Evolution of pedestrian evacuation considering different human behaviors

Consistent evolution in a pedestrian flow

Integration of cumulative prospect theory in cellular automata model for building evacuation

Effect of uncertain information on pedestrian dynamics under adverse sight conditions

In the emergency evacuation of pedestrians in subway stations, most people do not know the correct evacuation routes and methods, and tend to follow others blindly, resulting in herding behavior. To study the process of pedestrian evacuation with herding behavior in subway stations, a cellular automata pedestrian evacuation model is established to simulate the pedestrian evacuation with herding behavior in subway stations, and the effects of the weight coefficients of the parameters in the model on the overall evacuation time and the distribution of people’s positions are investigated to quantify the effects of herding on the efficiency of the pedestrian evacuation and the movement behavior. The simulation results show that moderate (kC < 40) crowd behavior can play a beneficial role in reducing reaction time and guiding the direction of evacuation; on the contrary, excessive crowd behavior (kC > 40) will lead to an increase in evacuation time and a decrease in evacuation efficiency. The conclusions presented in this paper can help to improve the efficiency of pedestrian evacuation in emergencies and provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the management of safety evacuation in subway stations.

Numerical analysis of oxygen transport in magnetic Czochralski growth of silicon

Brain serotonin (5-HT) is known to be involved in the control of a wide range of physiological functions as well as of different kinds of behavior. Such polyfunctionality of 5-HT is mediated by numerous 5-HT receptors. Currently, 14 different 5-HT receptor subtypes expressed in the mammals have been identified. The 5-HT1А receptor is one of the most extensively characterised members of the serotonin receptor family. Increased interest to the 5-HT1А receptor is based on (1) a key role in the autoregulation of the brain serotonergic system due to the postsynaptic and presynaptic localization, (2) a great body of data demonstrating implication of 5-HT1А receptor in the control of various physiological functions (3) involvement of 5-HT1А receptors in the mechanisms of depression, anxiety and suicide. The review describes literature and original data on factors affecting the expression and functional activity of 5-HT1А receptors and the involvement of 5-HT1А receptors in the regulation of normal and pathological behavior. The structure of the 5-HT1А receptor gene is described and new data on the posttranslational regulation of 5-HT1А receptor functional activity are provided. A special focus was given to the interaction between 5-HT1А and 5-HT7 receptors followed by heterodimer formation and the role of heterodimerization in the functional inactivation of the 5-HT1А receptor. The implication of 5-HT1А receptors in the regulation of aggressive behavior, catalepsy, anxiety, depression and hibernation was shown. Special attention is focused on the involvement of 5-HT1А receptors in the regulation of 1) fear-induced aggression towards man – the basis of domestication, 2) intermale aggression underling asocial behavior in men, 3) depression and in the mechanism of antidepressant action. The described data extend the idea on the 5-HT1А receptor as a key player in the brain 5-HT system.

An agent-based modeling approach to collaborative classrooms evacuation process

A cellular automaton (CA) model with a finer discretization of space is proposed to simulate a non-emergency evacuation process in a room with an obstacle. During the evacuation process, a triangle “evading region” phenomenon has been observed through simulation and experiment on the upstream side of the spatial obstacle. In this paper, we use a simple method to generate an obstacle floor field corresponding to the triangle. We investigate the relationship between the pedestrian trajectories and the obstacle’s position. We also study the effect of the obstacle on evacuation time and average evacuation speed. Our study provides insights into the simulation of obstacle avoidance behavior of pedestrians in simple scenarios.

Computer simulations on the evacuation process in a story are launched with cellular automaton in this article. The story is composed of five rooms and one corridor. Influence of various parameters on the evacuation process is investigated. It shows that the width of the door of rooms has little influence but the width of the corridor and the maximum velocity of the pedestrian have great influence on the time for evacuation. The relation between evacuation time and the width of corridor is found as tc ∝ W−0.84. It is also found that appropriate shape of the room is helpful to evacuation.

The study of self-organised behaviours and movement pattern of pedestrians during fire evacuations: virtual experiments and survey

To improve the efficiency of pedestrian evacuation and investigate the pedestrian's selection strategy, that is the competitive strategy and the concessional strategy, a cellular automata (CA) model is presented for pedestrian evacuation flow considering the different selection strategies, in which the direction force parameter and the distance parameter are used to simulate the pedestrian's movement. In the condition of different system scales, exit widths and pedestrian densities, this paper analyses the selection strategy on the effect of pedestrian evacuation time. And through the numerical experiments comparing, it is shown that the selection strategy has significant effects on the pedestrian evacuation.

The competitions of pedestrians evacuating from indoor easily cause congestion, which reduces efficiency of evacuation. By applying Game theory in dynamics of pedestrian evacuation process, the appropriate ratio of competitive pedestrians helps to improve the efficiency of evacuation. Based on the indoor pedestrian evacuation micro-model, we carry out the simulation for pedestrians evacuating from indoor. The results indicate that the evacuation time is greatly impacted by the ratio of the competitive pedestrians. The efficiency of indoor pedestrian evacuation is enhanced by optimizing the ratio of competitive pedestrians.

