regulating performance of power plants installed with carbon capture devices and its influence on the peak regulating capacity of power grids are analyzed.

In this study, all contents related to the entire cycle of energy production and use are defined as energy-environmental technologies, and the technical classification and brief technical principles of carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) as energy-environmental technologies are described. In addition, we analyzed the results and actual data of established scenarios and various indicator costs from various perspectives of reports produced by reliable institutions for various energy-environment technologies including the above. Finally, this study aims to lay the foundation for comprehensive research that can understand energy-environmental technology through the establishment of cost-side scenarios and analysis of data with objective approach to energy-environmental technology.

Cement manufacturing is one of the most energy and CO2 intensive industries. With the growth of cement production, CO2 emissions are increasing rapidly too. Carbon capture and storage is the most feasible new technology option to reduce CO2 emissions in the cement industry. More research on environmental impacts is required to provide the theoretical basis for the implementation of carbon capture and storage in cement production. In this paper, GaBi software and scenario analysis were employed to quantitatively analyze and compare the environmental impacts of cement production with and without carbon capture and storage technology, from the perspective of a life-cycle assessment; aiming to promote sustainable development of the cement industry. Results of two carbon capture and storage scenarios show decreases in the impacts of global warming potential and some environmental impacts. However, other scenarios show a significant increase in other environmental impacts. In particular, post-combustion carbon capture technology can bring a more pronounced increase in toxicity potential. Therefore, effective measures must be taken into account to reduce the impact of toxicity when carbon capture and storage is employed in cement production. CO2 transport and storage account for only a small proportion of environmental impacts. For post-combustion carbon capture, most of the environmental impacts come from the unit of combined heat and power and carbon capture, with the background production of MonoEthanolAmine contributing significantly. In combined heat and power plants, natural gas is more advantageous than a 10% coal-saving, and thermal efficiency is a key parameter affecting the environmental impacts. Future research should focus on exploring cleaner and effective absorbents or seeking the alternative fuel in combined heat and power plants for post-combustion carbon capture. If the power industry is the first to deploy carbon capture and storage, oxy-combustion carbon capture is an excellent choice for the cement industry.

This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (20214710100040,CCUS 법률안 정비 및 수용성을 포함한 제도적 기반 구축). Many problems are appearing due to climate disasters or global warming. Therefore, many countries are moving towards ‘net zero’ policy by setting greenhouse gas reduction targets. Korea is also responding to the climate crisis by enacting the Carbon Neutral and Green Growth Framework Act (so called the Carbon Neutral Framework Act). Korea, like other countries, recognizes that CCUS technology is indispensable to achieve ‘zero carbon’ by 2050. Therefore, in Article 34 of the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality, there was a provision on the promotion of carbon capture, use and storage technology to prepare policies to support the development of “carbon capture, use, and storage technology.” Special regulations for the demonstration of technology are to be separately stipulated by law. In order to apply CCUS technology, the CCUS single bill is being revised. Meanwhile, in Korea, the “Act on Allocation and Trade of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits” is in effect. However, in the EU Emissions Trading Act, which implemented the emission trading system earlier than Korea, and the EU CCS Directive was enacted in 2009 and the EU Emissions Trading Directive was also revised. According to the amendments, the EU ETS provides the important incentive for CCS, and according to the EU legal framework, CO2 captured and safely stored is considered “not released” by the ETS. In addition, the 2018 Directive (EU) 2018/410, which amended 2003/87/EC, made amendments in relation to CCUS. That is, the 325 million allowance in quantities that can be allocated free of charge and 75 million allowances in quantities that can be auctioned under Article 10 can be used to support innovation in low-carbon technologies and processes. contributing to environmentally safe carbon capture and utilization (“CCUS”). Based on the lessons learned from the EU's Emissions Trading Act, we investigated what regulations should be stipulated in the Emissions Trading Act when Korea enacts the single CCUS Act. In addition, the CCUS Act suggested what contents should be stipulated to reflect the emission trading system. This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (20214710100040,CCUS 법률안 정비 및 수용성을 포함한 제도적 기반 구축). Many problems are appearing due to climate disasters or global warming. Therefore, many countries are moving towards ‘net zero’ policy by setting greenhouse gas reduction targets. Korea is also responding to the climate crisis by enacting the Carbon Neutral and Green Growth Framework Act (so called the Carbon Neutral Framework Act). Korea, like other countries, recognizes that CCUS technology is indispensable to achieve ‘zero carbon’ by 2050. Therefore, in Article 34 of the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality, there was a provision on the promotion of carbon capture, use and storage technology to prepare policies to support the development of “carbon capture, use, and storage technology.” Special regulations for the demonstration of technology are to be separately stipulated by law. In order to apply CCUS technology, the CCUS single bill is being revised. Meanwhile, in Korea, the “Act on Allocation and Trade of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits” is in effect. However, in the EU Emissions Trading Act, which implemented the emission trading system earlier than Korea, and the EU CCS Directive was enacted in 2009 and the EU Emissions Trading Directive was also revised. According to the amendments, the EU ETS provides the important incentive for CCS, and according to the EU legal framework, CO2 capt

