Evaluating AI Language Models for Reference Services: A Comparative Study of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot

One of the main issues affecting the performance of agriculture is climate change, which is widely acknowledged. Proper adaptation measures to mitigate its effects depend on an understanding of climate change. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how farmers in north-central Nigeria who grow rice perceive climate change and the suggested adaption measures. A well-structured questionnaire was utilized to compile a sample of 500 smallholder rice producers employing a multistage sampling technique. Using descriptive statistics, data were examined. The results revealed decrease in rainfall distribution (Mean=2.67). The highest mean score in social level adaptations was recorded on attachment to place (Mean=4.615). Farmers’ response to a perceived change to temperature with the highest mean score in implemented soil/river conservation (Mean=3.84), perceived change to precipitation showed implemented soil/river conservation has the highest mean score (Mean=3.56). Farmers perceived barriers to adaptation indicated lack of information (62.8%), the determinants of adaptation strategies showed access to extension (83.5%), diversifying income (77.3%), and knowledge about climate change (76.3%), household size (76.3%), farm size (74.8%), and farming experience (56.0%). The study suggests that all the key factors that affect farmers’ preferences for adaptation to climate change should be poeticized in light of their perspectives.

A competency-based curriculum has been adopted in the Kenyan education system. However, learners with disabilities in regular schools would be learning using two separate programs, that is an inclusive education program and a competency-based curriculum program. Implementing the two programs simultaneously to this category of learners could be challenging. Therefore, this study focused on the material resources adaptation influencing competency-based curriculum implementation for Early Years Learners with disabilities in primary schools. The study was premised on the theory of Complexity and Education by Davis and Sumara (2006), which holds that the fruitfulness and range of systems in which ambiguity and uncertainty occur, should be embraced, and accommodated during evaluation. The researcher employed a concurrent embedded design based on the mixed-method approach in data gathering. The study’s location was Nairobi City County, Kenya. The target population was 368 participants and from this target, the study sampled 16 heads of schools, 48 teachers, and 2 Educational Officers who were the respondents. The instruments of data collection were semi-structured questionnaires, an observation checklist, and an interview schedule. The piloting of instruments took place in one school with a special unit. The instruments were only accepted as valid and reliable after the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of r=.75. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, data were prepared and organized using Statistical Package for Social Sciences into percentages, mean, Skewness, standard deviations, graphs, and tables. The researcher tested the hypothesis by use of the chi-square test at a significant level of α =<.05. Findings revealed that teachers with a high mean score on instructional methods adaptation for learners with disabilities also had high mean scores on implementation of CBC in a regular class. Only about 13(29.5%) of teachers occasionally adapted teaching materials to learners with disabilities. Most of the materials mentioned were missing in the class for the implementation of CBC TO learners with disabilities. Similarly, most of the materials such as tables, charts, graphics, and computers were those used in a standard classroom and therefore lacked adaptation for use by learners with disabilities in a CBC class. most schools had inadequate knowledge of material resources for learning by learners with disabilities. Most school officials failed to understand the difference between the materials used in the standard classroom and the adapted materials for special instruction for learners with disabilities which hampered the proper implementation of CBC. Only about 2(5%) of the teachers from public schools had attended seminars and workshops on special needs education, while about 14(35%) belonged to private schools. Consequently, teachers who had attended the seminars and workshops in special needs education revealed that the knowledge gained during the training improved their skills in material resource adaptation for learners with disabilities. The study recommended the need for mass training of teachers in the use of adapted material resources and adaptation of material resources for the accommodation of learners with disabilities in Nairobi, Kenya.

