Exercise and Hydration

0516 In recent years, it has been reported that only one-half of young people regularly participate in physical activity, and participation declines as age declines. However, there is little empirical data as to why this might occur, especially in the areas of race and gender. PURPOSE: (a) to investigate the amount of physical and sedentary activity that adolescents participated in across gender and race, (b) to investigate adolescents? attractions to physical activity, and (c) to investigate the relationship between the environment and physical and sedentary activity participation. METHODS: Participants were 1174 adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years from Midwest public and private high schools. A self-report questionnaire (Self- Administered Physical Activity Checklist, Sallis, 1996) was used to measure minutes of physical and sedentary activity, and to obtain a measure of intensity. Children?s Attraction to Physical Activity (CAPA) scale was used to assess interest in physical activity. The Perceived Environments Related to Physical Activity Scale was used to establish correlations between physical and sedentary activity and perceived environment. RESULTS: Two separate 2 (gender) × 2 (race) × 3 (age) MANOVA were conducted on physical activity and attraction to physical activity subscales. Results from the physical activity analyses indicated significant main effects for gender (minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity, energy expenditure), race (minutes of sedentary activity) and age (energy expenditure). Results regarding the attraction toward physical activity participation indicated significant main effects for gender (liking of games and sport, fun of physical exertion), age (liking of games and sport, fun of physical exertion), and race (vigorous physical activity, liking for games and sport, fun of physical exertion). Significant positive correlations existed between the environment and physical activity and convenient facilities for adolescents 15–16 years old, and females. Minutes of sedentary activity was negatively correlated with convenient facilities for both females and males, and also negatively correlated with the home environment for females. CONCLUSION: Differences in attractions to physical activity and perceived environment may assist practitioners and researchers to develop and implement specific activity interventions for adolescents while taking into account gender and race differences.

Brazilian fitness programme registers health benefits

I. The Problem: Childhood Obesity—A Burgeoning Epidemic e490II. Childhood Obesity Research Summit.........e490III. Pathophysiology and Morbidity ofChildhood Obesity e490A. Pathophysiology of Obesity e490B. Medical Consequences of Childhood Obesity. . .e490C. Psychosocial and Societal Consequences ofChildhood Obesity e490IV. Current Healthcare Practices in ChildhoodObesity Prevention and Treatment e492A. Lifestyle Assessment: Diet and Physical Activity . . . .e492B. Clinical Assessment e493C. Psychosocial/Behavioral Assessment .......e493D. Implementing Effective Prevention andTreatment Options: Diet e494E. Implementing Effective Prevention and TreatmentOptions: Exercise and Sedentary Behaviors . . . .e495F. Implementing Effective Prevention TreatmentOptions: Family and Behavioral Approaches . . .e496G. Behavioral Management e497H. Medical and Pharmacological Management. . . .e497I. Surgical Management e498V. Barriers to Optimum Care e498A. Healthcare System Factors e4981. Preparedness of Providers e4982. Models of Coverage and Care e4993. Uninsurance and Underinsurance AmongChildren and Families e5004. Healthcare Providers and Settings asRole Models e500B. The Challenge of Behavior Change ........e5011. Motivational Interviewing for Pediatric Obesity. .e5012. Psychosocial Factors InfluencingBehavior Change e5023. Environmental Factors InfluencingBehavioral Change e503VI. Practice-Based Resources for Preventionand Management e503A. Models From Other Disciplines e5031. Adult Chronic Care Model e5032. Treatment of Heart Failure e5043. Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus .....e5044. Treatment of Childhood Asthma.........e505B. Public Health Measures forChildhood Obesity e5061. Tobacco Control: Implications forChildhood Obesity e506C. Specific Research Issues e5061. Specifying Priorities in the Context of aComplex, Multifactorial Problem ........e5062. Taking a Developmental Approach .......e5073. Engaging Stakeholders e5074. Targeting the Appropriate Outcome .......e508VII. Research Challenges e509A. Research in the Busy Practice e509B. Bring Research Into Practices: Web-BasedAssessment for the PediatricObesity Clinic e509C. Research Agenda: NHLBI and thePediatric Heart Network e510D. Research Agenda: The Children’sOncology Group e510E. Research Agenda: CDC e511F. Research Agenda: Foundations e511VIII. Research and Policy: KnowledgeTranslation e512A. From Practice to Policy to Practice ........e512IX. Concluding Remarks e512Appendix A: Planning Committee e513Appendix B: Presenters e513

