Everyday life in Nazi Germany

The article is devoted to the analysis of the history of everyday life as a component of the school history course. The author infers that mastering knowledge about the everyday life of people of another historical era allows us to avoid a simplistic and schematic attitude to the past. At the same time, a specific feature of school history in the first decades of the twenty-first century is the direct connection of historical local history with the events of everyday life in the past. The study of the history of everyday life makes it possible to illuminate the life of both a social group, a stratum, an individual family, and the entire state and civilization. The main subject of studying the history of everyday life is ordinary people’s everyday life, changes in their lives and changes in themselves that occur in time and space. The history of everyday life is the core of social history, as it considers human life as a subject of the historical process. Its study creates opportunities to better understand social processes and changes in society around the world.

A review of the publication «Trip to Pyatigorsk in 1868» by the famous local historian, cultural and educational figure A.N. Minh is presented. The manuscript is stored in the State Archives of the Saratov Region. Before publishing, it was available only to a narrow circle of researchers. Now, thanks to the efforts of the workers of the State Archives of the Saratov Region and their assistants, numerous historians and specialists in other fields of scientific knowledge, employees of museums, libraries and other cultural institutions, students of higher and secondary schools, all those who are interested and fascinated by history Russia and its regions can familiarize themselves with it in detail. Minh’s work combines the characteristics of a personal diary, guidebook, statistical, geographical, historical and ethnographic researches. It is an interesting source and gives food for thought to everyone involved in the history of Russian regions (Saratov and Volgograd regions, Don and Stavropol territories, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Yessentuki and all Caucasian Mineral Waters), the history of everyday life and culture (especially related to travel, spa treatment and relaxation). There is extensive literature on the issues raised in the new publication, but Minh’s book clarifies and supplements the accumulated information with important details. The information was obtained as a result of personal observations, conversations with contemporaries, attention to materials of folklore, «oral history», archival documents, books and periodicals, inspection of museum collections, historical and natural attractions. The publication provides an opportunity for a wide range of specialists and readers to study “Trip to Pyatigorsk in 1868” by Minh.

The history of everyday life is a relatively young direction for world historical science and practically new for domestic historiography. Proponents of this trend focus on the everyday practices of behavior of ordinary citizens in a certain historical period. They contrast the history of everyday life with the traditional study of the past, when the central place in the study is not political history, economic structures or sociocultural processes, but the life world of ordinary people. Critics of the history of everyday life often reproach it for the lack of full-fledged methods that could combine the results of research on various topics. While fundamentally agreeing with the arguments of both sides, it should be noted that within the framework of scientific publications based on the methodology of the history of everyday life, significant experience has now been accumulated. At the same time, some authors propose to study stable structures of everyday life; others analyze behavioral and emotional reactions. That is why the diversity of understanding of what everyday life is requires ordering, systematization and the development of a methodology for a comprehensive analysis of the everyday life of the population in its historical perspective. The first part of the article is an attempt to develop an algorithm for such an analysis, which includes both the study of the “structures of everyday life” in the political, economic and sociocultural space, and the actions of ordinary inhabitants in these spaces with their personal perception of the historical reality in which they lived. The second part of the article proposes testing the developed methodology for a comprehensive study of everyday life using materials reflecting the daily life of disabled people during the Patriotic War in the Krasnoyarsk Region of 1941–1945.

The aim of the article was to study different scientific approaches and methods of studying the problems of women’s everyday life in international historiography. In order to achieve the goal, a comparative analysis of studies on the history of women’s everyday life, which were published in different countries of the world, was carried out, as well as the themes of works and approaches used by scholars to study the topic. In parallel with the history of everyday life, such trends as micro and history, gender history, and women’s history developed in Western historiography. Historians representing these trends aimed to explore the history of the “little people” and those social groups that had long been overlooked by historiographers. In contemporary international historiography, among the studies devoted to the history of women’s everyday life, the works that cover women’s everyday life in the conditions of overcoming difficulties are predominant. This applies to women’s everyday life in times of war, as well as everyday life in totalitarian states. Also, common themes are those that cover the process of women’s emancipation, women’s struggle for equal rights with men and, as a result, changes in women’s everyday life in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

