Experimental recirculating carbon dioxide refrigeration unit

Suitability of sunflower-hulls-basedturkey litter for on-farm turkey carcass composting.Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le génie des biosystèmes au Canada 54: 6.1-6.8.Environmentally safe disposal of turkey carcasses is vital to a farm's bio security and prevention of disease outbreak.Carcass disposal by on-farm composting is considered a viable mortality management option.In this study, sunflower-hulls-based (SHB) turkey litter was used to examine the suitability of on-farm carcass composting under North Dakota climatic conditions.This study was conducted at a turkey farm in North Dakota, USA.The farm raised four flocks of 35,000 to 40,000 turkeys per flock per year and each flock was approximately six to seven weeks apart in age.The mortality rate for this farm was very low i.e., <1%.The static piles were prepared using a front-end loader.A base layer of 0.30 m was prepared with turkey litter removed from the barns between flocks.One layer of turkey mortalities were placed on top of the base layer and were covered with another 0.30 m layer of litter.In all trials, dead turkey/litter ratio (weight basis) was 1:3.Hobo data loggers were placed at predetermined depths and locations to monitor temperature changes continuously throughout the composting process.Litter samples were collected before, during, and after final composting for determining carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), pH, fibers, electrical conductivity, and moisture content.Compost maturity tests were performed during and following completion of active composting process.Overall, SHB turkey litter was able to sustain temperatures of 55°C for 3-10 days during composting even though pile moisture content and carbon: nitrogen (C:N) ratio were lower than the recommended range of 40-65% and 25-30:1, respectively.A sustained temperature of 55°C is considered enough to destroy most pathogens.However, the normal practice of composting for 40-65 days was not enough to obtain matured compost due to high percentages of fibers such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin content in sunflower hulls.Therefore, the compost mix obtained from a finished pile may be reused for the next pile for complete degradation.Turning of the compost pile can be delayed and water can be added periodically to compensate pile moisture losses, eventually improving degradation of sunflower hulls and carcasses in turkey mortality compost piles.Keywords:

Selected culinary parts of turkey meat were subjected to a differentiated cooking method. The chemical composition and -SH group levels were studied in both raw and cooked turkey meat and indices of nutritive value were determined. The turkey meat was shown to be characterized by a high nutritive value, irrespective of any cooking method. A slightly unfavourable effect was found to be exerted on the nutritive value of meat by microwaves. Fried and roasted meat was characterized by high values of PER (3.1) and BV (83.8). Lower index values were found for microwaved meat [PER (2.8); BV (82.2)].

A systematic study of the effects of heat flux probe design on its thermal characteristics and response is reported. The probe considered consists of a metallic film sensor deposited onto a substrate and covered by a thin protective coating. This study considers the case of a constant temperature sensor mounted in an isothermal wall with the sensor maintained at the wall temperature. A two-dimensional, transient numerical analysis for a dynamic heat flux probe was formulated and results reported. Asymptotic response limits were studied by considering idealised probe models and are presented. A non-dimensional relationship between steady-state heat transfer coefficient and sensor power was determined for a range of material properties for the substrate and coating. The steady-state effective probe area was found to remain essentially constant for a broad range of heat flux provided that the probe materials are chosen properly. Probe sensitivity was found to be dependent on probe design and material properties. The transient analysis demonstrated the effect of probe design on probe response and sensitivity.

This paper reports computational analyses and flow characterization studies in a high enthalpy arc-jet facility at NASA Ames Research Center. These tests were conducted using a wedge model placed in a free jet downstream of new 9-inch diameter conical nozzle in the Ames 60-MW Interaction Heating Facility. Both the nozzle and wedge model were specifically designed for testing in the new Laser-Enhanced Arc-jet Facility. Data were obtained using stagnation calorimeters and wedge models placed downstream of the nozzle exit. Two instrumented wedge calibration plates were used: one water-cooled and the other RCG-coated tile plate. Experimental surveys of arc-jet test flow with pitot and heat flux probes were also performed at three arc-heater conditions, providing assessment of the flow uniformity and valuable data for the flow characterization. The present analysis comprises computational fluid dynamics simulations of the nonequilibrium flowfield in the facility nozzle and test box, including the models tested, and comparisons with the experimental measurements. By taking into account nonuniform total enthalpy and mass flux profiles at the nozzle inlet as well as the expansion waves emanating from the nozzle exit and their effects on the model flowfields, these simulations approximately reproduce the probe survey data and predict the wedge model surface pressure and heat flux measurements.