Background: Time management is a skill that perhaps impacts the students’ academic achievement. The objective of the study is to study the time management skill and perceived academic achievements among university students.Methods: A cross sectional study was done among medical students studying in one of the private medical colleges of Odisha. Time management questionnaire developed by Britton and Tesser was used as a study tool. It includes 18 questions distributed in 3 dimensions: short-range planning, time attitudes and long-range planning. All the questions were value based on the Likert scale of five value scores. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Means of various dimensions were compared.Results: 51.90% of the participants possessed moderate to low level time management score. Participants who obtained higher percentages of mark (70-80%) also had high mean score on general time management.24.1% of the participants never write a set of goals for their self for each day and 21.5% never spend time for each day planning. Whereas 48% always keep their desk clear of everything other than what they are working on it, 40.5% sometimes review their class notes, even when a test is not imminent, 37.9% sometimes make a schedule of the activities that they have to do on work days and 37.9% sometimes make constructive use of their time.Conclusions: To improve academic performance, students are in need of IEC programs in relation to time management.

Entrepreneurial passion has been widely recognized as a critical determinant of business success, particularly in small-scale enterprises where resource constraints and market uncertainties are prevalent. The study examined the impact of entrepreneurial passion, proxied by Sense of Purpose and Vision (SPV), Emotional Attachment (EA), Intrinsic Motivation (IM), and Resilience and Persistence (RP), on the profitability of small-scale poultry farms in Delta State, Nigeria. The study adopts a quantitative research design, utilizing survey data from 298 poultry farmers across various local government areas in Delta State. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, multiple regression analysis, and ANOVA to determine the significance and strength of relationships among the variables. The descriptive statistics revealed that SPV, EA, IM, and RP have relatively high mean scores, indicating that poultry farmers in Delta State exhibit strong entrepreneurial passion. The study concluded that fostering entrepreneurial passion can significantly enhance profitability in small-scale poultry farms. It recommends that policymakers and agricultural extension services implement programs that strengthen farmers' vision, motivation, and emotional investment in their businesses. Additionally, financial institutions should provide targeted support to farmers exhibiting strong entrepreneurial passion, as they are more likely to achieve sustainable growth. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the psychological determinants of profitability in agribusiness.

Background and Objective: Social health refers to the evaluation and recognition of an individual's performance in society and the quality of his or her relationships with others, relatives, and social groups. On the other hand, health literacy enables people to play an active role in changing environments to influence health and it is considered a determinant of health. The present study was conducted to investigate the status of social health and health literacy in non-medical students.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by survey method with descriptive-correlation approach on 200 non-medical students of Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch in the academic year of 2018-2019. The subjects were selected by quota sampling. An adult health literacy questionnaire (HELIA) was used to collect information. The dimensions of access, reading skills, comprehension, evaluation, decision making and use of health information and Keyes social health questionnaire were analyzed using version 23 of SPSS software and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and chi-square test.Results: The mean score of health literacy and social health was 120.38± 16.26 and 109.87± 11.09, respectively. The highest mean score (76.61) was related to comprehension and perception. The majority of people had adequate health literacy and their social health status was moderate. In social health components, the lowest score was obtained in the dimension of social participation and the highest was related to the dimension of social cohesion. There was no significant statistical correlation between students' health literacy and social health scores (p = 90.)Conclusion: In the present study, a significant percentage of students had inadequate health literacy levels. Also, the low dimensions of admission and social participation in students can affect their social and interpersonal relationships and also affect other aspects of their health.

This research study focused on investigating the use of 5Es instructional model by physics teachers and how the model impacts the learning process of the basic concepts of electromagnetic waves in physics. In this study, six advanced-level physics teachers in four secondary schools within the Rwamagana district in Rwanda were purposively selected to participate. To collect data, 48 classroom observations were conducted, and data collected from classroom observation on the lesson delivery for all six teachers were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Before the training, the overall scores of observed lessons were low (M=2.07; SD=0.68 out of 5) corresponding to 40.1% across all the 11 statements of classroom observation tool used to assess secondary schools STEM teachers' ability to plan and conduct teaching based on 5Es instructional model. After the training on 5Es instructional model, a significant improvement for all teachers in lesson preparation and its delivery was achieved. The high mean scores, M=4.79 out of 5 scorerates (95%) with low standard deviation, SD=0.40 across all the 11 statements of similar classroom observation tool were obtained. The results after the training on the model indicated good performance for all teachers in terms of integrating exciting activities, discrepant events, relevant visualization guide, boosting learners' confidence to express their ideas in the teaching process, and using constructive scenarios that helped the learners to relate what they learned to real-life situations. Therefore, the use of the 5Es instructional model was found effective and recommended as a useful teaching approach for teachers.