The article presents a study of the everyday life discourse in writing about the Self of a fictional subject. It seems obvious that involvement of self-writing in everyday practice calls into question the power of self-writing in the context of everyday life for the self-knowledge of the individual. The purpose of this scientific research is to debunk this illusion and explain the connection between the everyday life and self-writing. It transforms the practice of incorporating one’s own «I» in writing into the dimension of constructing the subject’s identity. There are no works on this topic in modern literary criticism and this fact also indicates the relevance and novelty of the research that is unfolding in the following article. Nowadays, the history of everyday life is booming. It is evidenced by a whole array of scientific papers on this issue. The study of self-writing in the dimension of everyday life appeals to the semiotic approach of Y.M. Lotman and G. Knabe for the analysis of the sign-symbolic nature of everyday life, to the sociological studies of A. Schutz, P. Berger and T. Lukman to identify the ways of constructing everyday life as reality or as a «life world», to the works of V.D.Leleko in the field of aesthetics and culturology of everyday life. The works of the philosophical and anthropological school serve the basis for the research. Particular attention is given to the text-letter of the Enlightenment. The protagonists of the Enlightenment Age invest the issues of everyday life in the work of writing that is a daily practice in the XVIII century. Due to its characteristics, the sphere of everyday life is a measure of self-knowledge and self-affirmation of the individual that was first artistically embodied by enlightened characters. The study shows that everyday life asa strong ground for self-affirmation of the subject was discovered with the help of the personal writing in the novel of the XVIII century, but this discovery became a lost testament to the text-writing of the Enlightenment. Changing the picture of everyday life under the influence of new technologies does not interfere with the text-writing. In the dynamic picture of everyday life offered to us by the 21st century, writing about the Self of a fictional subject opens up new facets of the power of everyday life discourse for the anthropological laboratory of literature. The study is illustrated by thesuch texts as: «Robinson Crusoe» by D.Defoe, «Nun» by D. Diderot, «Memoirs of two young wives» by O. de Balzac, «Poison of Love» by E.-E. Schmitt, «Self-portrait of the radiator» by K. Boben.

Journal Article Lutz Raphael, editor. Poverty and Welfare in Modern German History. Get access Lutz Raphael, editor. Poverty and Welfare in Modern German History. (New German Historical Perspectives, no. 7.) New York: Berghahn Books, 2017. Pp. vi, 256. $130.00. The American Historical Review, Volume 122, Issue 3, June 2017, Page 976, https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/122.3.976b Published: 08 June 2017

Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930 draws together important new work on the Kaiserreich--the period between Bismarck's unification of Germany and the First World War. Work on the Kaiserreich built up impressive momentum during the 1970s and 1980s, when a series of inspiring but divisive controversies called into question the ways in which German historical development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was mainly understood. These discussions focused on issues of continuity between Bismarck and Hitler and the peculiar strength of authoritarianism in German political culture, raising important questions about the deep origins of Nazism and about Germany's alleged differences from the West. The collection purposefully brings certain issues and approaches into the foreground. These include the value of taking gender seriously as a priority of historical work; the emergence of social policy and welfare during the early twentieth century; religious belief and affiliation as a neglected dimension in modern German history; the tremendous importance of the First World War as a climacteric; and the exciting potentials of cultural studies and the new cultural history. A varied group, the contributors embrace different kinds of history and certainly do not subscribe to a common line. Some essays suggest alternative periodizations and focus on the early twentieth century decades rather than the integral unity of the Kaiserreich as such. Together, they take stock of the field, critically synthesizing existing knowledge and laying down agendas for the future. Geoff Eley is Professor of History, University of Michigan.

People often associate postwar Germany with technology and with its products of mass consumption, such as luxury cars. Even pop music, most notably Kraftwerk (literally ‘power station’) with songs such as Autobahn, Radioactivity or We are the Robots, disseminates the stereotype of a close link between German culture and technology. Technology in Modern German History explores various forms of technology in 200 years of German history and explains how technology has been fundamental to the shaping of modern Germany. The book investigates the role technology played in transforming Germany’s culture, society and politics during the 19th and 20th centuries. Key topics covered include the different stages of industrialization, the growth of networked cities, and the triumph of a teleological narrative of technology as progress. Moreover, it provides a critical revision of the history of high technology which reveals how high-tech euphoria determined certain paths in history regardless of whether the

