Expert System in Periodontal Diseases Diagnosis Using the Certainty Factor Method

Oral health at a tipping point

Health is one of the basic human needs of many people who pay little attention to health, especially in dental and oral health because dental and oral diseases can attack anyone and at any time. Therefore, the need for fast and precise information from a dentist is needed according to the symptoms of the disease experienced by the patient. There are many factors that make it rare for someone to do an examination and consult a dentist, including a lack of attention or awareness of dental and oral health, the high costs that must be spent for consultations, long queues that make patients uncomfortable waiting. The existence of information system technology is very influential on the progress of the Assalam Dental Clinic. Using the Expert System Certainty Factor Method and the ADDIE model helps doctors recognize the types of dental disease experienced by patients online. The Certainty Factor method is a method for proving whether a fact is certain or uncertain in the form of a metric which is usually used in expert systems. While the Analysis Design Develop Implement Evaluate (ADDIE) model is one of the systematic learning design models, this model is developed or arranged programmatically. The results of the research based on the calculations that have been carried out by means of a combination get the results of dental disease diagnoses with a high percentage level.

Kidney disease is a prevalent health issue affecting millions of people globally. Early and accurate diagnosis of kidney diseases can help in the timely and effective management of the condition. Expert systems, such as those using the Certainty Factor (CF) method, can provide doctors with valuable assistance in diagnosing kidney diseases more efficiently and accurately. This study aims to develop a kidney disease diagnosis expert system using the CF method. The developed system consists of data collection, data storage, and data processing components, with the CF method used to calculate diagnostic confidence levels and decision-making based on predetermined rules. The knowledge acquisition process was carried out by interviewing three nephrologists to obtain rules for diagnosing kidney diseases. The expert system's evaluation is conducted by comparing the system's diagnostic accuracy with a specialist doctors. The results show that the developed expert system has an accuracy rate of 85.7% in diagnosing kidney diseases. The system also has a user-friendly interface, which allows doctors to input symptoms and obtain a diagnosis quickly and accurately. The developed system has several advantages over traditional diagnosis methods. It can diagnose multiple kidney diseases simultaneously and provide a differential diagnosis, allowing doctors to choose the most appropriate treatment plan for their patients. The system also has the potential to reduce diagnostic errors and improve patient outcomes.

The management of complex neurological diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) requires accurate and efficient diagnostic approaches. To enhance diagnostic precision, a study has conducted a comparison between two approaches within the framework of an expert system, namely the Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) Method and the Certainty Factor (CF) Method. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of these two methods in supporting the diagnosis process of Multiple Sclerosis. The Case-Based Reasoning Method is an approach that relies on past experiences to address new issues. Within an expert system, CBR utilizes knowledge from previous cases to identify diagnoses that align with the current situation. On the other hand, the Certainty Factor Method is an approach that measures the confidence level in a statement based on rules and associated confidence factors. This study makes use of a dataset containing information from previous cases related to the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. By employing both of these methods, an expert system is developed to provide diagnostic recommendations based on inputted symptoms and data. The effectiveness of both approaches is evaluated through diagnostic accuracy, computational speed, and confidence levels in the generated results. Research findings indicate that both methods have their respective strengths and weaknesses. The CBR method tends to yield accurate results by referring to similar cases in the past, but it may encounter challenges in unique or rare cases. On the other hand, the Certainty Factor Method has the ability to handle uncertainty and can produce results with measurable confidence levels. However, dependence on predefined rules may limit adaptation to new cases. In conclusion, this study underscores that there is no singular perfect approach within expert systems for diagnosing Multiple Sclerosis. Both the CBR and Certainty Factor methods contribute in their own ways to improving accuracy and confidence in the diagnosis process. Therefore, integrating these two methods could be a promising direction for the development of expert systems in the future.

An expert system is a system that adopts the expertise of an expert in a particular field into the system. Rabbits are one of the animals that are close to humans and have high body adaptability. However, rabbits are not free from the threat of disease. Treatment requires more costs so we need a way to find out the disease and the solution so that we can take the necessary actions. To overcome this, an expertise media was created that can be accessed by rabbit owners online using the Forward Chaining and Certainty Factor methods. The expert system must be able to work under uncertainty, so the Forward Chaining (FC) and Certainty Factor (CF) methods were added to overcome this problem. Forward Chaining is a decision making method that is commonly used in expert systems and the Certainty factor method is a method to prove the uncertainty of an expert's thinking. The system diagnosis results display possible diseases suffered by rabbits and provide treatment solutions for diseases with the largest CF values. With the calculation results, the level of confidence information based on the table is Definitely Yes. The accuracy of the system output is proven from the results of system validity with experts.

