Experiencing Speech: A Skills-Based, Panlingual Approach to Actor Training

On the wetting mechanism of liquid flow on hot surfaces

A steady-state, one-dimensional, mesoscale, non-linear problem of the airflow over a mountain ridge is considered in the framework of the bulk theory in an attempt to develop a meteorological generalisation of the hydraulic problem formulated and solved previously by Houghton and Kasahara. In essence, only three modifications of their formulation are made in the present paper: (a) inversion strength is introduced and considered as an additional dependent variable; (b) the atmosphere above the flow is assumed to be stably stratified with a constant vertical potential temperature gradient; and (c) the condition requiring the flow to return to its initial state after descending and moving away from the ridge is removed. The problem is reduced to a transcendental algebraic equation, the solution of which describes all the possible types of flow, including a discontinuous one. A classification and meteorological criterion graphically presented in the form of a map is proposed for the realisation of each type of flow. If the ridge is higher than some threshold, a jump arises above the windward slope and propagates against the flow. As a result, the initial parameters change to new values for which a secondary steady-state solution exists. An iterative method has been developed to calculate these new initial parameters. The general features of the different types of flow, including those with a jump and secondary flows, are discussed. It is shown that if the ridge height exceeds some second threshold there are no solutions at all, which means that the flow is totally blocked. Concrete calculated examples are presented of all possible types of steady-state flows including secondary ones. It is shown that after introduction of these modifications, the hydraulic model of Houghton and Kasahara acquires more real meteorological meaning.

Forging of rectangular sections in a completely closed die cavity

In chapter 6 we described the nature of the speech signal and how its image is sensed and presented to the cerebrum. We noted that because no two vocal tracts are exactly alike, your pronunciation will differ subtly but certainly from my pronunciation. To express these subtle, phonetic differences, linguists invented the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In the fifteenth century, the Great English Vowel Shift caused the writing system of English to deviate from continental European systems, so IPA looks more like French or Italian spelling than English. Thus, when you say beet, we might write it in IPA as [bit], and if I pronounce my [i] a little further forward in my mouth, we could capture this detail of my pronunciation in IPA as [bi+t]. The sounds of the letters of IPA correspond to phones, and the brackets tell us we are attempting to capture pronunciation phonetically, that is, as accurately as possible.

Software-defined networks (SDNs) have the capabilities of controlling the efficient movement of data flows through a network to fulfill sufficient flow management and effective usage of network resources. Currently, most data center networks (DCNs) suffer from the exploitation of network resources by large packets (elephant flow) that enter the network at any time, which affects a particular flow (mice flow). Therefore, it is crucial to find a solution for identifying and finding an appropriate routing path in order to improve the network management system. This work proposes a SDN application to find the best path based on the type of flow using network performance metrics. These metrics are used to characterize and identify flows as elephant and mice by utilizing unsupervised machine learning (ML) and the thresholding method. A developed routing algorithm was proposed to select the path based on the type of flow. A validation test was performed by testing the proposed framework using different topologies of the DCN and comparing the performance of a SDN-Ryu controller with that of the proposed framework based on three factors: throughput, bandwidth, and data transfer rate. The results show that 70% of the time, the proposed framework has higher performance for different types of flows.

This study presents a clinically applicable method for visualizing the vocal tract of Korean dysarthria patients using an enhanced Vocal Tract Lab (VTL). Our pipeline transcribes speech with Faster Whisper, converts it to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and then to the Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA), which drives a modified VTL rendering Korean-specific vocal tract shapes. We implemented five new vowels, seven diph-thongs, six consonants, and six modified consonants to sup-port underrepresented Korean phonemes. Expert evaluations confirm its utility for speech therapy and pronunciation as-sessment. While limited in modeling plosive timing and view angles, the approach provides a lightweight, interpretable, and extensible system for clinical and research applications.

