Experimental Evidence on Attitudes Toward Inequality and Fairness

A number of studies suggest that prevailing narratives about the situation of the poor and vulnerable affect how they are viewed and treated. Theoretically, a potentially powerful way to make host communities more welcoming of climate migrants is to shift the blame for their situation away from the migrants themselves and onto other forces or agents. We present results from a randomized field experiment conducted among long-term residents of host communities in the Satkhira district of Bangladesh that exposed three treatment groups to narratives that shift responsibility for climate migration toward natural forces, Western countries, and local authorities, respectively. Despite statistical power to detect reasonably small effects, we find no positive effects of these narratives on host-community attitudes toward climate migrants. On the contrary, the local authorities treatment had a borderline negative effect on host-community attitudes. Our results suggest caution in attempting to influence attitudes toward migrants through attribution of blame to outside forces or third parties. Such narrative interventions may shift responsibility away from not just migrants but also the treated host-community residents and increase social identification between host-community members relative to outsiders.

Background: Israel is a land of immigration – a multicultural society with a mosaic of different cultures. There are four maim ethnic groups in Israel: "Sabre" (born in Israel), Arabs, Russian, and Ethiopian. The main aim of this article is to present the connection between two main issues: Culture Diversity and the Attitudes of Israeli parents to children with Learning Disability (LD). This article stems from a deep and extensive dissertation research on parents' attitudes toward their child Learning Disability in Israel and it is an outline of the research study. Family: The resilience and strength of the family depend on the social, cultural and personality of the family in general, and parents in particular. The parents play a crucial role in facilitating and maintaining wellness in children with developmental disorders. Learning Disability: Today, in the modern world, in the information era, when processing information skills are necessary in everyday life, Learning Disability turn into a widespread phenomenon. Learning disability is a general term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested in the acquisition and operation of attention, speaking, reading, writing, or mathematical abilities. Within the Hebrew students in Israel (years 2013-2014), 10.10% are diagnosed with learning disability. In summary, due to the fact that Israel is an immigration country, it is vital to research the implication of parents' attitudes toward their child Learning Disability for the wellbeing of the family and the society.

Understanding of the lived experience is an important educational strategy for improving attitudes toward stigmatized patient groups. This study evaluated the influence of a personal story intervention on nursing students' attitudes toward people who use opioids and measured attitudinal change from students' regular mental health and addictions curriculum. This study used a single-group longitudinal design. Stigma outcomes were measured using the Opening Minds Provider Attitudes Toward Opioid Use Scale. Mean scores were analyzed for four time periods: control, social contact intervention, curricular component, and 3-month follow-up. Qualitative feedback also was collected. Stigma scores improved significantly from pre- to postsocial contact intervention. No differences were observed for curricular content, control period, or follow-up. Qualitative findings suggest the personal story was associated with positive student-reported attitudes. Integrating personal story interventions with traditional curriculum elements is a promising educational approach for improving perceptions and behaviors of nursing students toward people who use drugs. [J Nurs Educ. 2022;61(5):264-267.].

How should assistance for refugees be allocated to aid refugees and gain the support of host communities?Host populations often believe they are negatively affected by refugees, yet the scope for assistance to facilitate positive relations and mitigate tension is largely unknown.We conduct a randomized controlled trial to investigate three programs for Ugandan microentrepreneurs that we saliently link to the refugee presence and Uganda's existing aid-sharing policy: canvassing, canvassing accompanied by a cash grant, and mentorship by an experienced refugee.We measure social outcomes, including support for hosting additional refugees and allowing them to work, and economic outcomes, such as business survival and profits, to test whether effective development aid associated with refugees can induce support for inclusive hosting.

Background/Objectives: Adequate hydration is essential for health; however, water consumption behaviors are influenced not only by physiological needs but also by hydration knowledge and perceptions of drinking water quality. Empirical evidence examining these factors in Eastern European populations remains limited. This study aimed to assess hydration knowledge, water consumption patterns, and attitudes toward drinking water quality among adults in Romania, and to examine their associations with daily water intake and water source preferences. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2024 and November 2025 among adults residing in Romania. Data were collected from 165 participants using an anonymous, self-developed, paper-based questionnaire administered in person to adult patients attending routine visits in four primary care clinics in Arad, Romania, using a convenience sampling approach. The questionnaire assessed sociodemographic characteristics, hydration knowledge, water consumption behaviors, and attitudes toward drinking water quality. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation analyses, and multivariable linear and logistic regression models were applied to identify factors associated with daily water intake, adequate hydration (≥2 L/day), and bottled water consumption. Results: Hydration knowledge was moderate overall and was significantly associated with education level and gender. Higher hydration knowledge was positively correlated with daily water intake (r = 0.21, p = 0.006) and was independently associated with higher intake and adequate hydration (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.10–1.49; p = 0.002). Greater trust in tap water was also positively associated with daily intake (r = 0.27, p = 0.001) and adequate hydration (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.12–1.54; p < 0.001). Lower trust in tap water and stronger beliefs regarding bottled water were significant predictors of bottled water use as the primary drinking water source. Education level emerged as a consistent predictor across multiple hydration-related outcomes. Conclusions: Hydration knowledge and perceptions of drinking water quality are key, modifiable factors associated with water consumption behaviors. Educational strategies integrated into primary care and transparent communication regarding tap water safety may support adequate and sustainable hydration among adults.

