Experimental studies in solid state and low temperature physics. Progress report, 1975

Experimental and theoretical investigations have been carried out in a broad area of low temperature and solid state physics which includes superconductivity, theory of quantum crystals, magnetism in metals, and liquid helium. The pair-field susceptibility of a superconductor has been determined both above and below T/sub c/. Anomalies in the heat capacity in the vicinity of T/sub c/ have been observed in thin superconducting films. The theory of quantum crystals has been applied to the problem of the ground state properties of nucleon matter. The results imply that most of the neutron matter in every neutron star is in the crystalline phase. Enhanced hyperfine nuclear cooling of PrCu/sub 6/ has been used successfully to achieve temperatures to at least 3 mK with slow warmup. Measurements on local moments in metals using nuclear orientation are being carried out at these temperatures. Preliminary results have been obtained in measurements of the differential osmotic pressure in the critical region of /sup 3/He//sup 4/He mixtures. Evidence has been found for surface film superfluidity in mixtures in regions of the phase diagram where the bulk liquid is normal. A new ac technique has been developed to study superfluid flow through fine channels in a manner analogous to the study of I-- V characteristics of superconducting weak links. (auth)

No abstract is available for this article.

When solid state physics emerged in the 1940s, its name was controversial. By the 1970s, some physicists came to prefer “condensed matter” as a way to identify the discipline of physics examining complex matter. Physicists and historians often gloss this transition as a simple rebranding of a problematically named field, but attention to the motives behind these names reveals telling nuances. “Solid state physics” and “condensed matter physics”—along with “materials science,” which also emerged during the Cold War—were named in accordance with ideological commitments about the identity of physics. Historians, therefore, can profitably understand solid state and condensed matter physics as distinct disciplines. Condensed matter, rather than being continuous with solid state physics, should be considered alongside materials science as an outlet for specific frustrations with the way solid state was organized.

Spin-Polarized Electrons in Solid-State Physics

The VUV conferences seriesThe international conferences on vacuum ultraviolet radiation physics started in 1962, and are now being held every third year. VUV-8 took place at Lund University, August 4–8, 1986. VUV-9 will be arranged at the University of Hawaii, USA, August 14–18, 1989, with Prof. C S Fadley as conference chairman. Chairman of the international advisory board for the period 1986–89 is Prof. L Hedin.The theme of the series can be summarized as experimental and theoretical progress in research fields utilizing the interaction of VUV radiation with matter. The topics cover broad areas within atomic and molecular physics, solid state physics and VUV instrumentation. The conferences emphasize interdisciplinary aspects. To these belong common experimental techniques as, e.g., synchrotron radiation instrumentation, and common theoretical foundations for the description of photon interactions with matter.The VUV-8 conferenceThe VUV-8 conference in Lund was attended by 300 participants from 26 countries. An address list of the participants is given at the end of this volume. There were 33 invited papers given as plenary or key-note talks. As many as 229 posters were presented; 49 of them were also given orally. These numbers are typical for the VUV conferences, except for the number of posters, which was unusually large. In the conference planning the poster sessions were stressed, and particular care was taken to provide a good atmosphere at these sessions. Thus the posters were kept up during the whole conference, coffee was served in the hail with the posters and there were convenient places to sit down close to the posters.Considering the wide scope of the conference it was necessary to emphasize a limited number of topics of high current interest and importance. Thus besides traditional topics, several rapidly expanding fields were discussed in special sessions. At VUV-8 there were the following sessions. Theory of atoms and molecules photoabsorption and -ionization of atoms and molecules and related phenomena multiphoton and other dynamical processes plasma physics VUV lasers time resolved spectroscopy instrumentation for VUV radiation synchrotron radiation centres solid state spectroscopy dynamical processes involving localized levels fundamental aspects of photoemission spin-polarized photoemission inverse photoemission semiconductors organic materials adsorbates Proceedings of VUV-8The present volume contains most of the invited papers (28 out of 33). Regarding the contributed papers, over 50 are now being published in regular issues of PHYSICA SCRIPTA. These papers will also appear in a reprint volume, PHYSICA SCRIPTA RS4, which soon will be available. s of invited and contributed papers appeared in three conference volumes as follows: Volume I: Atomic and molecular physics. Instrumentation. Volume II: Solid state physics. Volume III: Post deadline papers. These books have been registered in an international data base and can thus be cited as published documents. Copies may be received from the conference secretary.*AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank our sponsors, which are listed on the following page, the members of the international program committee, and all others who helped in the planning of the program. Above all we like to thank those who worked with the local organization. Due to their dedicated efforts the conference ran very smoothly with a pleasant atmosphere.

