Evaluation Measures for Frequent Itemsets Based on Distributed Representations

SufRec, an algorithm for mining association rules: Recursivity and task parallelism

Efficiently mining frequent itemsets and association rules on the encrypted outsourced data remains a great challenge for the time-consuming ciphertext computations. Nowadays, it has been not well addressed for privacy-preserving frequent itemsets and association rule mining schemes with mining efficiency, dataset, and query confidentiality simultaneously. In this paper, we investigate the study of privacy issues on frequent itemset mining and association rule mining on outsourced data in a two-cloud model, where the data are encrypted and outsourced by multiple owners holding different public keys. We develop several secure computation protocols based on additively homomorphic cryptosystem and additive secret sharing, which enable the clouds could securely mine the frequent itemsets and association rules. Furthermore, we also design two kinds of frequent itemset and association rule query service models, i.e., service customers query the cloud-mined results, and service customers query with their own decided threshold. The proposed scheme not only supports the mining process on the data encrypted by multiple public keys without compromising the security of the datasets, query data and query results, but also offline users. In addition, the experimental results show that our query scheme is much more efficient than the state-of-the-art work.

This paper shows a mathematical foundation for almost important features in the problem of discovering knowledge by association rules. The class of frequent itemsets and the association rule set are partitioned into disjoint classes by two equivalence relations based on closures. Thanks to these partitions, efficient parallel algorithms for mining frequent itemsets and association rules can be obtained. Practically, one can mine frequent itemsets as well as association rules just in the classes that users take care of. Then, we obtain structures of each rule class using corresponding order relations. For a given relation, each rule class splits into two subsets of basic and consequence. The basic one contains minimal rules and the consequence one includes in the rules that can be deducted from those minimal rules. In the rest, we consider association rule mining based on order relation min. The explicit form of minimal rules according to that relation is shown. Due to unique representations of frequent itemsets through their generators and corresponding eliminable itemsets, operators for deducting all remaining rules are also suggested. Experimental results show that mining association rules based on relation min is better than the ones based on relations of minmin and minMax in terms of reduction in mining times as well as number of basic rules.

Pattern discovery via constraint programming

Data mining has a great role for making market revenue by its decisive quality. Frequent Itemsets Mining (FIM) is very focused and emerging field of research of data mining. .FIM is used in association rule mining and other data analytic tasks. Frequent itemsets are patterns those occur very frequently in dataset. This paper provides efficacious and in-depth study of FIM algorithms. A comparative study of existing FIM algorithms and their variations are analyzed to find the limitations of these algorithms. Apriori ,Fp Growth, Eclat are basic methodologies for Frequent itemset mining. But there is issue for efficiency and memory consumption. Initially FIM was started in 1990’s and first algorithm, Apriori has drawback of scanning database multiple time, so complexity and memory consumption was high. Then Fp-Growth algorithm required scanning of dataset twice to form Fp-tree so huge memory consumption was required to hold the fp tree for Frequent Itemset Mining. After it Parallel frequent mining (shared and non-shared memory) overcome the drawback of FP-Growth algorithms by balancing the workload of single node to achieve efficiency. Now in present era of big dataset with voluminous and growing data at every moment, more prominent, efficient and scalable algorithm is required as complexity of these algorithms exponentially increases with the growth of rapid data .So objective of the study is in-depth literature review of Frequent Itemsets Mining algorithms to develop an efficient FIM algorithm.

In this paper, we present a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the sampling technique for the association rule mining problem. Most of the previous works have concentrated only on the empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of sampling for the step of finding frequent itemsets. To the best of our knowledge, a theoretical framework to analyze the quality of the solutions obtained by sampling has not been studied. Our contributions are two-fold. First, we present the notions of ɛ-close frequent itemset mining and ɛ-close association rule mining that help assess the quality of the solutions obtained by sampling. Secondly, we show that both the frequent items mining and association rule mining problems can be solved satisfactorily with a sample size that is independent of both the number of transactions size and the number of items. Let θ be the required support, ɛ the closeness parameter, and 1/h the desired bound on the probability of failure. We show that the sampling based analysis succeeds in solving both ɛ-close frequent itemset mining and ɛ-close association rule mining with a probability of at least (1 − 1/h) with a sample of size S = O ( 1 ɛ2θ [∆+log h (1−ɛ)θ]), where ∆ is the maximum number of items present in any transaction. Thus, we establish that it is possible to speed up the entire process of association rule mining for massive databases by working with a small sample while retaining any desired degree of accuracy. Our work gives a comprehensive explanation for the well known empirical successes of sampling for the step of finding frequent items in association rule mining.

Frequent itemsets, association rules and sequential patterns are defined on elements of power sets of items and reflect the many-to-many relationships among items. Although many tools have been developed to visualize association rules, none of them can simultaneously manage a large number of rules with multiple antecedents and multiple consequences. This problem is shown as a straightforward application of parallel coordinates. We show that, by properly arranging items on coordinates and by filtering out subsets of large frequent itemsets, item groups can be naturally displayed and that inherent properties such as partial orders in itemsets and in association rules are implied by this visualization paradigm. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated through examples.

Data mining has made a significant impact on business and knowledge management in recent years. Data mining also known as KDD is a powerful new technology having great potential to analyze useful information stored in large data bases. Association rule mining is an active research area, used to find association and/or correlation among frequent item sets. Association rule mining discover frequent item sets with out considering total cost, quantity and number of items in a transaction. Utility based frequent item set mining is a new research area, which provide importance to sale quantity and price among items in a transaction. In this paper, we have proposed a novel approach for utility frequent item set mining. Our method mines novel frequent item sets by giving importance to items quantity, significance weightage, utility and user defined support. Our approach can be used to provide valuable recommendation to the enterprise to improve business utility.