This paper analyzes the effects of changes in relative commodity prices on the distribution of income among factors of production in the context of two models of a simple, two-good economy. In the first model capital is treated as a specific factor in each industry, with labor mobile between industries. The assumption of specificity determines the direction of factor income changes, with magnitudes depending on substitutability between factors and on intensities of factor use within the two industries. In the second model, capital is viewed as a quasi-fixed factor. For the short run, this model is identical to the model first considered. For the long run, this model is identical to the Stolper-Samuelson model in which the direction and magnitude of factor income changes depend solely on relative factor intensities. The difference between the short-run and long-run determinants of changes in factor incomes gives rise to a conflict between factor owners' short-run and long-run interests.

Measuring Discomfort in Health Research Relative to Everyday Events and Routine Care: An Application to Sexual and Gender Minority Youth

Past decades’ rapid development of technological innovations can ease individual’s everyday lives, but they can also convey a sense of frustration. The aim of the present study was to investigate attitudes toward technologies that are expected to become widespread in the near future. The Technology Readiness Index was administered to a sample of Hungarian respondents to measure the capacity to adopt technologies. The results add significant novelties about the specific patterns related to perceptions of considerably different future technologies, emphasizing the unique role of optimism. Derivations are further specified by demographic characteristics, future directions and practical implications are also discussed.

Purpose Older adults aged ≥ 80 years living alone at home are more likely to experience challenges. Daily life experiences regarding living alone are still limited in the Asian context. This study explored the everyday life experiences of older Chinese residents living alone at home. Research questions included: (1) How do Chinese community-dwelling old people describe everyday life experiences related to living alone? (2) What kind of difficulties and needs do Chinese community-dwelling older people living alone face in everyday lives? (3) How do Chinese community-dwelling older people cope with challenges faced in their everyday lives related to living alone? Methods This was qualitative descriptive research. Purposive sampling was adopted to recruit 13 participants aged 80–92 years of age from communities and one hospital. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data which was analysed by conventional content analysis. Results Three themes were identified: theme 1–difficulty in finding a sense of belonging, theme 2–striving to maintain independence, theme 3–hard to gain a sense of control. Conclusions This study provided novel insights into understanding the difficulties and needs of Chinese older people living alone at home. Three key challenges and associated strategies they used to cope with in daily lives were presented.

This longitudinal evaluation of gender inequalities and economic growth addresses key questions in the evolving debate over the character of gender differentiation and the goals of womens empowerment. These questions include: 1) whether the impact of strategies of economic growth served to enhance or undermine the status of women; 2) whether changes in the status of women were accompanied by significant changes in gender inequality; and 3) the implications for existing debates. Section I reviews several sets of literature pertinent to the questions using three general approaches: modernization-neoclassical women in development and gender and development. Section II presents the data and methods used in the evaluation. The research assessed the contending interpretations reviewed in the first section by combining another set of cross-sectional and longitudinal data on womens status and inequalities between men and women with other existing indicators. Section III discusses the results in the following order: 1) cross-sectional patterns in womens status; 2) trends in womens status; 3) cross-sectional patterns in inequality between men and women; 4) trends in inequality between men and women; and 5) conclusion. Finally section IV presents an overall discussion of the findings of the whole longitudinal evaluation.