There is substantial evidence that teachers' beliefs about mathematics impact their teaching of mathematics. Given this evidence, it is appropriate that teacher education programs assess their effectiveness, at least in part, on how well they nurture beliefs that are consistent with their philosophy of learning and teaching. To explore this perspective a study was conducted with preservice elementary teachers participating in an alternative certification program for teaching in an urban setting. Students were required to take 6 hours of mathematics and 6 hours of mathematics education taught as a seamless course over three semesters. Before and after the program students completed a Mathematics Belief Instrument. Descriptive statistics were used to study trends across the group (n=14). Higher mean scores were found in all three parts of the post survey. Qualitative data were collected over the year in the form of weekly teaching logs. Results suggest that the program was successful in changing preservice teacher beliefs.

Introduction: Hearing aids (HAs) are the electro acoustic device, developed for individuals with hearing loss. Aim: The present study was focused on analyzing the possible reasons for nonacceptance of the HAs in older adults.Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 100 participants were enrolled in the study. Self-reported questionnaire was adapted to regional language Kannada in the first phase of the study. Adapted questionnaire was administered in individual with hearing loss in the second phase. Descriptive statistics was used for compiling the result of the study. Results: The result revealed that attitude-related factor had the highest mean score followed by device-related factor, personal, and financial-related factors. Conclusion: In developing countries such as India, still the stigma toward hearing loss and HAs are dominating these individuals and rejects them in procuring the HA.

The university years constitute a critical period in the transition to adulthood for building social relationships, developing a sense of belonging, and consolidating psychosocial well-being. During this period, fluctuations in socialization, tendencies toward isolation, and insufficient perceptions of emotional support can adversely affect students’ academic functioning and psychological well-being, potentially increasing tendencies toward social isolation and loneliness among young adults and university students. This study aims to examine university students’ socialization levels, isolation tendencies, and perceived emotional support, and to determine how these behaviors relate to demographic factors. This study adopted a quantitative research approach and employed a descriptive survey design. The sample consisted of 406 university students selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using the Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25), which includes three subdimensions: Socialization, Isolation, and Emotional Support. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA were used to analyse the data across gender, academic department, and daily social media use categories. Result indicated that responses clustered at the “undecided” level on the Hikikomori total score and across its three subdimensions (Socialization, Isolation, Emotional Support). By gender, a significant difference was observed on the Isolation subdimension; in this subdimension, female students had higher mean scores than males. No significant differences were found by academic department on the Hikikomori total or its subdimensions, and no significant differences were observed across daily social media use groups (2–4 hours, 4–6 hours, 6–8 hours, ≥8 hours) as well. In conclusion, the moderate level of social isolation observed among students indicates the influence of individual and psychosocial factors on their sense of social connectedness and perceived emotional support. This finding highlights the necessity of implementing preventive programs within university settings aimed at strengthening social interaction and enhancing psychological resilience.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0904/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Background: Today's adolescents are tomorrow's adults. The nutritional needs during adolescence are increased because of the increased growth rate and changes in body composition associated with puberty. The eating behaviour of young people has come increasingly under the spotlight in recent years amid claims that many adolescents have poor dietary habits. Objectives: The present study focused on the following objectives, (1) to evaluate the eating behaviors among the adolescents population and (2) to find association of eating behaviors with their selected socio demographic characteristics. Material and methods: The descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the eating behaviors of adolescent girls of rural area of Loni (Bk) village. Total of 70 adolescent girls studying in College of Nursing were selected. Stratified random sampling (proportionate) technique was used to gather the information. A survey method was used with structured rating questionnaire to obtain the information. The descriptive statistics (mean. SD, mean percent) and inferential statistics (chi square test) were applied wherever required. Results: The result reveals that the adolescents had satisfactory eating behaviors with the mean score of 84.3±3.6 which is 53%. In relation to various aspects of eating behaviors, the highest mean score (18.8±2.3) which is 62.8% was obtained for 'satisfaction with diet' which is satisfactory eating habits and the lowest mean score and mean percent which is 47.4% was obtained for 'eating habits' and 'meal time habits' indicates adolescents had unhealthy eating habits. It was also found that there was a significant association with eating behavior and the socio demographic variable like family monthly income at p<0.05 level). Conclusion: The welfare of the entire community depends on the health and welfare of youth. It is essential to raise awareness on significance of diet and healthy eating behaviors; and develop health seeking behaviors among the rural adolescents to improve health status and quality of life.