The beginning of the 19th century was a remarkable period for culture and science, indeed. Many of Beethoven's great works were performed for the first time, the first asteroids Ceres and Pallas were discovered, Alessandro Volta informed the Royal Society in London about a new source for electrical current, the industrial revolution began with the invention of punch card controlled weaving machines by Jacquard and the appearance of steam engines as power sources for ships or trains, and Alexander von Humboldt travelled and surveyed the New World. At the same time, also the foundations of modern crystallography and solid state science were laid, with the discovery of many metallic elements and, most notably, the first editions of René Just Haüy's “Traité de Minéralogie” in 1801 and the “Traité de Physique” in 1803. On this scale of events, the opening of a small printing shop in lower Manhattan by Charles Wiley in 1807 remained practically unnoticed. However, in the following 200 years not only did solid state physics develop into one of the most active fields in modern science, but also the small printing shop did prosper into one of the largest science publishers worldwide. physica status solidi became part of the Wiley family with the acquisition of VCH in 1996 and, since then, has enjoyed the support and stimulating atmosphere as the largest solid state physics unit within Wiley. Thus, all members of the Editorial Office and all Editors of physica status solidi take great pleasure in congratulating Wiley on the occasion of the 2007 Bicentennial and expressing their best wishes for a prosperous future! Also physica status solidi has continued its growth and positive development under the publishing agreement entered with Wiley in 2002. Thus, the number of submitted and published articles has again increased significantly in the past year, by 20% and 25%, respectively. Among the other notable events in 2006 was the completion of the Physics and Astronomy Backfile Collection, which now provides easy and complete access to more than 300 000 pages published in physica status solidi since the foundation of the journal at www.interscience.wiley.com/backfiles/physics. And last but not least, the Rapid Research Letter section of physica status solidi has just been launched as an independent journal, pss-RRL, complementing pss (a), pss (b), and pss (c) by providing a special service for the fast publication of important new findings in all areas of solid state physics. Please have a look at the home page of the new journal www.pss-rapid.com for further details. As this year comes to an end, I would like to express my sincere thanks to our authors, referees, readers, and everybody involved in editing and producing physica status solidi for their continued interest, valuable contributions, and dedication. Good luck and all the best for 2007! And once again: Happy 200th anniversary, Wiley! Garching, December 2006

pss Rapid Research Letters – the fastest peer‐reviewed publication medium in solid state physics

