Evaluation of Genetic Variability and Trait Interrelationships Using Advanced Wheat Lines to Increase Yield

Aerodynamic properties of Wheat and Rice (paddy) are important factors in pneumatic conveying, separating and cleaning machines. Among the properties terminal velocity is very important. A wind tunnel was used to measure terminal velocity of wheat and rice. The materials were tested at moisture content of 8%, 12%, 14%, 18%, 22% . Random sampling of wheat and rice used to conduct the research. Three different varieties of wheat and Rice such as Pishtaz, Mahdavi, Marvdasht and Saleh, Sepidroud, Derang were tested respectively. The air velocity was measured by a " hot wire" anemometer at the local point. Linear regression modeling for different varieties of rice and wheat was determined. The highest terminal velocity was 6.9 m/s for Wheat (Mahdavi variety) and the lowest terminal velocity was 6.0 m/s for marvdasht variety and the highest terminal velocity was 5.7 m/s for rice (Saleh variety) and the lowest terminal velocity was 5.5 m/s for Sepidroud variety.

The article presents results of studies of influence of controlled and environmental factors on production process of different varieties of spring wheat carried out in different soil and climatic conditions of Middle Volga region. The forest-steppe area of the Volga region is one of regions of Russia favorable for spring wheat growing by its natural and climatic conditions. Unbalance of nutrition elements in soil, acid soil and predominantly heavy-textured soil hamper the yield growth. Out of all factors vital for plants (light, heat, moisture and nutrition elements) under consideration, providing plants with nutrition elements and moisture are those limiting high crop yields. he objective of our studies is increasing the crop yield with the simultaneous decrease of the produced goods cost makes it necessary to calculate in advance the possible yield level depending on the influence of different factors: environmental, crop variety and etc. The aim of our studies was to develop methods of growing high yield and high quality crops of different varieties of wheat adjusted for conditions of the forest-steppe black soil in the Volga region. Methods of research using field and laboratory tests, the method of state variety tests of agricultural cultures, phenoldisulfonic acid method, finite difference method, disperse analysis method. A set of observations, records and analysis was carried out during the experiments with implementation Russian methodological guidelines and National State Standards. Statistical processing of the yield data, economic and energy estimates was carried out by the methods recommended by Russia Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Economy and Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Having carried out the analysis of natural resources and genetic potential of the wheat varieties, systems of plant nutrition optimization and influence of their predecessors, we have obtained new data about possibility of increasing the spring durum wheat arable area. We have shown the role of different forms of using nitrogenous fertilizers (on the background of phosphorus – potassium ones) in the increase of productivity and improvement of the spring wheat grain quality. An established optimal norm for Gramma variety spring spelt corn seeding has been established for the conditions of the grey forest soil in the Fore-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan and the influence of their nutrition on yield has been found.

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2013–14 and 2014–15 at ICAR–Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to find out zinc accumulation capacity and use efficiencies of different varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to zinc fertilization. The zinc concentration in different parts of wheat was found highest in grain followed by spike straw and lowest in straw. Among the tested varieties, highest Zn concentration(40.6 mg/kg) and uptake (189.2 g/ha) in grain was registered in HD 2851 and HD 2967 varieties, respectively. Zinc recovery efficiency of HD 2687 (2.5%) was registered highest among the tested varieties. Highest Zn mobilization efficiency index (ZnMEI) was recorded in HD 2967 variety. Zinc fertilization increased zinc induced nitrogen recovery efficiency (ZniNRE) of all the tested varieties to the tune of 7.4–12.7%. Application of Zn in wheat crop increased Zn concentration in grain by 7–12%. Uptake of Zn was increased 5.2–5.6% in soil + foliar application in comparison to soil application alone. The highest Zn concentration and uptake in grain, and Zn use efficiencies were recorded with the application of 1.25 kg Zn/ha through Zn-EDTA as soil application + 0.5% foliar spray at maximum tillering and booting stage.

