Evaluation of Micro Hydro Power Plants in Central Java toward Sustainability against Hydrology Condition of Watershed

An algorithm for creating the electrical part of an energy complex consisting of power units of a low-power nuclear power plant and a hydroelectric power plant (HPP) has been developed. As an example, the results of various options for the development of an energy complex, suiting Kenya conditions, are presented: a low power nuclear plant having two power units with modular SVBR-100 reactors and a liquid-metal coolant-lead-bismuth alloy-of 100 MW, the creation of which is completed by the Russian State Nuclear Energy Corporation Rosatom, and a hydro power plant having two hydro-generators each with a capacity of 30 MW. As a result of the project implementation, the parameters and types of the main equipment of the energy complex (generators, transformers, hydro turbines) have been determined, the options for the power output scheme of the energy complex and schemes of the auxiliaries have also been proposed. The calculation of short-circuit currents has been performed and the types and parameters of the necessary modern electro-technical equipment for the energy blocks have been determined. The possibility of creating promising energy complexes with hydro and nuclear power plants with low-power nuclear reactors has been justified.

Micro Hydro Power (MHP) Plant is a small-scale power plant under 100 kW. Generally, MHP is built in a place that the electricity network has not touched. Many waterfalls in Taji Village are only used as tourist attractions. One of them is Coban Jahe waterfall which has a water discharge of 0.60567 m3/s in the dry season. Waterfall in Coban Jahe was used and planned as Micro Hydro Power Plant, it was called as MHP. Potential electric power generated from the MHP Coban Jahe Waterfall is 14.0368 kW with an effective head of 3.4742 m. The results show from the financial analysis, the construction of MHP is quite feasible with NPV of Rp. 45,676,769, BCR of 1.0852, which means it is feasible to be continued, the Payback Period is 9 years which does not exceed the project life, and the IRR obtained is 10,0087% which the projects are feasible and profitable to build.

This paper demonstrates application of two optimization methods on the electric power system consisting of one large wind farm, two hydro power plants and two thermal power plants. First optimization algorithm deals only with cascaded hydro power plants in the system. The objective of the optimization is to find optimal dispatch (production) plan of two cascaded hydro power plants maximizing the profit from day ahead electricity market. Obtained dispatch plan together with the wind forecast are used as an input data for the second optimization problem — optimal power flow applied to the whole power system. Objective of the second optimization is to find optimal dispatch of the thermal power plants regarding to the hydro power plants dispatch plan and wind forecast. In order to take into account stochastic character of wind power plant production, optimal power flow for two additional scenarios is simulated. First, it is assumed that actual wind power plant production is 30% less than forecasted and in the second scenario it is assumed that actual wind power plant production is 30% higher than forecasted. In order to balance wind power output variation, one hydro power plant and two thermal power plants are used.

The description of the state of power engineering in Russia in the pre-revolutionary period, data on the production of electricity per capita are presented. A brief history of the creation of a commission for the development of the State Electrification Plan of Russia (GOELRO plan) and some results of its implementation are provided. The construction of the first large power plant in the South Urals, built according to the GOELRO plan, - Chelyabinsk State District Power Plant, which at that time was of great importance for the development of the region's industry and remains one of the most powerful power plants at the present time, is described. The possibilities of using renewable energy sources, in particular local hydropower resources for energy production, are disclosed. The problems of the Porozhskaya Hydropower Plant - the oldest and unique hydroelectric power plant in the Urals are designated, the characteristics of small hydropower plants in the Southern Urals are given, the prospects for using the hydropower potential of the Chelyabinsk region are revealed. The potential of solar and wind energy is discussed, the characteristics and features of solar power plants in the Urals and wind power plants with a vertical axis of rotation, developed at the South Ural State University, are specified. It is established that biomass as a resource for energy production has good prospects for use, but due to climatic conditions, this direction has not yet been developed. It is shown that small and distributed energy is still an important component in the general energy of the region and the country.

Pico Hydro Power Plant (PLTPH) is the smallest scale power plant among other power plants with power generated with a capacity of less than 5 kW.Pico Hydro is one of the renewable energy sources that is environmentally friendly and also considered safe.In this study aims to; Making energy-efficient and environmentally friendly Pico Hydro hydropower plants ; The application of Pico Hydro power plants on rivers in Indramayu; Help illuminate the roads around the river flow.In the process of making this Pico Hydro power plant tool is made by using galvanized hollows as tool frames, sheet plates and pipes as turbine materials and alternators as the main source of electrical energy.This research was conducted on the Sindupraja River precisely at the Sondol sluice gate, where the current at this sluice gate is fairly strong.The load in this study used a variety of lamps, namely 10 watts, 18 watts, 24 watts, 34 watts, 42 watts and 52 watts.