BackgroundThe majority of young people do not meet the recommendations on physical activity for health. New innovative ways to motivate young people to adopt a physically active lifestyle are needed.ObjectiveThe study aimed to study the feasibility of an automated, gamified, tailored Web-based mobile service aimed at physical and social activation among young men.MethodsA population-based sample of 496 young men (mean age 17.8 years [standard deviation 0.6]) participated in a 6-month randomized controlled trial (MOPO study). Participants were randomized to an intervention (n=250) and a control group (n=246). The intervention group was given a wrist-worn physical activity monitor (Polar Active) with physical activity feedback and access to a gamified Web-based mobile service, providing fitness guidelines, tailored health information, advice of youth services, social networking, and feedback on physical activity. Through the trial, the physical activity of the men in the control group was measured continuously with an otherwise similar monitor but providing only the time of day and no feedback. The primary outcome was the feasibility of the service based on log data and questionnaires. Among completers, we also analyzed the change in anthropometry and fitness between baseline and 6 months and the change over time in weekly time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity.ResultsMobile service users considered the various functionalities related to physical activity important. However, compliance of the service was limited, with 161 (64.4%, 161/250) participants visiting the service, 118 (47.2%, 118/250) logging in more than once, and 41 (16.4%, 41/250) more than 5 times. Baseline sedentary time was higher in those who uploaded physical activity data until the end of the trial (P=.02). A total of 187 (74.8%, 187/250) participants in the intervention and 167 (67.9%, 167/246) in the control group participated in the final measurements. There were no differences in the change in anthropometry and fitness from baseline between the groups, whereas waist circumference was reduced in the most inactive men within the intervention group (P=.01). Among completers with valid physical activity data (n=167), there was a borderline difference in the change in mean daily time spent in moderate to vigorous physical activity between the groups (11.9 min vs −9.1 min, P=.055, linear mixed model). Within the intervention group (n=87), baseline vigorous physical activity was inversely associated with change in moderate to vigorous physical activity during the trial (R=−.382, P=.01).ConclusionsThe various functionalities related to physical activity of the gamified tailored mobile service were considered important. However, the compliance was limited. Within the current setup, the mobile service had no effect on anthropometry or fitness, except reduced waist circumference in the most inactive men. Among completers with valid physical activity data, the trial had a borderline positive effect on moderate to vigorous physical activity. Further development is needed to improve the feasibility and adherence of an integrated multifunctional service.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT01376986; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01376986 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6tjdmIroA)

Chariots of fries

This study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), a real-time self-report strategy, to describe the physical and social contexts of adults' physical activity and sedentary activity during their everyday lives and to determine whether these patterns and relationships differ for men and women. Data from 114 adults were collected through mobile phones across 4days. Eight electronic EMA surveys were randomly prompted each day asking about current activities (e.g., physical or sedentary activity), physical and social contexts, and perceived outdoor environmental features (e.g., greenness/vegetation, safety, and traffic). All participants also wore accelerometers during this period to objectively measure moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary activity. Home was the most common physical context for EMA-reported physical and sedentary activity. Most of these activities occurred when participants were alone. When alone, the most commonly EMA-reported physical activity and sedentary activity was walking and reading/using computer, respectively. When in outdoor home locations (e.g., yard and driveway) women demonstrated higher levels of MVPA, whereas men demonstrated higher levels of MVPA when in outdoor park settings (ps < .05). Men but not women demonstrated higher levels of MVPA in settings with a greater degree of perceived greenness and vegetation (p < .05). The current study shows how EMA via mobile phones and accelerometers can be combined to offer an innovative approach to assess the contexts of adults' daily physical and sedentary activity. Future studies could consider utilizing this method in more representative samples to gather context-specific information to inform the development of physical activity interventions.