Contrary to the overall trend in the worldwide economy, 2009 actually has turned out a good year for the physica status solidi journal series. With more than 10.000 published pages, pss (a), pss (b), pss (c), and pss (RRL) continue to be major players on the stage of journals covering the entire broad spectrum of solid state physics. While more and more highly specialized journals appear on the market, the broad scope of physica status solidi constitutes an opportunity and a challenge at the same time: An opportunity for those who from time to time look across the borders of their own field of specialization and become interested in and are inspired by seemingly unrelated results of colleagues in other fields. A challenge, because the organization of a high quality peer review process for a broad range of topics requires a much larger base of knowledgeable referees and puts a higher demand on the Editorial Boards and the editorial staff. Although we at physica status solidi are certainly not perfect, I am confident that we have done a pretty good job here again in 2009. This is reflected by the continuously increasing Impact Factor of the ISI-listed pss journals (see figure), as well as by the large number of accesses and downloads on the internet. We are particularly proud of the fact that the first official Impact Factor of the youngest member in the pss family, the Rapid Research Letters, is higher than 2. This is definitely a good start and motivates us to further develop the unique profile of pss (RRL) as the fastest peer-reviewed journal in solid state physics. To give you an idea of the broad range of topics covered by the various journals of the pss series, below please find a list [1–16] of highly cited, respectively downloaded, or otherwise outstanding articles published in 2008/2009. They reflect the many scientific facets of modern solid state physics: solar cells, carbon-based materials, spin physics and magnetism, nanotechnology, electronic devices, solid state theory, ferroelectricity, auxetic materials, photocatalysis, organic/inorganic hybrid systems, etc., etc. This ‘Best of pss’ collection can also be reached through the materials science portal of Wiley-VCH materialsviews.com, and all articles are freely accessible until June. If you have a couple of minutes or – even better – an hour, just browse through this list and enjoy! My best personal wishes and thanks go to all our contributors, readers, referees, my fellow Editors, and the dedicated staff of the Editorial Office in Berlin. May 2010 be a good year for all of you!

The impact of oxygen in silicon substrates and the formation of oxide precipitates have been widely investigated in the past, because of deleterious electrical recombination and their impact on yield [1]. The presence of oxygen can also be beneficial, with the so-called internal gettering effect by oxygen precipitates. More recently, researchers pointed out the role of interstitial oxygen on the formation of slip lines and dislocations [1-2]. The impact of interstitial oxygen during thermal treatments has to be distinguished from the one of oxygen precipitates for a better understanding of various phenomena [3]. We show in this paper the combined impact of features such as interstitial oxygen, thermal processes and innovating SOI substrates on slip-line generation after complex device fabrication process flows.We have investigated different kinds of silicon and SOI substrates (with silicon obtained with the Czochralski method) that were submitted to different thermal treatments during a specific 65nm process flow targeting Radio-Frequency devices. We have worked on 300mm patterned and blanket wafers and focused notably on a last stressing oxidizing anneal step used for gate oxide formation. One type of SOI substrates had a poly-silicon layer beneath the buried oxide (named SOI Trap-Rich) specifically for RF applications [4]. We have used two kinds of processes, low and high temperature, in Rapid Thermal Oxidation (RTO) tools. Slip-line counts and cumulated lengths were monitored on blanket SOI and Si wafers after main anneal steps and gate oxide RTO, using a Pattern Wafer Geometry (PWG) tool (figure 1). The post-nitridation anneal for gate oxide formation was performed at temperature above 1000°C in single wafer tools. On Si and SOI with 70nm-thick Si layers, no slip-lines were detected using Process-Of-Record conditions (whatever the process temperature). Meanwhile, high temperatures and above all extreme edge offset temperatures (usually used in single wafer reactors to have processes as uniform as possible) resulted in higher slip-line counts and cumulated lengths on the wafers back-sides. On SOI with TR layers, slip-lines were detected whatever the conditions, although they were less numerous with a low temperature and optimized process.Differences for wafers processed at the same time highlighted the influence of several parameters: the thermal history evidenced by wafer-to-wafer variability for SOI wafers with a Trap-rich layer underneath, the stack (SOI type and nature) and the process temperature used during previous oxidation steps. A typical map obtained by the PWG is shown in Figure 2 [5]. Meanwhile, Figure 3 shows a macro Photoluminescence mapping of a blanket Silicon wafer, pointing out the electrical activity of planar defects at the wafer edges (non-radiative recombination on dislocations). A direct relationship was found between the slip-line origin and contact points coming from ring supports at wafers’ back-side (the origins of slip lines). Figure 4 shows the relationship between the oxygen concentration in bulk Si and the silicon handles of SOI substrates, the slip-line counts and wafer warp. Based on this trend, we have also statistically confirmed on patterned wafers processed in a 65nm RF flow, the direct relationship between substrate deformation, low oxygen concentration in the Si handle (lower at wafer edge in agreement with slip line formation) and lithography overlay (OVL) measurements. When OVL exceeded a certain value, residuals (i.e. misalignments due to shifts between patterns which are symbolized by vectors) could not be corrected any more. It is typically what we have on SOI TR substrates with an extreme offset temperature (intentionally too high). An OVL signature out of our range of specifications is shown in Figure 5 on a patterned wafer processed up to gate oxide level. High numbers of slip lines result in OVL over detection. Meanwhile, wafer deformations and more precisely stresses that are too high increase OVL residuals. Above a given threshold, the built-in stress in the wafer is so high that slip lines are nucleated at the wafer edges to minimize the elastic energy. Above a second threshold, the wafer deformation is irreversible. Finally, the relationship between OVL and electrical failure is not straightforward and more often the consequence of mixed parameters such as substrate composition and nature, annealing steps and etching during Shallow Trench Isolation or gate oxide definition.[1] J. Fujise et al, Japanese J. of Applied Physics, 57 (035501) 2018[2] J. Fujise et al, J. Solid State Science and Techn., 9 (055012) 2020[3] G. Kissinger et al, J. Solid State Science and Techn., 8 (N79) 2019[4] B.K. Esfeh et al, Solid State Electronics, 128 (121) 2017[5] V. Brouzet et al, ASMC conference, april 2019 Figure 1