Why study the history of modern German-speaking Central Europe? If pressed to answer this question fifty years ago, a Germanist would likely have said something to the effect that one studies modern German history to trace the “German” origins of Nazism, with the broader aim of understanding authoritarianism. While the problem of authoritarianism clearly remains relevant to this day, the nation-state-centered approach to understanding it has waned, especially in light of the recent shift toward transnational and global history. The following essay focuses on the issue of authoritarianism, asking whether the study of German history is still relevant to authoritarianism. It begins with a review of two conventional approaches to understanding authoritarianism in modern German history, and then thinks about it in a different way through G. W. F. Hegel in an effort to demonstrate the vibrancy of German intellectual history for exploring significant and global issues such as authoritarianism.

Hayat bilgisi derslerinde tarih konularının yer alması, tarih farkındalığının ve tarihsel öğrenmenin erken yaşlarda inşasında önemlidir. İlkokulda tarih konularının öğretilmesi, pedagojik yaklaşımla doğrudan ilgilidir. Tarihsel öğrenmede, ülkemizdeki gibi, Piaget’nin bilişsel gelişim kuramına yakın bir yaklaşım etkiliyse, çocuğun sihirli yıl olan 12 yaşa kadar somut işlemler döneminde olduğu düşünülür. Soyut içeriğe sahip tarih dersleri ancak bu yaştan itibaren yani soyut işlemler döneminde öğrenilebilir. Egan’ın tarihsel düşünme evrelerine yakın bir yaklaşım etkiliyse, çocuğun mitik evreden (4-9 yaş) itibaren tarih öğrenebileceği savunulur. Böylece öğrenciler tarih konularıyla daha erken yaşta karşılaşır. Almanya’da ilkokul öğrencileri hayat bilgisi derslerinde (Sachunterricht) tarih konularıyla karşılaşırlar. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Almanya’da hayat bilgisi dersi kapsamındaki tarih konularının neler olduğunun ve tarihin nasıl kullanıldığının incelenmesidir. Nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışmasının kullanıldığı araştırmada doküman incelemesi yapılmıştır. Araştırma verileri, hayat bilgisi ders kitaplarından elde edilmiş ve bulgulara, betimsel analiz ve içerik analizi yapılarak ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Almanya’da 3. sınıfta okutulan iki, 3 ve 4. sınıflarda okutulan bir adet hayat bilgisi ders kitabı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, “geçmişe bakış, günümüz ve gelecek için öğrenmeyi mümkün kılar” anlayışını benimseyen hayat bilgisi ders kitaplarında; zaman kavramından, değişim ve sürekliliği temel alan çocuğun yakın çevresinden, yaşadığı yerin tarihsel arka planına yönelik yerel tarih konuların yanı sıra ilk insanlardan, doğanın ve doğal unsurların şekillenmesinden, geçmişte ve günümüzde kullanılan eşyalardan, orta çağda yaşamdan konular yer almaktadır. Ayrıca tarih konularının ‘yerel tarih/ mekânın tarihi’, ‘eşya/ nesne tarihi’, ‘sosyal tarih/ gündelik hayatın tarihi’, ‘Orta çağ tarihi’ temaları altında yer aldığı ve değişim ve süreklilik ile kültürel miras farkındalığını sağlamak amacıyla kullanıldıkları anlaşılmıştır.

Dictatorships and Authoritarianism in Modern German Historyprovides readers with a comprehensive overview of the history of dictatorships in Germany since the French Revolution. Dictatorships have been a defining feature of modern German history. The Nazi dictatorship between 1933 and 1945, which brought about the Second World War and the Holocaust, is still taught in schools and universities as the prime example of the destructiveness of ideologically driven regimes in the 20th century; the state-socialist regime in the German Democratic Republic that lasted for over 40 years bore many of the same dictatorial features. Understanding the factors that made these two regimes possible, their inner workings, but also their impact on the lives of many people, is key to understanding the course of modern German history as a whole and this is discussed at length in this absorbing volume. The book moves beyond the familiar historical narratives to incorporate analysis of key political thinkers and their interpretations of the problem of authoritarian and totalitarian rule. The discussion of these political dimensions is given further depth with the examination of the impact of dictatorship on German society as well as key figures of the 20th century.