Data mining examines large pre-existing databases in order to generate new information. There are various tasks included under Data mining and association rule mining is considered as one of the crucial tasks among its. They are in form of if-then kind of statements which help to find relationships among huge data which do not hold relationship with each other within a relational database or any other information repository. As there are many applications like market basket analysis, detection of fraud in web, medical diagnosis, census data, Customer Relationship Management of credit card business which uses association rules so it is possible to improve the process of Decision making. Security is required for individual transaction and for frequent itemsets when the database is partitioned horizontally among multiple sites. In this case, every site is interested in globally supported association rules without revealing its own local information. To fulfill this goal, We use a secure multi-party algorithm based on secure sum technique to simplify the operation of mining association rule when the database is horizontally partitioned among multiple sites. We are using a Frequent-Pattern (FP) growth algorithm to find frequent itemsets and try to reduce total computation time.

The extraction of frequent itemsets and association rules is a fundamental challenge in data mining and holds significant importance within the field. Mining techniques utilising Linear Prefix (LP) growth association rules employ a bottom-up methodology that necessitates a conditional pattern base and a conditional LP-tree for the extraction of frequent itemsets. This research proposes a Linear Prefix tree utilising a Top-Down Approach with Clustering (CLTDLP) method, to address the limitations of the current LP-growth algorithm. The suggested CLTD-LP algorithm employs a top-down methodology; it generates a subheader table to effectively mine common items, rendering the CLTD-LP algorithm more advantageous as it does not create a conditional pattern base or LP-tree. The proposed methodology enhances the algorithm's efficiency regarding execution time and memory utilisation. Overall, across three benchmark datasets, the proposed CLTD-LP algorithm consistently achieves better average reduction in terms of runtime and memory than the existing LP-growth, Ordered Frequent Itemsets Matrix (OFIM) and Simple and Scalable Frequent Itemset Mining(SSFIM) algorithms.

The tasks of extracting (top-K) Frequent Itemsets (FIs) and Association Rules (ARs) are fundamental primitives in data mining and database applications. Exact algorithms for these problems exist and are widely used, but their running time is hindered by the need of scanning the entire dataset, possibly multiple times. High-quality approximations of FIs and ARs are sufficient for most practical uses. Sampling techniques can be used for fast discovery of approximate solutions, but works exploring this technique did not provide satisfactory performance guarantees on the quality of the approximation due to the difficulty of bounding the probability of under- or oversampling any one of an unknown number of frequent itemsets. We circumvent this issue by applying the statistical concept ofVapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimensionto develop a novel technique for providing tight bounds on the sample size that guarantees approximation of the (top-K) FIs and ARs within user-specified parameters. The resulting sample size is linearly dependent on the VC-dimension of a range space associated with the dataset. We analyze the VC-dimension of this range space and show that it is upper bounded by an easy-to-compute characteristic quantity of the dataset, thed-index, namely, the maximum integerdsuch that the dataset contains at leastdtransactions of length at leastdsuch that no one of them is a superset of or equal to another. We show that this bound is tight for a large class of datasets. The resulting sample size is a significant improvement over previous known results. We present an extensive experimental evaluation of our technique on real and artificial datasets, demonstrating the practicality of our methods, and showing that they achieve even higher quality approximations than what is guaranteed by the analysis.

Data Mining: Mining Frequent Patterns, Associations Rules, and Correlations

The association rule mining can be divided into two steps. The first step is to find out all frequent itemsets, whose occurrences are greater than or equal to the user-specified threshold. The second step is to generate reliable association rules based on all frequent itemsets found in the first step. Identifying all frequent itemsets in a large database dominates the overall performance in the association rule mining. In this paper, we propose an efficient hash-based method, HMFS, for discovering the maximal frequent itemsets. The HMFS method combines the advantages of both the DHP (Direct Hashing and Pruning) and the Pincer-Search algorithms. The combination leads to two advantages. First, the HMFS method, in general, can reduce the number of database scans. Second, the HMFS can filter the infrequent candidate itemsets and can use the filtered itemsets to find the maximal frequent itemsets. These two advantages can reduce the overall computing time of finding the maximal frequent itemsets. In addition, the HMFS method also provides an efficient mechanism to construct the maximal frequent candidate itemsets to reduce the search space. We have implemented the HMFS method along with the DHP and the Pincer-Search algorithms on a Pentium III 800 MHz PC. The experimental results show that the HMFS method has better performance than the DHP and the Pincer-Search algorithms for most of test cases. In particular, our method has significant improvement over the DHP and the Pincer-Search algorithms when the size of a database is large and the length of the longest itemset is relatively long.

In this chapter, we present granule based inter association mining to reduce the complexity of intertransaction association rule mining. To compare with other methods, our method can reduce the width of sliding windows. It uses granules to replace extended item sets. Thus, we do not need to consider too many combinations of extended items. We also propose the concept of precision in order to evaluate the effectiveness of intertransaction association rule mining. The experiments show that the proposed method is promising.

Pattern mining is a fundamental problem in data mining. The problem is to find all the patterns appearing in the given database frequently. For a set E D f1; : : : ; ng of items, an itemset (also called a pattern) is a subset of E. Let D be a given database composed of transactions R1; : : : ; Rm, Ri E. For an itemset P , an occurrence of P is a transaction of D such that P R, and the occurrence set Occ.P / is the set of occurrences of P . The frequency of P , also called support, is jOcc.P /j and denoted by frq.P /. For a given constant called minimum support, an itemset P is frequent if frq.P / . For given a database and a minimum support, frequent itemset mining is the problem of enumerating all frequent itemsets in D.