Vocal tract anatomy and the neural bases of talking

The general property of fluid motion which is most striking to me is its shifting character. If we vary only one factor of a well‐defined fluid motion problem, for example, if we vary the opening of the flow from a drinking fountain, we can observe a series of phenomena which differ from each other not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively, that is, in their physical nature and appearance.Let us examine an example somewhat closer to our problem of propulsion of sand and other granular media by fluids: consider the flow of an infinitely broad turbulent stream around a smooth obstacle. The detailed data given here refer to a cylindrical body of infinite length, this being the shape of the obstacle most completely studied to date. We can distinguish five qualitatively different types of flow, each having a fairly well‐defined range of Reynolds' numbers (a, b, c, d, e of Fig. 1). The first type is characterized by steady flow, which is of necessity symmetrical with reference to the flow‐direction. With increasing Reynolds numbers. it varies continuously from a flow which is almost symmetrical with respect to the perpendicular to the main flow‐direction, until a stage is reached where a strong unsymmetry is caused by two oblong vortices in a fixed position in the rear of the obstacle (Fig. 1a). But vortices lose their stability when they are very oblong, decomposing into several vortices, and thus giving place to a double row of vortices. Von Karman showed the instability of a symmetrical disposition of two parallel vortex‐rows, explaining why an “antisymmetric” (alternating) pattern of vortices always is found. These antisymmetric vortex‐rows in their turn, for obvious reasons, cannot exist in fixed positions with respect to the obstacle, but must travel downstream. Thus we have here the familiar phenomenon of vortices separating from the body alternately at the sides and giving a perfectly regular pattern of vortex‐filaments, each parallel to the axis of the cylinder (Fig. 1b). At a certain distance downstream from the obstacle they gradually lose their identity, giving place to an irregular, turbulent flow. As Fage and Falkner showed experimentally, this turbulent wake resulting from the disintegration of the double row of vortices shows a three‐dimensional distribution of vorticity and of velocity‐fluctuations in spite of the fact that the double row of vortices itself is, within the accuracy of measurement, a strictly two‐dimensional phenomenon.

The results of investigations of the flow behind cylindrical flow bodies in a flat-type hydrodynamic generator with the degree of flow overlap by the bodies St/S0 = 10–80%, the numbers Re = (0.5–5) × 105, the input pressure Pin = 0.2–1.0 MPa, and the output pressure Pout = 0.1–0.8 MPa. It was obtained that two different types of flow can be implemented behind the flow bodies with the same pressure drop: with a developed cavitation zone in which there is an extensive reduced-pressure region and without it but with the formation of vortex structures in the presence of the origins of cavitation bubbles in them. At a certain value of input to output pressures, which are constant for each value of the degree of flow overlap, at frequencies of 0.5–5 kHz powerful pressure peaks of the resonant type arise with an amplitude exceeding 2–2.5 times the highest value of the input pressure.

Topics in computational fluid mechanics

In this paper, a dynamic model is proposed to quantify the relationship between fluid flow and Cl(-)-selective membrane current in vascular endothelial cells (VECs). It is assumed that the external shear stress would first induce channel deformation in VECs. This deformation could activate the Cl(-) channels on the membrane, thus allowing Cl(-) transport across the membrane. A modified Hodgkin-Huxley model is embedded into our dynamic system to describe the electrophysiological properties of the membrane, such as the Cl(-)-selective membrane current (I), voltage (V) and conductance. Three flow patterns, i. e., steady flow, oscillatory flow, and pulsatile flow, are applied in our simulation studies. When the extracellular Cl(-) concentration is constant, the I-V characteristics predicted by our dynamic model shows strong consistency with the experimental observations. It is also interesting to note that the Cl(-) currents under different flow patterns show some differences, indicating that VECs distinguish among and respond differently to different types of flows. When the extracellular Cl(-) concentration keeps constant or varies slowly with time (i.e. oscillates at 0.02Hz), the convection and diffusion of Cl(-) in extracellular space can be ignored and the Cl(-) current is well captured by the modified Hodgkin-Huxley model alone. However, when the extracellular Cl(-) varies fast (i.e., oscillates at 0.2Hz), the convection and diffusion effect should be considered because the Cl(-) current dynamics is different from the case where the convection-diffusion effect is simply ignored. The proposed dynamic model along with the simulation results could not only provide more insights into the flow-regulated electrophysiological behavior of the cell membrane but also help to reveal new findings in the electrophysiological experimental investigations of VECs in response to dynamic flow and biochemical stimuli.