The aim of this present study was to investigate an effect of acute exhaustive and moderate intensities exercises, exercise training and vitamin C supplementation on physiological change and rhinitis symptoms in allergic rhinitis patients. There were two studies: Study I : The subjects, aged18-45 years old, were divided into 2 groups: 14 healthy individuals and 13 allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. They were assigned to perform the strenuous exercise on treadmill by using Bruce protocol until they were exhausted. Two weeks later, they were assigned to perform a moderate exercise by walking on treadmill for 30 minutes at 65-70% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Study II: Twenty-seven volunteered patients with allergic rhinitis, aged 18-45 years old, were recruited. They were randomized into 3 groups: control group (CON; n=8), exercise group (EX; n=9) exercise combined with vitamin C group (EX + Vit. C; n=10). The exercise training protocol consisted of walking – running on a treadmill at 65-70% HRR, 30 minutes per session, 3 times a week. The EX + Vit. C group ingested vitamin C 2, 000 mg per day. Results of the study are as follow: Study I: After both acute exhaustive and moderate intensities exercises, volume of nasal inspiratory flow were increased but nasal congestion was decreased (p&lt;.05). In addition, nasal blood flow was decreased after performing moderate exercise in both groups of subjects (p&lt;.05). The ratio of IL-2 and IL-4 (IL-2/IL-4) after moderate exercise was significantly higher than exhaustive exercise in both the healthy and AR groups (p&lt;0.05) Study II: After 8 weeks, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of the both EX and EX + Vit. C were significantly lower than the CON group (p&lt;.05). the both EX and EX + Vit. C had significantly lower in interleukin (IL)-4 levels but higher in IL-2 than the CON (p&lt;.05). After nasal challenge by house dust mite (D.pteronyssinus), the percent difference of IL-4 and IL-13 were significantly lower but the percent difference of IL-2 were significantly higher in the both EX and EX + Vit C when compared with the CON (p&lt;.05). For rhinitis symptoms, the percent difference of peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) were significantly higher while nasal blood flow were significantly lower in the both EX and EX + Vit. C comparing to the CON (p&lt;.05). Moreover, the both EX and EX + Vit. C had a significantly higher PNIF after nasal challenge 60 minutes comparing to pre-test (p&lt;.05). The rhinitis symptoms score i.e. congestion, itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea and total symptoms at baseline and following nasal challenge were significantly decreased in the both EX and EX + Vit. C (p&lt;.05). In conclusion, acute exhaustive and moderate intensities exercises increased peak nasal inspiratory flow and decreased nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis patients. But only moderate exercise also reduced nasal blood flow in allergic rhinitis patients. Eight weeks of moderate exercise training with and without vitamin C supplementation demonstrated improving cardiorespiratory fitness, attenuating the inflammatory response and reducing symptoms in patients with allergic rhinitis. Therefore, regularly moderate exercise training should be recommend for allergic rhinitis patients.

Introduction: Research has acknowledged the significance of parental attitudes toward physical education; however, their impact on children's participation in physical activities, both within and outside of school settings, has been explored only sporadically.Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the association between parental attitudes toward physical education and children’s physical activity participation in in-school and out-of-school contexts. Methods: This study utilized a comparative-correlational design, focusing on a sample of 239 male children aged between 10 and 13 years. The Physical Education Activity Attitude Scale was employed to evaluate the attitudes of parents towards physical education activities. Accelerometer device was used for measuring physical activity. Regression analysis was conducted for data analysis.Results: The children in this study participated in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for an average of 19.57 minutes during school. Moreover, the average daily physical activity recorded for the children in this study was 41.04 minutes. Furthermore, the findings reveal a significant positive correlation between parental attitudes toward physical education with in-school physical activity (β=0.386, P<0.001), out-of-school physical activity (β=0.368, P<0.001), and the overall total physical activity (β=0.221, P<0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that when parents exhibit a supportive and positive attitude towards physical education, it significantly enhances the physical activity levels of their children, both during school hours and in extracurricular settings. These findings suggest that encouraging parents to model positive attitudes and actively support their children’s physical activity may be one of the most effective strategies for increasing children’s overall participation in physical activity.