Dear Colleagues and Friends,on behalf of the Publishers, the Editorial Office, and the Editors of physica status solidi we wish you all the best for the coming year 2006! It is our sincere hope that your personal and professional experience with our journal has been a positive one and that you will continue to choose physica status solidi for the publication of your scientific findings in solid state physics also in the future.In doing so, you will be in increasingly good company! As a matter of fact, 2005 has been a year of exceptional growth in the number of manuscripts submitted to physica status solidi . Thus, the number of Original Papers which have reached our Editorial Office in Berlin has increased by as much as 30% compared to the long term average over the last ten years. For the Rapid Research Letter section, the corresponding increase has been even more impressive: more than +100% just in the last two years. We view this development as a confirmation of our longstanding efforts to ensure a timely publication service of high scientific quality. One relevant indicator for the high scientific standards expected from articles which are submitted for publication in physica status solidi is the average acceptance rate, which currently is less than 40%. This rate has continuously decreased from a value of about 60% ten years ago and bears witness to our efforts to strive for quality rather than quantity.Also, physica status solidi has been able to continue its long tradition as a truly international journal, despite of the strong competition in an established field such as solid state physics. In 2005, submitted papers have originated almost equally from the Americas, Europe, and Asia, with a clearly growing contribution from China, India, and Japan. We are actively working together with our international Editorial Boards and the Regional Editors to maintain a reasonable balance among papers from different parts of the world. The increasing international visibility of physica status solidi is impressively documented by the ever rising numbers of article downloads via the internet: on the average, each of the 2000 articles published annually in physica status solidi is presently accessed about 100 times via the www.Finally, let me mention some other recent developments, which are not so directly visible from the outside. Thus, a new all electronic publishing system has become operative in our Berlin Editorial Office in 2005, which allows a more efficient and timely handling of manuscripts from submission to publication (www.manuscriptXpress.com) and is particularly valuable for the editing of conference proceedings (conferences.wiley‐vch.de). In addition, the functionality of the journal within the Wiley InterScience website has been enhanced by new features such as Citation Tracking. Together with the ongoing digitization of all physica status solidi issues since the 1960s, which is expected to be complete in 2006, this makes the physica status solidi homepage at Wiley InterScience a very valuable tool for literature search in solid state physics, past and present. Try it out at www.interscience.wiley.com!All of us from physica status solidi would like to convey to you our very best wishes for good health and success in the coming year 2006!