Pedestrian evacuation risk of subway stations is an important concern in city management, as it not only endangers public safety but also affects the efficiency of urban subway transportation. Determination of how to effectively evaluate the pedestrian evacuation risk of subway stations is of great significance to improve pedestrian safety. Previous studies about the pedestrian evacuation of subway station were primarily focused on pedestrian moving behaviors and the evacuation modeling, and the evacuation scenario is the regular subway operation. There is a dearth of studies to quantify the pedestrian evacuation risk in the evacuation process, especially the pedestrian evacuation risk quantitative characterization of subway station in large-scale sport activity. The current study develops a quantitative pedestrian evacuation risk assessment model that integrates pedestrian stampede probability and pedestrian casualty. Then several different simulation scenarios based on the social force model (SFM) are simulated to evaluate the pedestrian evacuation risk of the “Olympic Park Station” in Beijing, China. The results demonstrate that the pedestrian evacuation method, pedestrian stampede location, and distance from the stampede location to the ticket gate have a large impact on pedestrian evacuation risk. Then, the pedestrian evacuation scenarios with the lowest and highest risk for the “Olympic Park Station” in large-scale sport activity are determined. The findings have potential applications in pedestrian safety protection of subway station during large-scale sports activity.

<p>Turkey suffered from devastating earthquakes and faced with a considerable number of tsunamis in its past. Although, tsunamis occurred in Turkey are not catastrophic as the ones in Pacific Ocean, they may still cause substantial damage in highly populated and/or touristic coastal areas. On July 21, 2017 at 22.31 UTC, a strong earthquake in the Gulf of Gokova (Mediterranean Sea) with a magnitude (Mw) of 6.6 (KOERI) was recorded. The earthquake caused a tsunami that affected the southern coast of Bodrum, Turkey and the northern parts of Kos island, Greece. The largest tsunami run-up was about 1.9 m and observed at Gumbet Bay, Bodrum (Dogan et al., 2019). Fortunately, there were no causalities as tsunami occurred at night time when there were few people on the coast, despite summer season. However, if the same event had occurred during daytime, its impact to the coastal localities would be much higher and it would cause panic among more people.</p><p>After the 2017 Bodrum-Kos tsunami, numerical simulations based on critical worst-case tsunami scenarios are performed with NAMI DANCE numerical model. According to the simulation results, a seismic scenario based on 1956-Amorgos earthquake and a combined scenario of Gokova fault and North Datca landslide scenario which is a possible submarine landslide assumed to be triggered by the seismic mechanism of Gokova scenario, give the maximum inundation distances and flow depth values at Southern coast of Bodrum Peninsula mainly in Central Bodrum town, Gumbet Bay, Bitez Bay, Yahsi Bay and Akyarlar-Karaincir-Aspat Bays where most of the settlements and touristic facilities are located.</p><p>In this study, evacuation walk time maps are prepared for the coastal settlements at Southern Coastline of Bodrum Peninsula by using Pedestrian Evacuation Analyst Tool (PEAT) developed by Jones et al. (2014) based on the selected critical scenarios above mentioned. PEAT is a least-cost-distance (LCD) evacuation model that estimates evacuation times throughout hazard zone based on elevation, land cover, walking speed and direction of movement (Wood and Schmidtlein, 2012). The required data are gathered from international open source databases and data provided by Bodrum Municipality. The resultant pedestrian evacuation maps show time in minutes for pedestrian who aims to reach safety zone from shortest route. According to the maps, longest walk times to the safety are calculated to be 8 minutes for Central Bodrum, 3 minutes for Gumbet Bay, 4 minutes for Bitez Bay, 6 minutes for Yahsi Bay and 5 minutes for Akyarlar-Karaincir-Aspat Bays. The pedestrian evacuation times are also tested by onsite measurements. The results are compared and presented by discussions. The evacuation maps provide a base for emergency managers, planners and local decision makers during the planning of evacuation routes and preparation of emergency response plans.</p><p>Acknowledgements: This study is partly supported by Turkey Tsunami Last Mile Project Analyses JRC/IPR/2018/E.1/0013/NC with contract number 936314-IPR-2018.</p><p>Keywords: Tsunami evacuation, Least cost distance model, Pedestrian evacuation, Walk time maps</p>

A cellular automata model is proposed to simulate the pedestrian evacuation behavior in a room with multiple exits by considering the surrounding pedestrian density related to current cell based on the direction. The numerical results show that the pedestrian density and the radius of visual area are two important factors in an evacuation which can affect the evacuation times apparently. It is found that blindly constant choosing the direction with smaller pedestrian density may lead to an increase of evacuation time.