The features of the oil-bearing capacity of the productive strata of Permian deposits in the interval of 117.5-188.6 m along the section of individual wells of the Ashal’cha field of heavy superviscous oil (Tatarstan) were revealed depending on the content, composition, and thermal effects of organic matter (OM) oxidation in the rocks. It is shown that the rocks are very heterogeneous in their mineral composition and in the content of both free hydrocarbons by extraction with organic solvents and insoluble OM closely associated with the rock. The total content of OM in rocks varies from 1.72 to 9.12%. The features of group and hydrocarbon composition of extracts from rocks are revealed depending on their mineral composition and the content of organic matter in them. According to the molecular mass distribution of alkanes of normal and isoprenoid structure, extracts from rocks are differentiated according to three chemical types of oil: type A1, in which n-alkanes of composition C14 and above are present, and types A2 and B2, in which n-alkanes are destroyed to varying degrees by processes microbial destruction, which indicates a different intensity of biochemical processes in productive strata of Permian sediments. These processes lead to a decrease in the amount of OM in the rocks and an increase in the content of resins and asphaltenes in the oil extracted from them, as well as an increase in the viscosity of the oil. Using the method of differential scanning calorimetry of high pressure, it was found that the studied rock samples differ from each other in quantitative characteristics of exothermic effects in both low-temperature (LTO) 200-350°С and high-temperature (HTO) 350-600°С zones of OM oxidation. The total thermal effect of destruction processes of OM depends on the content of OM in the rocks and its composition. The research results show that when heavy oil is extracted using thermal technologies, the Permian productive strata with both low and high OM contents will be involved in the development, and the general thermal effect of the oxidation of which will contribute to increased oil recovery.

In order to find out the distribution of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents in gully in loess hilly region and the difference between gully and slope, 29 and 58 samples were taken from gully and slope in Yuanzegou small watershed respectively. The results showed that the contents of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic matter in the 0-60cm soil layer ranged 0.091~0.628g/kg, 0.402~1.388g/kg, and 0.826~6.550g/kg respectively. According to the results of the second national soil census, the total nitrogen and organic matter content in the gully are at the lower level of grade 6, the total phosphorus content is at the higher level of grade 2, and the variation coefficient ranges from 21.6% to 33.4%, which is moderate. Pearson correlation analysis shows that soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic matter contents are positively correlated with slope direction and elevation, negatively correlated with slope, and weakly correlated with soil moisture content, clay content and silt content, and negatively correlated with sand content. 0-20cm, the organic matter contents in the gully was higher than that slope 7.19%; 20-40cm and 40-60cm, the organic matter content in the gully was lower than that slope 4.66% and 12.67% respectively, but there was no significant difference. 0-20cm, 20-40cm, 40-60cm, the content of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in gully were higher than that slope, and the total nitrogen content was higher 24.31%, 13.04% and 8.70% respectively, with significant difference only in 0-20cm (p<0.05); The total phosphorus content was higher 15.68%, 13.56% and 15.11% respectively, with significant differences (p<0.05).

The Mascarene Plateau is one of the least studied regions of the Western Indian Ocean. The aim of this paper is to describe the qualitative grain size characteristics and the total organic matter and carbonate contents of sediments on the two underwater banks known as the Saya de Malha and Nazareth Banks. Sediment samples were collected during the R/V Dr Fridtjof Nansen expedition in 2018, using a Video-Assisted Multi-Sampler (VAMS). Sieving techniques and GRADISTAT software were used for granulometric analysis and grain size statistics, respectively. Total organic matter and carbonate contents were determined with the sequential weight loss on ignition method. Grain size parameters from 15 stations (depths ranging from 37 to 381 m) are reported in this study. The results showed that sand was the dominant grain size on both banks. Eleven of the 15 stations had a mean grain size of coarse sand, three stations had a mean size of medium sand and one station had fine sand. The average total organic matter and carbonate contents on the Banks ranged from 2.1 to 7.7 % and from 53.9 to 58.3 %, respectively. This study provides baseline information that will help to classify benthic habitats and better understand the ecosystem functioning and dynamics on of the Saya de Malha and Nazareth Banks.

Sediment distributions in deep sea influence the benthic community structure and thus play an important role in shaping the marine ecosystem. Several studies on sediment characteristics had been conducted in South China Sea (SCS), but only limited to coastal areas of regions within SCS territories. Therefore, this study was carried out to analyze the benthic sediment profile in an area beyond 12 nautical miles off the coast of Sarawak, southern SCS. Sediment samples were collected from 31 stations, comprising three depth ranges: (I) 20–50 m, (II) 50–100 m, and (III) 100–200 m. The total organic matter (TOM) contents were determined and subjected to dry and wet sieving methods for particle size analysis. TOM contents in the deep area (>50 m) were significantly higher (p = 0.05) and positively correlated (r = 0.73) with silt-clay fraction. About 55% and 82% of stations in strata II and III, respectively, were dominated by silt-clay fractions (<63 μm mean diameter), coherent with TOM data. In addition, sediments in the deep area (>50 m) tend to be poorly sorted, very fine skewed, and platykurtic. Unlike data obtained 20 years ago which reported high content of silt-clay (58%), this study recorded a lower content (35%); therefore, changes in sediment load had been observed in southern SCS.