The unsaturated zone of karst aquifers influences the dynamics and the chemistry of water. Because of a lack of direct access, other than via caves, flows in the aquifer matrix and the smallest conduits remain poorly characterized. The few artificial underground structures in the unsaturated karst provide a rare opportunity to study the variety of flow processes. At the low noise underground research laboratory (Laboratoire Souterrain a Bas Bruit, LSBB) in Rustrel (France), 12 variables (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, major anions and cations, total organic carbon) have been monitored on 12 perennial or temporary flows and leakages over a 10-year period covering contrasting climatic periods. This unique dataset of 1,135 samples has been used to discriminate, identify, and rank the processes associated with the hydrochemical variability of these different types of flows. A principal component analysis and a hierarchical cluster analysis, using mean values and standard deviation of the flow along the principal components, were performed. The results indicate that seasonal variability, mean water residence time, and the depth of acquisition of the chemical characteristics are the main factors of the variability of chemistry at the monitored flow points. Distinguished clusters highlight the great diversity of flows and processes occurring in the fine pathways that may be neighboring the large and structured fractures and conduits. Long-term monitoring with various climatic conditions appears to be a useful tool for assessing this diversity.

In this chapter, studies on basic properties of fluids are conducted. Mathematical and scientific backgrounds that helps sprint well into studies on fluid mechanics is provided. The Reynolds Transport theorem and its derivation is presented. The well-known Conservation laws, Conservation of Mass, Conservation of Momentum and Conservation of Energy, which are the foundation of almost all Engineering mechanics simulation are derived from Reynolds transport theorem and through intuition. The Navier–Stokes equation for incompressible flows are fully derived consequently. To help with the solution of the Navier–Stokes equation, the velocity and pressure terms Navier–Stokes equation are reduced into a vorticity stream function. Classification of basic types of Partial differential equations and their corresponding properties is discussed. Finally, classification of different types of flows and their corresponding characteristics in relation to their corresponding type of PDEs are discussed.

Most existing rheological models for dense granular flow have been calibrated to simple shear flows, although in practice there are numerous different types of flows. One of the key ingredients of any granular rheological model is the flow threshold, i.e., the critical stress state which initiates the flow. In this study, we propose a generalized flow threshold informed by extensive discrete element simulations over a wide range of flow types. We propose a functional form for a generalized yield criterion accounting for the flow type through the third invariant (Lode-angle) of the stress deviator. Moreover, we generalize the conventional μ( I ) form of local rheology to account for flow type dependence as a function of the inertial number.

Groundwater is the main source of freshwater available for human beings and is generally extracted through wells. The objective of this work was to schematize the groundwater flow systems within the Calera Aquifer through 3D geostatistical estimations of hydraulic head and physico-chemical parameters and the integration of hydrogeological features. The evolution of groundwater during its circulation in the subsoil can be done by identifying different types of flow (local, intermediate, regional, or mixed). Two main approaches have been proposed for the identification of flow systems: explaining the evolution of physico-chemical parameters of water through its interaction with the geologic medium, and using cluster analysis; however, these approaches usually do not consider simultaneously the 3D distribution of hydraulic head, water quality parameters, and the geological media that can be useful to delineate converging flow systems with a differentiated origin. In this paper, the determination of groundwater flow systems within the Calera aquifer in Mexico is supported with 3D representations of these hydrogeological variables besides constructive data of the sampled well. For the case study, the convergence of different flow systems that are not identified through a single cluster analysis was actually noticed by the proposal done in this paper.