The annual conference on solid state physics organized by the Solid State Physics Sub-committee of the Institute and Society was held this year on 4–7 January at the Manchester College of Science and Technology. The extensive facilities available at Manchester enabled all applicants to be accommodated, and about 400 people attended. Most aspects of solid state physics and some properties of liquids were covered by 140 contributed papers distributed over 25 sessions.

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES IN SOLID STATE AND LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS. Annual Progress Report, 1969.

Manuel Cardona 7 September 1934–2 July 2014

Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Guests, Dear Colleagues On behalf of the main organizers of the Conference, who are the Physical Section of the Union of Czech Mathematicians and Physicists and The Institute of Physics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, I would like to express our delight to have you here: not only prominent physicists and those who have the chance to become prominent in due time, but also all others whose work makes an original contribution to the very broad and rich area called Condensed Matter Physics. Each field of Physics surely has its characteristic style and features. The present experimental High Energy Physics, e.g., in attacking without any doubt the most fundamental problems concerning matter and the interactions that govern its world, tends to use big installations and large groups of people try to accomplish relatively few large-scale experiments addressing well defined questions and unifying thus the activities into one impressive flow. On the other hand the solid state or Condensed Matter Physics exhibits rather diferent features. Here many parallel strugglings do exist, an immense plurality in views and approaches, large number of apparently independent experiments, models and theoretical concepts which implies a big amount of contributions and discoveries whose importance is hardly predictable in advance. Nobody is usually able to anticipate when and at which place a breakthrough will appear and what its implication may be for other developments. In this way we may view the progress in the CMP rather as accomplished by many quasi-independent parallel steps loosely corresponding to a mosaic picture in which every stone—large or small—finds its irreplaceable position. Very like as in our life to whose present standard CMP has contributed so much. If you agree with this overall characteristics allow me to say a few words to illustrate by some examples about the Czechoslovak contribution to the development of CMP. During the Second World War the Czech Universities were closed and one of the consequences was that the post-war onset of modern CMP era was considerably delayed in Czechoslovakia compared to other developed European or Oversea countries. In spite of this the level based on former tradition of physics here was sufficient to react quickly to new stimuli from outside. Otherwise it is hard to explain that a one-year-stay of the late Zdeněk Matyas with Sir Neville Francis Mott in Bristol, 1946–47, was sufficient to quickly initiate the Prague School of Solid State Theory, and to stimulate widespread activities in Solid State Physics in the early 50s, which has been appreciated everywhere. Let me mention some of the main protagonists: Jan Tauc, founder of the Czechoslovak Semiconductor Physics, recognized for his pioneering work on Photovoltaic Effects, Amorphous Semiconductors and Optical Properties of Semiconductors, since 1970 professor of the Brown University (USA), now present at the Conference; the late Zdeněk Trousil, outstanding technologist who independently discovered and realized zone melting method for rafination of very pure germanium; the solid state theorists Emil Antoncik, Professor of the University at Aarhus (Denmark), and Bedřich Velický, both present at the Conference, the latter one as the Program Chairman; in magnetism Lubos Valenta fundamentally contributed to the theory of spontaneous magnetization in thin films and later stimulated the research in actinide magnetism that has been successfully developed in this country; Jan Kaczer in his systematic study of magnetic domains was first to observe the cylindrical domains that later become bubbles. And, of course, Zdeněk Frait with his perfect Ferromagnetic Resonance experiments in metals and metallic thin films. All three are present here. The modern computer-aided method for studying crystal structures were pushed forward by the late Alan Linek; the research of dielectric and ferroelectric crystal connected with the names of Vaclav Janovec, Jan Fousek, Jan Arend and Vladimir Dvořak, the last one being appreciated mostly by his original contribution to the theory of modulated (in particular incommensurable) structures and related phase transitions. And last but not least the contribution of Frantisek Kroupa to the theory of mechanical properties of solids. Most of these contributions were accomplished during the fifties and sixties. As the people I have mentioned were active in Prague, both in the Institutes of the Academy and at the Charles University, I have to fill out this incomplete enumeration stating that almost simultaneously similar activities appeared also in other cities, as Brno, Bratislava, Kosice and a few others, both Czech and Slovak creating so the Czechoslovak tradition in this field. Let me add, that many physicists, who started work in Czechoslovakia as students or post doctoral fellows emigrated during the Communist era and developed into generally recognized personalities in CMP. We are glad that most of them grasped the opportunity to come and attend this conference. Besides Professors Tauc and Antoncik, I am glad to welcome here Professor Arend (Switzerland), Dr Dorda (FRG), Professors Gerber, Jaros and Mathon (UK), Professor Kunc (France) and others who may be present. Czeckoslovak physicists were also active in the preparation of the European Physical Society. The representative of the Physics Section of our Union, Dr Plajner, was among those, who signed its charter and this act commenced good relations, and further fruitful cooperation between EPS and our Section which helped us in our isolation under the past Communist regime; and to feel, at least in a limited way, the European appurtenance. An important event along this line was the organization of the 6th EPS General Conference in Prague in 1984. Even more, we value the fact that this 12th GC of EPS Condensed Matter Division, entrusted to our hands still in the time of totality, may be held under entirely new external conditions. They are not without difficulties but with much more clear perspectives. I wish that all of you who have honoured us by attending this conference not only gain the maximum benefit from the presented contributions and high level discussions, but also gain favourable impressions of our City, its cultural life and historical monuments and — if I may express it thus — useful personal and professional contacts with our physicists.