The meat processing industry has many unfavorable impacts to the environment in Turkey. One of these impacts is wastewater treatment. Meat processing wastewater contains large amounts of proteins, fats, nutrients such as nitrogen, and pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. The high organic and hazardous content of wastewater causes environmental challenges for the flora and fauna in receiving water bodies unless it is treated adequately. Due to these reasons, the treatment process to be implemented should be the least damaging to the environment. In this study, three treatment scenarios that include a UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge bed) reactor (Scenario-1), an advanced oxidation process that includes UV/H2O2 treatment (Scenario-2) and a membrane bioreactor (Scenario-3) have been studied for a meat processor's wastewater treatment plant. For these three scenarios, an environmental impact assessment was undertaken using the Fine-Kinney method. The evaluation results revealed that Scenario-2 has the smallest environmental impact value with 475. Scenario-1 has the highest total environmental impact value as 765. Scenario-3's environmental impact value is 637. According to the evaluation results, the UV/H2O2 process is the most applicable technology for wastewater treatment in Turkey's meat industry.

On the basis of the analytical research the peculiarities of the meat processing enterprises functioning of Ukraine were identified, quantitative and qualitative trends of the meat and meat products market in Ukraine were investigated, factors influencing its development prospects were determined. The article points out that cattle meat production in Ukraine has been declining annually and has been unprofitable for the last 20 years. At the same time, it is proved that the meat industry in Ukraine has significant reserves and great prospects for development, the successful implementation of which is possible only if the negative phenomena and processes in the agricultural sector are overcome. The paper investigates that over the past year, there has been some increase in meat production, with a marked decrease in beef, veal and pork meat production and an increase in poultry meat production. The main problems of the industry and the ways of overcoming them in the current economic conditions are outlined. The main leaders of producers of meat products in Ukraine are highlighted. The dynamics of the poultry population and the production of this type of meat are discussed. The structure of livestock farming by agricultural enterprises and private farms is considered. The dynamics of the structure of meat production in Ukraine by types compared to 2014 and 2018 is provided. The desired market capacity, which could meet the needs of Ukrainians in the rational consumption of meat products, is 3.432 billion tons, but the actual consumption reaches only 2.295 billion tons, which is 66.9 % of the rational indicator. Among the main effective ways of providing market capacity are: increasing the availability of goods by introducing individual assistance to low-income categories of the population; an increase in the consumption of products outside the home, which will necessitate an increase in real wages; elimination in the food markets of non-equivalent product exchange; development of a balanced range of products at meat processing enterprises. Keywords: meat processing companies, meat and meat products market, meat and meat products production, poultry meat, turkey meat.

The article discusses the process of developing a new food product – a multicomponent mixture – and the methods used to determine its nutritional value. In order to create a high-quality product, mathematical calculations were carried out to balance the product’s composition in terms of proteins and essential amino acids, in accordance with the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Through computer modeling, the amino acid composition of the product was repeatedly tested, and a forecast of its actual composition was made. The multicomponent mixture includes various types of grains: rice (35%), buckwheat (20%), oats (20%), and corn (25%). These grains are characterized by their high nutritional and biological value. The article highlights the special attention given to the quality and compatibility of ingredients in the development of this new product. The research results show that the obtained mixture has a balanced nutritional value and can be used as a health-promoting food product. The findings confirm that the multicomponent mixture is enriched with proteins, vitamins, and minerals, significantly increasing its nutritional value. The research shows that the mixture’s composition fully meets the body's essential nutrient requirements, making it promising for widespread use in the food industry.

The radical change in the quality of the processed meat raw materials, which does not meet the standards, calls for the necessity to apply biotechnology methods in order to improve the quality and obtain high nutritional and biological value of manufactured products in compliance with the requirements set for functional food. The use of starter cultures to perform biomodification of cattle by-products makes it possible to provide the rationale for the use of low-value secondary meat raw materials in order to expand the manufacturing range and increase the economic efficiency of meat-processing plants. This article aims to, first, review the approaches towards the development of new forms of biologically complete and environmentally safe sources of raw materials to increase the economic efficiency and reduce costs at meat-processing plants of the agro-industrial complex of the Central Black Earth region and, second, to substantiate the selection and purposefully apply bifidobacteria as part of the consortium for biotransformation of proteins of the rumen of farm animals. As a result of the research, the technology of rumen modification was suggested aimed at its further use as part of meat products, primarily, minced convenience meat products. The article data can be used to develop manufacturing formulas at meat-processing plants and also be useful for process engineers and scientists working in the food industry.