A high penetration of distributed energy resources results in an increasing network voltage in times of high feed-in. Therefore, an efficient voltage control is required. Small run-off-river hydro power plants offer the opportunity to control the network voltage by reactive and active power. Thus, these units have to be connected to a virtual power plant. Within a virtual power plant, the units can be controlled by an energy management system, which is able to communicate with the several hydro power plants. By considering four scenarios, the efficiency of the various voltage control measures is investigated. Thereby, the active and reactive power feed-in by small hydro power plants is varied to control the voltage in the electrical network in times of high feed-in by photovoltaic systems. The various control measures are examined and evaluated. Besides considering voltage control by reactive and active power, also a combination of both measures is investigated.

Every country takes care of energy independence and security by using different energy sources and remarkably increasing electricity production by renewable energy sources. Ukraine is not an exception, especially when the energy infrastructure is significantly damaged during the war and there is a lack of capacities in the energy system. Because of this, the Government of Ukraine is planning a number of measures to launch systems of domestic mini-power plants.Ukraine has favourable conditions for developing the network of small-scale hydropower plants. While the hydropower potential of the largest Ukrainian rivers is used, the potential of small rivers is used only partially. The small-scale hydropower plants were built during the last century very actively. In 1912 the first small-scale hydropower plant was built. From 1923 to 1960, there were 956 hydropower plants with different capacities from a few kW to a few MW. However, at the end of the 1980s, the interest in small hydro decreased because of the construction of the large hydropower plants in the river Dniester and Dnipro, heat and nuclear power plants. Only 49 plants were in operation. Since 1995 the interest in small hydro has increased again. Nowadays, there are about 150 hydropower plants in operation.The paper examines the past and present state of small hydropower plants and perspectives on their development in the future, both by building new or reconstructing existing power plants. The list of hydropower plants with a short description of possible reconstruction is given. Moreover, the way of reducing the negative influence of hydropower plants on the environment is studied. Taking into account the energy issues in Ukraine, the possibilities of off-grid operation of hydropower plants are considered.The importance of energy security was evident from the issues that Ukraine is recently facing. Building new and reconstructing old small-scale hydropower plants will help to ensure the energy security of other types of electricity generation.

This paper provides survey results of an electricity system that has been carried out from isolated village of Alue Keujrun, South Aceh, Indonesia. The village has a central photovoltaic power plant and a micro hydro power plant. Various problems in the field such as operation errors, lack of maintenance of the electric power system, low voltage and frequency have been found. Power plant operators have also never received any formal training from any institution. The village is located next to the Kluet river which has a very large potential to become a hydrokinetic power plant energy source. Therefore the Kluet river flow velocity was also measured during the survey and described within this paper. Based on the interviews results with local operators, the village power plant does not have an operating permit. Thus, we consider that it is important to review the types of permits required to establish a power plant in Indonesia, including small-scale power plants.

PT. Candi Loka Jamus switched to using micro hydro power plants to meet its electrical energy needs because of the high operational costs and environmental impact of fuel oil power plants. However, during the dry season, the micro hydro power plant is unable to produce enough energy to meet the needs, which could lead to damage of its components and decreased performance. To address this issue, the energy potential of the micro hydro power plant was calculated using operational time simulation and season time simulation. The rain data was analysed using the double mass curve analysis method and arithmetic mean method to calculate the discharge throughout the year. The dependable discharge was calculated using the F.J. Mock method and the basic year method, and the physical potential formula was used to calculate the energy potential. Based on the calculations, the dependable discharge energy potentials of Q80, Q70, Q50, and Q30 were found to be 569,173.91 KWh, 614,737.01 KWh, 589,640.81 KWh, and 619,855.44 KWh, respectively. The efficient operating time of the micro hydro power plant was determined based on the Q80 dependable discharge energy potential with a simulation of operational time. The plant should be active from January 1 to August 15, deactivated for maintenance purposes from August 16 to October 31, and reactivated from November 1 to December 31. With an active period of 287 days, the Jamus micro hydro power plant has an energy potential of 488,732.17 KWh in one year.

The increased number of renewable power plants pose threat to system balance. Their intermittent nature makes it very difficult to predict power output thus either additional reserve power plants are required or new storage and control technologies incorporated. Traditional spinning reserve cannot fully compensate sudden changes in renewable energy power plants. A feasible approach to balance the variation in power and voltage (within seconds) is using new storage technologies such as flow batteries. This paper covers the use of flow batteries and hydro power plant to help wind power plants reach near perfect balance i.e. make the total power output as predicted. It investigates the possibility of such technology to take part in the balance of the Lithuanian power system. A dynamic model of flow battery is demonstrated that evaluates the main parameters of it - power, energy, reaction time and efficiency. A range of hydro power plant reaction times are tested in order to find the required battery size. The research and study cases show that power and energy of a reasonable size flow battery is sufficient to correct the load and wind power imbalance.