Introduction. The article provides an analysis of the first crisis of social policy in the USSR in the second half of the 20th century (late 1950s – early 1960s): its causes, manifestations in various spheres of Soviet everyday life, and the effectiveness of various ways to overcome it are evaluated. Methods. The research is based on the use of a set of methodological techniques, including both special methods of historical science (structural-functional, problem-chronological, statistical) and a historical-anthropological approach (or the history of everyday life). Materials. The article is based on factual material extracted from the latest scientific publications, collections of central and local archives, legislative documents, statistical collections, memoirs, and periodicals. Analysis. The involvement of a wide array of data sources made it possible to make a number of observations and determine that the crisis of social policy caused by the aggravation of the shortage of economic opportunities in the Soviet Union in 1958–1964 affected the labor and household daily practices of the Volga people. It became possible to overcome the socio-psychological tension in Soviet society that arose in this way only through the use of economic instruments to improve the efficiency of the functioning of the Soviet economy. Results. It is concluded that the economic reform of 1965 became a reliable way for the Soviet state not only to overcome the crisis situation in the country but also to breathe (unfortunately, for a very short period) new impulses into the socialist economy, which allowed (while preserving the economic development model that had existed in the country since the 1930s) to make the most important step in the creation of the Soviet consumer society.

Interest in the “women's theme” is actualized in Russian humanities at the turn of the 21st century in terms of the feminology, historical anthropology and the history of everyday life. However, the “women's theme” in the exemplary collections of copies translated into Russian in the 17th century, still attracts little attention of researchers. This paper for the first time draws attention to women's issues as one of the cross-cutting ones in the code “Great Mirror” in its first Russian translation. The image of a woman is characterized basing on the material of 163 articles. The content of the examples is correlated with the events of the historical past of Ancient Rus` and Russian everyday life of the 17th century. The collection devotes considerable attention to the “evil wives”. Examples of women's activity show its manifestation not only as a vice, but as a social service. A woman is encouraged to lead a Christian lifestyle, to be submissive and faithful to her husband. At the same time, the source praises her wisdom and intelligence and readiness for self-sacrifice for the sake of her family and husband. Still weak, yet already noticeable in the chapters of the “Great Mirror”, manifestations of a new attitude towards women that flourished in the transitional period of Russian culture and modern times — development in the assessment of a woman's personality, strengthening women's status in the family, breaking stereotypes about a woman — were introduced not only by elements of European culture that have penetrated into Russian everyday life, but also the world culture`s plots inherent to the “female theme” of the collection.

This research focuses on some of the new and distinctive patterns of scientific discourse with special reference to the differences between ethnological research of ordinary life and history of everyday life as a part of new social history. The author try to show the changing paradigms in humanities, reorganization of its problematic, new sociological (ethnometodological, interdisciplinary) methods which were adopted in modern ethnology, as well as in the social history as a whole.

Currently, it has been defined as a task of Ukrainian schools to motivate students to pursue studies in natural sciences and engineering. The aim of this article is to examine educational excursions undertaken by Ukrainian students to factories and plants in the late 19th — early 20th century. The source base of the research includes periodical press materials, documents from educational institutions and reports of the Kyiv Educational District Trustee. The study employs the methods of new social history, gender history and the history of everyday life in the context of decolonizing Ukraine’s past in the imperial era. It has been shown that educational excursions emerged as an innovative form of enhancing students’ learning and cognitive activities amid the rapid social and technological changes of the industrial age. Schools were expected to connect students with real life, professional skills, and practical activities. Factories and plants became excursion destinations for students of gymnasiums (male and female secondary schools) as well as specialized vocational institutions. The article highlights the considerable potential of educational excursions to industrial enterprises which promoted awareness of technological processes, labor organization and the responsibilities of engineering and technical staff, as well as production workers. At the same time, certain aspects of relations between management and workers, and the everyday life of factory employees, remained concealed from the visitors. The study demonstrates that students’ excursions functioned as a form of cooperation between professional educational institutions and the leadership of industrial enterprises in late imperial Ukraine. In such a way the subjects of the educational process established links with the surrounding social environment and ensured solid and comprehensive practical training in physics, mathematics, and natural sciences. There were educational excursions for the managers of factory and plant enterprises, which served as a platform for demonstrating achievements, informing the local community, enhancing their own image and competitiveness, and providing opportunities for implementing social patronage for school youth.