This study aimed to determine the levels of resistance to change and artificial intelligence (AI) anxiety among nursing and midwifery students and to examine the association between these variables. This cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational study was conducted with 413 nursing and midwifery students enrolled at a state university during the 2024–2025 academic year. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Resistance to Change Scale, and the Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. Students demonstrated moderate levels of resistance to change (Mean = 39.15 ± 7.99) and moderate levels of AI anxiety (Mean = 44.62 ± 11.04). Based on the recommended cut-off score of 48, 45.8% of participants (n = 189) were classified as experiencing high AI anxiety, while 54.2% (n = 224) had low-to-moderate levels of AI anxiety. Among AI anxiety subdimensions, the highest mean score was observed in sociotechnical blindness. Resistance to change was positively associated with AI anxiety (r = 0.296, p < 0.01). In the regression model, resistance to change showed the strongest association with AI anxiety (B = 0.47, p < 0.001), while gender and academic department were also significantly associated. The final model explained 14.1% of the variance in AI anxiety (R² = 0.141). Higher levels of resistance to change are associated with increased AI anxiety among nursing and midwifery students. These findings suggest that resistance to change represents a modifiable psychological factor that may be addressed through educational interventions, alongside technical AI skill development, within digital transformation initiatives in health professions education.

The present study aims to investigate the potential variables that influence the faculty members’ intention to continue using online learning systems during and after the pandemic based on extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Self Determination Theory (SDT), and to study individual differences between these variables. The methodology of the study was based on survey research and causal comparative methods. Convenience sampling method was used to identify the participants of the study, who are 302 faculty members working at twelve different state universities. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA-CFA) were used to test the factor structure of the data collection tool and to validate the tool through examining the model fit. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the distribution of the dependent variable scores of the participants, and one-way MANOVA was used to compare the variables based on individual differences. The findings indicated that CMP had the highest mean score, followed by the constructs of SDT (competence, autonomy, relatedness). A significant difference for male participants was observed in perceived ease of use and competence variables based on gender. No significant difference was found between the variables based on academic title. The present study established that all variables except relatedness indicated a significant difference that favors instructors with high and medium level online learning experience. It was concluded that the comparison of the motivational variables based on the individual differences of the instructors, which have critical importance in online education as well as in higher education, can contribute to the establishment of effective and sustainable quality learning environments (distance or hybrid) and to the existing literature.

Objetivo: avaliar o uso de práticas integrativas e complementares e associar com a qualidade de vida de estudantes de enfermagem. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com acadêmicos de enfermagem. Utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico/clínico-terapêutico e o WHOQOL-Bref para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Os dados foram examinados por meio de estatísticas descritivas, empregando-se o Teste de Levene para Igualdade de Variâncias e o Teste t de Student para averiguar a diferença das médias dos domínios de qualidade de vida entre os grupos. Resultados: participaram 73 estudantes; destes, os que realizavam alguma prática integrativa e complementar notaram melhorias com o uso e recomendariam a outras pessoas. As terapias mais utilizadas foram homeopatia, florais, meditação, yoga, musicoterapia e reiki. Quanto à qualidade de vida, na comparação entre os grupos, os estudantes que utilizam alguma prática integrativa apresentaram melhores médias para todos os domínios do que os que não utilizavam. Conclusão: poucos acadêmicos conheciam e usavam práticas integrativas e complementares e a qualidade de vida daqueles que utilizavam as práticas foi melhor, se comparados com aqueles que não as usavam. Contribuições para a prática: os resultados podem oferecer subsídios para o fortalecimento dos benefícios do uso das práticas integrativas nesse cenário acadêmico.