The laboratory is the main means of learning contextual physics. The results of observations in high schools of Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra, showed that the implementation of laboratory activities in learning physics was still low. An analysis was conducted to highlight the implementation of these laboratory activities in high school physics learning in terms of teachers’ and principals’ perceptions. Aspects that can be disclosed are a) the implementation of laboratory activities in terms of; availability of infrastructure and perceptions of teachers and school principals on laboratory activities, and b) the relationship between teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of laboratory activities in physical education. Sampling was done using the Cluster Random Sampling technique. The data obtained were described using the percent technique. The results of data analysis and processing concluded that a) in terms of the availability of facilities and infrastructure for the implementation of laboratory activities, the average was in the very low category (17.86%), b) The perception of teachers and principals on laboratory activities in physical learning was on average the same for the lower criteria (43.00%) and 45.20%); and c) data on the relationship between the perceptions of teachers and principals on laboratory activities is in a very strong (0.816) and strong (0.788) relationship with their respective contributions of 66.60% and 62.10%. In general, this analysis concludes that a very low percentage The implementation of laboratory activities is largely influenced by the low perception of teachers and principals’ perceptions of the role of laboratory activities in learning physics.

Engagement in physical and cognitive activities is associated with a decreased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia, but the association with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuroimaging biomarkers is less clear. We thus examined associations of physical and cognitive activities with longitudinal trajectories of AD neuroimaging biomarkers among older adults free of dementia. We conducted a longitudinal study within the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (mean follow-up durations 1.3-3.4 years). Participants were aged 50 years or older and were cognitively unimpaired or had MCI at baseline. Engagement in physical and cognitive activities during 12 months before baseline was assessed through questionnaires. Participants underwent AD neuroimaging biomarker assessments at 1 or more time points. We ran linear mixed-effect models to examine associations between physical and cognitive activity composite scores and trajectories of individual yearly change in amyloid deposition (Pittsburgh compound B [PiB]-PET centiloid), tau burden (tau-PET standardized uptake value ratio [SUVR]), and regional glucose hypometabolism (fluorodeoxyglucose [FDG]-PET SUVR), adjusted for age, sex, APOE ɛ4 carrier status, and medical comorbidity. We included 1,176 participants (47% female; mean [SD] age, 68.7 [9.6] years) for PiB-PET trajectories, 399 participants (49% female; mean [SD] age, 71.9 [11.0] years) for tau-PET trajectories, and 983 participants (46% female; mean [SD] age, 67.9 [9.2] years) for FDG-PET trajectories. PiB-PET and tau-PET measures increased during follow-up (3.4 [SD 4.0] and 1.3 [SD 2.1] years, respectively), whereas FDG-PET values decreased over 2.9 (SD 3.5) years of follow-up. Participants with higher total physical activity (interaction estimate 0.0017; 95% CI 0.0003-0.0031; p = 0.021) and higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (interaction estimate 0.0015; 95% CI 0.0001-0.0029; p = 0.040) had a less pronounced decrease in FDG-PET over time. Participants with higher cognitive activity experienced a less pronounced increase in PiB-PET (interaction estimate -0.2253; 95% CI -0.4437 to -0.0070; p = 0.043) and a smaller decrease in FDG-PET (interaction estimate 0.0015; 95% CI 0.0001-0.0028; p = 0.038) over time. Physical activity was associated with less synaptic dysfunction and cognitive activity with less synaptic dysfunction and lower amyloid burden over time, albeit effect sizes were small. Further research is needed to validate findings and clarify causal inference between physical and cognitive activities and AD neuroimaging biomarkers.

The coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a devastating physical and psychological impact on society, especially on students. In this study, we describe the levels of physical activity (Physical-Activity-Questionnaire-Short-Form (IPAQ-SF)), Burnout (School-Burnout-Inventory for students (SBI-U)) and engagement (Utrecht-Work-Engagement-Scale-9 items (UWES-9S)) in a cohort of Latin American higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We also determined whether physical activity, Burnout, and engagement are related according to gender and area of study. Self-reported data from 571 Latin American students (64.79% women, 34.15% men; average age 25.24 ± 5.52years) were collected via an online survey questionnaire. Spearman correlation analyses evaluated the associations between physical activity, Burnout, and engagement. Comparative analyses by gender and field of study were also performed. The results showed no correlation or association in the linear regression between the IPAQ-SF and SBI-U scores or between the IPAQ-SF and the UWES-9S scores. By gender, men had higher IPAQ-SF scores (p < 0.05) and reported higher intensity physical activity than women, but women had higher SBI-U scores (p < 0.05). No difference was found between men and women according to the UWES-9S scores (p = 0.28). There was also no difference in IPAQ-SF scores (p = 0.29) regarding the field of study. Our results suggest that women perform less physical activity than men, which is consistent with higher Burnout. However, physical activity was not associated with Burnout or engagement overall, which indicates that it was insufficient to prevent emotional stress in Latin American higher education students during a pandemic.