The Neglected Importance of Corporate Perceptions and Positions for the Long-term Development of CCS

Uncertainty analysis is a key element of sound techno-economic analysis (TEA) of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies and systems, and in the communication of TEA results. Many CCS technologies are relatively novel, with only few large-scale projects constructed and in operation to date. Therefore, uncertainties in technology performance and costs are often substantial, making it imperative that they be characterized and reported. Although uncertainty analysis itself is not novel, with some methods already frequently used by the CCS TEA community, a document that provides a comprehensive overview of methods and approaches, as well as guidance on their selection and use, is still lacking. Given its importance, we seek to fill this gap by providing a critical review of uncertainty analysis methods along with guidance on the selection and use of these methods for CCS TEAs, highlighting good practice and examples from the CCS literature. The paper starts by identifying the different audiences for CCS TEAs, the different modelling approaches available for CCS technology performance and cost analysis, and the different roles that uncertainty analysis may play. It then continues to discuss established, as well as emerging, uncertainty analysis methods and addresses how and when each method is best used, as well as common pitfalls. We argue that the most commonly used method of one-parameter-at-a-time ‘local’ sensitivity analysis may often be a suboptimal choice, and that other approaches may be more suitable or lead to more insight, especially since uncertainty analysis software is becoming more widespread and easier to use. Finally, the paper discusses the benefits of advanced uses of uncertainty analysis in, for instance, the design of CCS experiments or in the design and planning of CCS infrastructure. Sound uncertainty analysis has an important role to play in TEAs of CCS technologies and systems, and there are many opportunities to bring the use of uncertainty analysis to a higher level than currently practiced. This review of and guidance on available methods is intended to help accelerate continued methods development and their application to more robust and meaningful CCS performance and costing studies.

Under the background of "missing carbon sink" mystery and carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology development, this paper summarized the lime material flow process carbon sink from the lime carbonation principles, impact factors, and lime utilization categories in chemical industry, metallurgy industry, construction industry, and lime kiln ash treatment. The results showed that the lime carbonation rate coefficients were mainly impacted by materials and ambient conditions; the lime carbon sink was mainly in chemical, metallurgy, and construction industries; and current researches focused on the mechanisms and impact factors for carbonation, but their carbon sequestration calculation methods had not been proposed. Therefore, future research should focus on following aspects: to establish a complete system of lime carbon sequestration accounting method in view of material flow; to calculate lime carbon sequestration in both China and the world and explain their offset proportion of CO2emission from lime industrial process; to analyze the contribution of lime carbon sequestration to missing carbon sink for clarifying part of missing carbon sinks; to promote the development of carbon capture and storage technology and provide some scientific bases for China's international negotiations on climate change.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is amongst the range of energy technology strategies for addressing concerns of increasing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and achieving sustainable energy from fossil fuel use. In the long run its potential to reduce CO2 concentrations is second to the contribution expected from energy efficiency improvement (ETA, 2008). The main focus of this chapter is to describe the processes and techniques of CCS technology as well as challenges and policy concerns. Large-scale deployment of CCS however, raises issues of permanency and safety of storage. Consequently, enormous research efforts are directed worldwide in testing its efficacy. Results are summarized in the Indian context from the International Workshop on R&D Challenges in Carbon Capture and Storage Technology.