The growing demand for natural and new food products has prompted researchers to look into alternative food innovations that provide nutritional value while addressing challenges such as food wastage and poverty alleviation. In response, the development and assessment of chocolate-coated banana candies was the main focus of this study. In particular, it looked at the product's appearance, taste, texture, and aroma as well as general customer acceptability, differences in sensory qualities among treatments, and shelf life under both ambient and cold storage conditions. The formulation with the best performance was subjected to microbiological and proximate tests. The study employed an experimental-developmental method using a completely randomized design. Evaluation samples were appropriately coded, and the experiment was replicated three times with ten semi-trained panelists and 100 customer respondents. Sensory evaluation was carried out using a 9-point Hedonic Scale, and the gathered data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Treatment C, with Green Cavendish bananas, had the highest mean scores across all sensory measures, followed by Treatment B (Red Banana) and Treatment A (Española). There were no apparent differences among treatments in terms of texture, taste, aroma, or appearance, according to statistical analysis. However, Treatment A (Española) was chosen for microbiological and proximate testing as well as shelf-life evaluation due to its overall consumer acceptance. The results validated its potential nutritional benefit and appropriateness for prolonged use. The product remained stable for up to 20 days at room temperature and 30 days under chilled conditions, according to a shelf-life examination. The Aerobic Plate Count was analyzed at 60 cfu/g, showing good microbiological quality and storage stability, and no Fecal Coliforms, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, yeast, or mold were found, further supporting product safety.

Nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) carries significant socioeconomic relevance and leads to substantial difficulties for those who are affected by it. The effectiveness of app-based treatments has been confirmed, and clinicians are recommended to use such interventions. As 88.8% of the German population uses smartphones, apps could support therapy. The available apps in mobile app stores are poorly regulated, and their quality can vary. Overviews of the availability and quality of mobile apps for Australia, Great Britain, and Spain have been compiled, but this has not yet been done for Germany. We aimed to provide an overview of the availability and content-related quality of apps for the treatment of NSLBP in the German language. A systematic search for apps on iOS and Android was conducted on July 6, 2022, in the Apple App Store and Google Play Store. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined before the search. Apps in the German language that were available in both stores were eligible. To check for evidence, the apps found were assessed using checklists based on the German national guideline for NSLBP and the British equivalent of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. The quality of the apps was measured using the Mobile Application Rating Scale. To control potential inaccuracies, a second reviewer resurveyed the outcomes for 30% (3/8) of the apps and checked the inclusion and exclusion criteria for these apps. The outcomes, measured using the assessment tools, are presented in tables with descriptive statistics. Furthermore, the characteristics of the included apps were summarized. In total, 8 apps were included for assessment. Features provided with different frequencies were exercise tracking of prefabricated or adaptable workout programs, educational aspects, artificial intelligence-based therapy or workout programs, and motion detection. All apps met some recommendations by the German national guideline and used forms of exercises as recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline. The mean value of items rated as "Yes" was 5.75 (SD 2.71) out of 16. The best-rated app received an answer of "Yes" for 11 items. The mean Mobile Application Rating Scale quality score was 3.61 (SD 0.55). The highest mean score was obtained in "Section B-Functionality" (mean 3.81, SD 0.54). Available apps in the German language meet guideline recommendations and are mostly of acceptable or good quality. Their use as a therapy supplement could help promote the implementation of home-based exercise protocols. A new assessment tool to obtain ratings on apps for the treatment of NSLBP, combining aspects of quality and evidence-based best practices, could be useful. Open Science Framework Registries sq435; https://osf.io/sq435.