Physical and sedentary activity in children and adolescents has immediate health benefits and can also set a pattern that carries over into adulthood, resulting in long-term health benefits. Activity levels in a free-living biracial sample of children and adolescents, ages 9-15 yr (N = 995), were examined using a 24-h recall instrument, the Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist. Selected sedentary activities (television watching and video-/computergame playing) were also assessed. Overall, boys were more physically active than girls and engaged in more heavy physical activity, while girls reported a larger percentage of time spent in light and moderate physical activities. Gender and, to a lesser extent, ethnic differences were seen in the types of activities reported. Although most physical activity occurred after school, children who reported no physical education class during school had less physical activity overall. There was a decrease in moderate physical activity with increasing grade levels in school and an increase in sedentary behavior. Black children reported more sedentary activity than white children, and girls reported more than boys. Although this 24-h recall method has limitations, it allows characterization of the activity of groups of children and provides useful data for policy recommendations.

The association between physical activity at work and at leisure, coronary risk factors, social class and mortality has been studied in about 15000 Oslo men, aged 40-49, without known cardiovascular disease or diabetes at a screening examination for coronary risk factors. Four-year total and CHD mortality showed a decrease with increasing degree of leisure activity, and an increase with increasing work activity. The three conventional coronary risk factors--serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and number of cigarettes--associated negatively with physical leisure activity, whereas they all associated positively with physical activity at work. Men in lower social classes were less active at leisure but more active at work than men in the higher classes. In a multivariate analysis of variance with coronary risk score (based on SBP, serum total cholesterol and number of cigarettes), social class and physical activity, the predictive power of physical leisure activity for future death was almost as good as the coronary risk score. Physical activity at work, on the other hand, was not an independent risk factor either for total or for CHD mortality.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of moderate and heavy exercise on free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization and utilization in human subjects. Thirty-five male subjects performed two exercise tests on a motor driven treadmill. Fifteen minutes of moderate work (40 to 50% maxVO2) was followed by an additional 15 minutes of moderate work in one test, and by 15 minutes of heavy work (80 to 90% maxVO2) in the second test. Plasma glycerol concentration increased during both heavy and moderate exercise. Plasma FFA concentration decreased during the first 15 minutes of moderate exercise; when moderate exercise was continued for 15 more minutes, plasma FFA concentration rose toward the former resting level. When heavy exercise was performed, following 15 minutes of moderate exercise, the initial decline in plasma FFA concentration continued. During heavy exercise the percentage in plasma FFA of C18:2 decreased, while that of C18:2 increased. The opposite was true during moderate exercise. It is concluded that FFA mobilization and utilization were enhanced during both moderate and heavy exercise. FFA utilization during heavy exercise exceeded that during moderate exercise. Blood lactate concentration increased only when heavy exercise was performed and did not appear to inhibit FFA mobilization.

Background/Objectives: Physical activity (PA) during pregnancy presents health benefits for mother and child. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends at least 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity per week for a healthy pregnancy. The objectives of this study were to describe physical and sedentary activity patterns, estimate the proportion of women meeting PA recommendations, and identify associated sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics in a sample of pregnant women from southern Spain. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, a random sample of 385 pregnant women attending their 20th-week scheduled ultrasound at their referral hospital was selected. Inclusion criteria were being between 18 and 22 gestational weeks pregnant and communicating in Spanish. A face-to-face structured interview was used to collect demographic, obstetric, and PA data, as well as sedentary patterns. Indexes of weekly PA in various domains were computed. Bivariate analyses were conducted to assess the variability of physical and sedentary activities according to sociodemographic and obstetric variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 84.4% of participants engaged in some type of PA and 73.7% met WHO PA requirements. Higher leisure PA was associated with higher education (p < 0.05) and first-time pregnancy (p < 0.01). Higher work PA was linked to lower education (p < 0.01), being born outside Spain (p < 0.05), and later pregnancy awareness (p < 0.01). Higher sedentary daily time was associated with higher education (p < 0.01), speaking Spanish as a child (p < 0.05), and first-time pregnancy (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Most pregnant women in this study met PA recommendations. Correlates of leisure PA differ from those regarding work PA.