Assessing the spatial distribution of organic matter and total nitrogen in soil is essential for management and optimum utilization of fertilizers. Therefore, the present field experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of different planting pattern arrangements on the spatial distribution of soil total nitrogen and organic matter content under a maize/soybean strip relay intercropping system. The planting was arranged in a manner such that soil sampling could be done from continuous maize/soybean relay strip intercropping (MS1), maize/soybean relay strip intercropping in rotation (MS2), traditional maize/soybean intercropping (MS3), sole maize (M), sole soybean (S), and fallow land (FL) from 2018 to 2020. The results showed significant variations for soil organic matter and total nitrogen content under different planting pattern arrangements of maize and soybean in the strip relay intercropping system. Across all systems, the highest soil organic matter (29.19 g/kg) and total nitrogen (10.19 g/kg) were recorded in MS2. In contrast, the lowest soil organic matter (1.69 g/kg) and total nitrogen (0.64 g/kg) were observed in FL. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen in MS2 increased by 186.45% and 164.06%, respectively, when compared with FL. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen in MS2 increased by 186.45% and 164.06%, respectively, when compared with FL. Furthermore, under MS2, the spatial distribution of soil organic matter was higher in both maize and soybean crop rows as compared with other cropping patterns, whereas the soil total nitrogen was higher under soybean rows as compared with maize in all other treatment. However, correlation analysis of the treatments showed variations in organic matter content. It can be concluded that different planting patterns can have varying effects on soil organic matter and total nitrogen distribution under the strip relay intercropping system. Moreover, it is recommended from this study that MS2 is a better planting pattern for the strip relay intercropping system, which can increase the spatial distribution of soil organic matter and total nitrogen, thereby improving soil fertility, C:N ratio, and crop production. This study will serve as a foundation towards the scientific usage of chemical fertilizers in agricultural sector.

The present field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri Agra, during Rabi season of 2023-24 to evaluate the “Effect of new wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties at different dates of sowing under irrigated conditions” to fulfill the requirement of objectives of the investigation field experiment was conducted during Rabi season. The Variables involved in this study were two dates of sowing in main plots viz., D1 (10/11/2023), D2 (10/12/2023) and eight varieties in sub plots viz., V1 (HD-2967), V2 (HI-1668), V3 (HD-3386), V4 (HD-3471), V5 (DBW-222), V6 (DBW-187), V7 (DBW-386) and V8 (PBW-826). Thus, in all 16 treatment combinations were compared in “split plot design” with three replications. The soil of experimental field was sandy loam in texture with a pH 8.50. The soil was low in available nitrogen (176.28 Kg ha-1), medium in available phosphorus (26.89 P205 ha-1) and potash (273.49 kg K2O ha-1). Studies were made during the investigation viz., Growth and development (germination counts at 15 DAS and crop stand metre-1 row length, plant height (cm), dry matter accumulation (g), days to 75% spike emergence and days to maturity; yield attributes viz., crop stand count m-2, number of spike m-2, no. of grain spike-1, weight of grains spike-1 (g) and test weight (g); per hectare studies viz., Biological, grain, straw yield (q ha-1) and harvest index (%); qualitative studies viz., N, P K content (%) and uptake (kg ha-1); economics viz., Gross returns, net returns ( ha-1) and B: C ratio. Timely sowing date (10/11/2023) was found higher productivity and quality for different varieties of wheat under irrigated conditions, different wheat varieties tested, variety DBW-222 (V5) gave better results followed by DBW-386 (V7) in respect of productivity and quality and the basis of maximum net returns ( 143027, 141345 and 139135 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.11, 3.07 and 3.02) with wheat varieties DBW-222 (V5), DBW-386 (V7) and PBW-826 (V8) respectively, sown on 10/11/2023 (Net returns 139421 ha-1 and B:C ratio, 3.03) should be recommended for the farmers of NWPZ.

Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is a carcinogen. Vegetables such as water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) and amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) are recognized as high-risk sources of iAs exposure because they can accumulate significant amounts of iAs and are widely consumed. To ensure safe cultivation conditions, this study aimed to establish prediction models for iAs concentration in the edible parts of water spinach and amaranth based on soil properties. Subsequently, health risk assessments associated with iAs exposure through the consumption of these vegetables were conducted using prediction models. Soil samples were collected from agricultural fields in Taiwan and used in the pot experiments. Pearson correlation and partial correlation analyses were used to explore the relationship between soil properties, including total As, clay, organic matter, iron oxides and available phosphates, and iAs concentration in edible parts of water spinach and amaranth. Prediction models based on soil properties were developed by stepwise multiple linear regression. Health risk assessments were conducted using the Monte Carlo algorithm. The results indicate that total As and organic matter contents in soil were major predictors of iAs concentration in water spinach, whereas those in amaranth were total As and clay contents. Therefore, higher health risks for consuming water spinach and amaranth are associated with higher levels of organic matter and clay contents in soil, respectively, and these are crucial factors to consider to ensure food safety. This study suggested that As-elevated soils enriched with organic matter and clay contents should be avoided when growing water spinach and amaranth, respectively.

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on some physiological and agronomical characteristics of different varieties of wheat and barley at the physiological maturity stage in 2021 at the new campus of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The experiment was a Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors; the first factor was the inoculation of biofertilizer at three levels (Barvar-2, Actinomycetes, Barvar-2 + Actinomycetes), and the second factor was wheat and barley at 14 levels (eight varieties of wheat: Marwarid, Gonbad, Karim, Ihsan, Darya, N-91-8, N-91-9, and N-91-17 and six varieties of barley: Mahor, Torkman, Sahra, Boomy, Yusuf, and Lukht) all with three replications. Results indicated that the effect of genotype on all the traits considered in this study (leaf dry weight, stem, root, shoot, and total) was significant at a 1% level of confidence and that barley (Boomy and Sahra cultivars) had higher amounts of dry weight. On the other hand, biofertilizer did not reveal a significant effect on the traits; however, the interaction of genotype and biofertilizer indicated a significant effect on the dry weight of roots, and the highest amount was found in Marwarid genotype and actinomycetes experiment.

Nonadditivity in a two-way table with one observation per cell may be due either to row- or to column-related nonhomogeneous variance or to interaction between the row and column factors. A general model that can detect both of these types of nonadditivity is discussed. The data alone are not sufficient to distinguish between interaction and row- or column-related nonhomogeneous variance when there is one observation per cell. A study of the fitted coefficients in the proposed model together with the scientific background of the problem can, however, provide the data analyst with the information necessary to develop a useful interpretation for the observed nonadditivity. Examples are included to illustrate the proposed methodology. In one example, involving the effects of four varieties of wheat in 13 locations, it is shown that the variety-related nonhomogeneous variance detected by several authors is more usefully interpreted as a level-dependent interaction due to the differences among the yields of the different varieties of wheat being larger in those locations that have higher yields.

Six varieties of wheat and triticale (DDK1029, TL2934, PBW174, DPW 621-50, PBW343 and PBW590) were sown in the field of Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana (IIWBR) and Regional Research Station, Dhaulakuan under Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, H.P during seasons 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the role of environmental factors on the development of powdery mildew of wheat (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici). The disease development was positively correlated with temperatures and negatively correlated with evening relative humidity and rainfall under field conditions. Best fit regression model was developed with maximum temperature, evening relative humidity and rainfall across the varieties and locations which explains 64% variation in powdery mildew disease.

In the present experiment, an effort was made to explore the possibility of utilizing the organic residue i.e. press mud and bagasse byproducts generated from sugar industries to enhance the P uptake by different varieties of wheat. The experiment was conducted with five varieties of wheat (HD 2687, HD 2733, HD 2643, HD 2932 and HD 2894) and three levels of organic residue (a mixture of press mud, bagasse and rice straw in 1:1:1 ratio) i.e. 0, 5 and 10 t/ha. The addition of organic residue had resulted in the production of oxalic acid by the crop. Higher oxalic acid content (9.21 µg/g) was produced by the variety HD 2687 at 60 days after sowing which resulted in the mobilization of immobile soil P and helped in increasing the uptake of P by the crop. The P uptake increased by about 77 % in the treatment that received the organic residue applied @ 10 t/ha over control. It was concluded that organic residue from sugar industries could be used to utilize to mobilize the native soil P to overcome the problem of phosphorus fixation in soils in future.

Spatial Variability of Nutrient Properties in Black Soil of Northeast China