Color and Texture of Ground Turkey Meat Products as Affected by Dried Egg White Solids

Comparing capture–recapture methods for estimation of the size of small and medium-sized populations using empirical data on commercial turkey farms in Canada

Possibility of effective magma degassing into groundwater flow systems beneath Unzen volcanic area, SW Japan, inferred from the evaluation of volcanic gas fluxes using electrical conductivity structures

Multivariate optimization of hyperspectral imaging for adulteration detection of ground beef: Towards the development of generic algorithms to predict adulterated ground beef and for digital sorting

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), an exothermic reaction where hydrogen and carbon monoxide synthesis gas are converted to hydrocarbon products, has been under development since the 1930's. The interest in FTS depends on current and perceived future prices of crude oil but is increasingly viewed as an option for exploiting stranded natural gas. Other advantages of FTS hydrocarbons include the absence of sulphur, nitrogen, heavy metal contaminants, low aromatic content and the ability to produce high value middle distillates/fuels. Current interest is directed towards slurry bubble processes – comprising gas, liquid, and solid phases. Industrial slurry phase FTS reactors may range in size from 6 – 10 m in diameter and upwards of 30 m in height and include multiple internal heat transfer tubes. Such systems offer numerous advantages including high heat transfer rates, good mixing, and ease of online catalyst addition and withdrawal. However, one disadvantage is the complex hydrodynamics associated with slurry bubble columns, which make scale-up difficult. A literature review on heat transfer studies and correlations has been completed focusing on previous experimental setups, the synthesis of the key findings/parameters, and the identification of the necessary criteria required for reactor design and scale-up.The parameters having the most pronounced impact on heat transfer in slurry bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds are the superficial gas velocity and liquid properties such as viscosity and surface tension, which significantly alter the bubble properties and the column hydrodynamics. The effect of particles is poorly understood and is a complex function of particle diameter and concentration. The experimental results and correlations reported here from the majority of studies are dependent upon the equipment and properties of the three phases studied – resulting in very limited applicability to other systems or for scale-up. Other concerns include the use of relatively low gas velocities, ambient temperature and pressure, relatively large particles, and relatively small columns employed in most studies, which are not relevant to industrial operating conditions. Furthermore, studies involving multiple internals were relatively few. Most columns were only equipped with a single tube or small heat flux probe thereby measuring only the local heat transfer and not taking into account the effect on column hydrodynamics of multiple internals. Of these studies only a few tubes were equipped with heaters (that did not run the entire tube length) and heat flux probes while the remaining probes were inactive.

A series of measurements of the plasma boundary parameters have been made on JET using an array of Langmuir probes and heat flux probes. The profiles decay exponentially, with typical e-folding lengths of 30–60 mm for the density and 50–100 mm for the temperature. The cross-field diffusion coefficient estimated from these data is 0.5–1 m2·s−1. Using the particle fluxes and energies, the calculated impurity production is generally consistent with that observed spectroscopically. The measured profiles have also been used to calculate the screening of impurities from the wall due to ionization in the boundary layer. It is found that metals from the wall are ionized in the boundary layer but are likely to be deposited on the limiter from where they will be re-sputtered into the plasma. The light impurities from the wall, such as carbon and oxygen, are not well screened. From the data, estimates of the electric field in the plasma have been made which indicate significant E⃗×B⃗ drifts in the poloidal direction.

Tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) probes are designed to study the interaction of the plasma with material surfaces such as the wall and limiters, and to study the transport of particles and energy between the core and edge. Present probe heads have evolved from prototypes in Princeton large torus (PLT), poloidal divertor experiment (PDX) [Princeton BETA experiment (PBX)], and the initial phase of TFTR operation. The newest heads are capable of making several simultaneous measurements and include Langmuir probes, heat flux probes, magnetic coils, rotating calorimeter fast ion probes, and sample exposure specimens. This paper describes these probe heads and presents some of the data they and their prototypes have acquired. The paper emphasizes measurement of transient plasma effects such as fast ion loss during auxiliary heating, the evolution of the edge plasma during heating, compression, and free expansion, and fluctuations in the edge plasma.