A group ofatoms bound together by interatomic forces is called an atomic cluster (AC). There is no qualitative distinction between small ACs and molecules. However, as the number of atoms in the system increases, ACs acquire more and more specific properties making them unique physical objects different from both si,ngle molecules and from the solid state. In nature, there are many different types ofAC: van der Waals ACs, metallic ACs, fullerenes, molecular, semiconductor, mixed ACs, and their shapes can depart considerably from the common spherical form: arborescent, linear, spirals, etc. Usually, one can distinguish between different types ofACs by the nature ofthe forces between the atoms, or by the principles of spatial organization within the ACs. ACs can exist in all forms ofmatter: solid state, liquid, gases and plasmas. The novelty ofAC physics arises mostly from the fact that AC properties explain the transition from single atoms or molecules to the solid state. Modern experimental techniques have made it possible to study this transition. Byincreasing the AC size, one can observe the emergence ofthe physical features in the system, such as plasmon excitations, electron conduction band formation, superconductivityand superfluidity, phase transitions, fission and many more. Most of these many-body phenomena exist in solid state but are absent for single atoms. Below we briefly summarize various aspects of AC physics, which to our mind make it an attractive field of research: (i) ACs provide a small, self-contained 'laboratory' in which the major interactions and many-body effects present also in solids can be analysed and studied as a function of their size; (ii) ACs straddle the limit between microscopic and quasi-classical systems, so they can be used to probe the boundary between quantum mechanics and semi-classical systems; (iii) ACs are the appropriate physical objects for studying statistical and thermodynamic laws in nanoscale systems, both classical and quantum; (iv) Small ACs are tractable computationally by ab initio methods; (v) ACs can be made and observed in the laboratory by using modern beam or deposition techniques; (vi) ACs provide new examples of many-body forces in a regime which is different from those of atomic, nuclear or solid-state physics, but is related to all of them; (vii) ACs can serve as building blocks for new forms of matter, the formation ofAC-based molecules and new materials; (vii) ACs are of similar size to nanoscale devices, and so their physics is closely related to the physics ofvery small devices, in which quantum effects begin to appear, such as must occur when one wishes to make smaller and smaller chips for microcomputers. The science ofACs is a highly interdisciplinary field. ACs concern astrophysicists, atomic and molecular physicists, chemists, molecular biologists, solid-state physicists, nuclear physicists, plasma physicists, technologists all of whom see them as a branch oftheir subjects but AC physics is a new subject in its own right. This becomes clear after a briefstudy ofthe problems which