Budgeting is a ubiquitous, frequently controversial, and almost always dissatisfying aspect of government. Because it Influences so many decisions and provokes so much debate, budgeting attracts study from a wide variety of perspectives, ranging from welfare economics to public choice, public administration, political science, and political anthropology. Federal budgeting has been especially controversial over the past two decades of partisan war over the unbalanced budget. These battles have provoked a great deal of explanation (Drew, 1996; Gilmour, 1990; Haas, 1990; Hager and Pianin, 1997; Makin and Ornstein, 1994; Maraniss and Weisskopf, 1996; Penner and Abramson, 1988; Schick, 1990; Steuerle, 1991; White and Wildavsky, 1991; Woodward 1994). As a participant in the explanatory effort, have been struck by the extent to which public debate and attitudes seem to proceed not from the insights of academic fields but from a different set of perspectives. The distinction is most evident in attitudes towards budget balance. Although there are macroeconomic arguments for balancing the federal budget, the discipline of economics provides no basis for saying that the difference between and, say, a deficit of one half of one percent of the gross domestic product is very significant. Yet balance per se has great political meaning. James D. Savage (1988) has described the roots of the balanced budget ideal in American politics. His argument about the political values and interests the ideal has served can explain who chooses to manipulate the appeal, but it cannot fully explain the attraction of the balanced budget ideal for apolitical, inattentive citizens. Instead, budget and other values tend to be based on simple principles, such as, I have to my budget so the government should, too. This is a commonsense understanding it operates by considering government budgeting as if it were something closer to everyday experience for most people (thus, common and sensible). Unfortunately, application of what passes for commonsense about federal budgeting almost inevitably leads to disappointment. Governments do not budget the way citizens think individuals or families or business firms do or should. Ironically, only part of the misunderstanding is because government is different; the rest is because the standards applied to government budgeting are not followed *in everyday life, either. This essay will highlight some points about budgeting, especially federal budgeting that are revealed by making the comparison with financial planning for individuals or households carefully, rather dun casually. Both causal explanations and normative conclusions follow from the analysis. My goals am to show that federal budgeting is less alien than it may often seem, to offer a new perspective on some common arguments in academic as well as citizen discourse, and to provide an example that may be used for further discussion of both budgeting and other subjects in public administration. The first section compares budgeting for an individual (or any unit with only one relevant decision maker) and a representative government.(1) One theme involves how individuals' interests aggregate into collective decisions. The common argument that intense minorities force excessive spending by demanding it at the expense of inattentive majorities is basically wrong. But a less common argument about the natural inconsistency of collective as opposed to individual choice provides a basic explanation of the difficulty of deficit reduction. A second theme involves whether standards based on the experience of individuals either make sense for government or can convince individuals to support government action. Will show why the common argument that people must sacrifice for deficit reduction for our grandchildren should not be expected to convince rational individuals to pay. …

BackgroundIncreasing attention has been paid to the ‘voice’ of people living with MCI or dementia, but there is a lack of clarity about how everyday life is exercised, lived, and understood from this insider’s perspective. The current study aimed to explore and identify the everyday life experiences, challenges and facilitators, of home living individuals with MCI and dementia.MethodOur study adopted a scoping review methodology, guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers Manual. Eight databases were searched, resulting in 6345 records, of which 58 papers were included in the review. Only qualitative studies were included, published between 2011 and 2021. Analysis was done by descriptive content analysis.ResultIncluded study characteristics are summarized in Table 1. Our findings were categorized into seven spheres of everyday life: experiences related to the condition, the self, relationships, activities, environment, health and social care, and public opinions [Figure 1, Table 2]. Results show the many disruptions and losses in everyday life and the ways people try to adapt to these changes. Highlighted in every area is the importance of reciprocal relationships and being engaged as citizens in the community in a meaningful way. Included studies showed no differences between groups in the impact on the experience of everyday life, such as between MCI and dementia.ConclusionThis review shows that the change of focus from healthcare to all aspects of everyday life provides insight into the insider’s perspective of people living with dementia. The majority of included studies emphasize the social needs of people living with MCI or dementia. All areas of everyday life seem to be closely intertwined and reflect an socioecological model [1], [2], [3]. Furthermore, perhaps one of the defining aspects of MCI according to the current definition, that symptoms do not interfere with daily life, requires more nuance. More research is needed on factors that promote and impede the sense of reciprocity and belonging, as experienced by people living with MCI and dementia.

ABSTRACTThis article investigates an important misconception about studying accounting among undergraduate hospitality students. Despite the importance of accounting knowledge demanded by the hospitality industry, there is empirical evidence highlighting the poor performance of hospitality students in accounting-based units. These reasons can be attitude related, such as repetitive boring content, or capability related, such as poor numeric skills. To address this research gap, this study adopted the theory of planned behavior as the theoretical framework to elicit hospitality students’ perceptions of studying accounting for a nonaccounting degree. A total of 62 hospitality students participated in the interviews. Results suggest that although students’ attitudes fluctuated throughout their accounting study, positive attitudes were more common than negative attitudes. Perceived difficulties such as the complexity and challenges of complex accounting information can be reduced if the unit is perceived to be interesting and fun and the learning environment involves supportive faculty and classmates.

Property Rights &amp; Attitudes Toward Environmental Regulation: An Empirical Investigation

This second chapter again uses comic strip ‘episodes’ from the club, this time with a focus on how the children regularly drew upon their own experiences of the world as a resource for their play. The notion of ‘everyday experience’ is used as a means of describing instances where the children drew on common, shared or familiar experiences from outside the club. As such, this chapter illuminates how Minecraft Club was densely populated with everyday themes, ideas and experiences. The discussion considers issues of performance, technology and remix, the role played by social humour and the social challenges faced by the group. I suggest that the lived experience of Minecraft Club therefore involves a process of ‘playing with the world’.