The present paper proposes a universal method for analyzing the efficiency of technical systems using the combination of an optimization method and a method of marginal utility evaluation. At present, the problem of optimal load distribution in the power system between a hydropower plant (HPP) and thermal power plants (TPP) is solved using the equality of the differential incremental rate characteristics of fuel consumption at TPP and water consumption at HPP by the Lagrangian multiplier method. In this case, the number of iterations can be five or more. The proposed approach is based, first of all, on the correct representation of the differential characteristics and calculation of a hydro resource price for the operational control of the HPP. Based on the comparison of water volume at a HPP and fuel amount at combined heat and power plants (CHPP) used for generation of 1 kW power, it is possible to determine a water price for a HPP. Using the examples of Novosibirsk HPP and CHPP, it is expected to develop an estimation of economic effect from the implementation of the developed criteria, the proposed method of determination of a water price at HPP. As a result of implementing the developed method for the HPP, a price of sold electricity in the flexible energy market will be comparable with the price for sold electricity produced at CHPPs, being equal to approximately 12 rubles/kW∙h

Power plants with small-capacity water energy sources (micro hydro with a capacity of <1 MW) are very precisely developed to reach the electrical energy needs in remote or difficult to reach areas. The potential of micro hydro power plants (MHP) in Indonesia until now has not been maximally utilized because of limited information about data and the potential of MHP. Under these conditions, the government is in accordance with the mandate of Law No. 30/2007 on energy has given special attention to the use of Micro Hydro Power Plants (MHP), especially aimed at remote / underdeveloped areas. This research aims to examine the potential of micro-hydro power plants in terms of potential power generation and slope stability. The results of this study indicate that the potential for power generation in the study area is a maximum of 38.11 kW and a minimum of 11.92 kW. Slope stability condition is very good with a safety factor above 1.3.

Energy harvesting also called power harvesting or power scavenging is the technique by which power is derived from external resources .Solar Energy System (SES) plays vital role in renewable energy systems. In this paper the need, types, Active and Passive Solar System, first generation solar system, second generation solar systems, third generation solar systems, advantages and disadvantages of SES was discussed. Additionally, basics of Hydrogen Energy harvesting, NGs harvesting, geothermal energy harvestings, Tidal Energy Harvesting, Wind Energy Harvesting, Thermal Energy harvesting and Nuclear Energy Harvesting was discussed with neat circuit and images. Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Harvesting are listed. This paper would be helpful for UG students to study the concept of energy harvesting from various sources. Keywords: Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Power Plant(Nuclear reactions ,nuclear fission, nuclear fusion), Hydro power plant, Thermal Energy, Nanoparticles, Tidal Energy, Energy Harvesting, Geothermal energy, Thermal Power plant Cite this Article Selva Vengatesh M., Rajanbabu A., Thangamuniyandi C., Ganesan J. Energy Harvesting Technology and its Potential applications – A Mini Review. Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Technology . 2019; 9(3): 33–43p.

This study aims to evaluate the potential and performance of micro hydro power plants in the Ciasihan River, Bogor, with a measured water discharge of 0.95 m³/s, a net fall height (Hn) of 6.47 m and an average water velocity in the turbine of 0.76 m/s. This study involves the design of a turbine with dimensions of the outer diameter of the runner (Do) of 301 mm, a specific turbine speed (Ns) of 338 rpm, a radial rim width of 52.374 mm, and a total of 18 blades. The analysis shows that the potential for hydraulic electric power reaches 64.052 kW, providing an initial picture of the efficiency of converting water kinetic energy into electrical energy in a local context. To understand the performance of the power plant more comprehensively, a simulation was conducted using the Annual Energy Production Hydrograph Programming method. The simulation results show that this power plant can produce annual energy of 400.32 MWh. These findings indicate that the micro hydro power plant in the Ciasihan River has significant potential in meeting the electricity needs of isolated rural areas. This research makes a substantial contribution to the development of renewable energy in Indonesia, with a focus on the optimal utilization of locally available water resources and the application of micro hydro technology for energy sustainability.

Electric energy, which is needed in all areas of life, plays an important role in raising the development level of the society. The demand for renewable energy sources has increased due to the continuous increase in energy need and the exhaustion of non-renewable energy sources. Micro-grids, which emerged as a solution to energy cuts and infrastructure problems in rural areas and areas far from the grid, are small energy grids that can operate independently or independently from the grid. In this study, micro-grids and the advantages of micro-grids, together with the energy production provided by micro-grids, are examined. Being a new energy source and being able to work independently from the grid is the most important feature of the micro grid. Therefore, the working principle of micro hydroelectric power generation systems and wind energy systems and the advantages of the micro grid are indicated by giving examples on their different aspects from other systems. In the MATLAB/SIMULINK program, a wind and micro hydro-electric hybrid power generation system model was designed and the simulation results were specified.