Dental caries and periodontal diseases have historically been considered the most important part of the global burden of oral diseases. At present, the distribution and severity of oral diseases vary in different parts of the world and within the same country or region. Dental caries is still a major public health problem in most industrialized countries, affecting 60-90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults. It is also a prevalent oral disease in several Asian and Latin American countries, while it appears to be less common and less severe in most African countries. It is expected, however, that the incidence of dental caries will increase in the near future in many developing countries of Africa, as a result of growing consumption of sugars and inadequate exposure to fluorides. The significant role of socio-behavioural and environmental factors in oral disease and health is demonstrated in a large number of epidemiological surveys. The current pattern of dental caries reflects primarily distinct risk profiles across countries (related to living conditions, lifestyles and environmental factors) and the implementation of preventive oral health systems. In some industrialized countries there has been a positive trend in the reduction of tooth loss among adults in recent years, though the proportion of edentulous persons in the elderly population is still high in some countries. In most developing countries, access to oral health services is limited and teeth are often left untreated or are extracted because of pain or discomfort. Tooth loss and impaired oral function are therefore expected to increase as a public health problem in many developing countries. Tooth loss in adult life may also be attributable to poor periodontal health. Severe periodontitis, which may result in tooth loss, is found in 5-15% of most populations. In industrialized countries, studies show that tobacco use is a major risk factor for adult periodontal disease. With the growing consumption of tobacco in many developing countries, the risk of periodontal disease and tooth loss may therefore increase. Oral cancer is closely related to the use of tobacco and excessive consumption of alcohol. The prevalence of oral cancer is particularly high among men, and is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. In south and central Asia, consumption of tobacco in various forms is particularly high, and cancer of the oral cavity ranks among the three most common types of cancer. Periodontal disease and tooth loss are also related to chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus: the growing incidence of diabetes may further impact negatively on oral health of people in several developing countries. …

Dental and oral disease is a disease that affects all age groups, both in children and adults, including the elderly. One of the health problems in the elderly is dental caries and periodontal disease. Dental and oral disease is a problem in Indonesia based on the 2004 Household Health Survey (SKRT), the prevalence rate of dental caries in Indonesia reached 90.05%. In a study, it was stated that periodontal disease can increase the risk of stroke by more than 50% at the age of 25-54 years, this is because bacteria in periodontal disease enter the blood vessels and follow the flow of capillaries to the brain. Other studies show that 95% of people over 65 years old have periodontal disease, and 70% of elderly people need periodontal care [1]. Efforts are made to overcome the problem of dental and oral diseases in the elderly by approaching health workers and dentists about the importance of dental and oral health. This can also be done by the formation of dental and oral health cadres who play a role in monitoring the dental health of the elderly in the activities of the elderly Posyandu [2]. Padangsari Village, Banyumanik District has an Elderly Posyandu which every month routinely carries out Elderly Posyandu activities with activities including routine general health checks, including blood pressure checks, uric acid checks, blood sugar checks, but for dental health, especially periondontal tissue, routinely has not been carried out. Dental examinations need to be done regularly in the elderly because one of the symptoms that arise in degenerative diseases can be monitored through the oral cavity. The general purpose of this study is to detect diseases that can manifest through the oral cavity through examinations, education in improving dental health maintenance and providing care needs to the elderly group in Padangsari Banyumanik Village, Semarang City. The results showed that, based on the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test on calculus scores before and after treatment in the elderly (N = 60), the values of Z = –6,751 and p = 0.000 (p < 0.05) were obtained. These results show that there is a very significant difference between the score before and after treatment. All respondents experienced a decrease in calculus scores after treatment, which indicated a positive effect of the intervention given.

Covid-19 is a new type of virus that is currently a pandemic in almost all countries. The limitations of experts for diagnosis and recommending rapid action to patients who are diagnosed positively, as well as the limitations of the expert area in the environment wh ere the Covid-19 outbreak occurred. This expert system aims as an early diagnosis system for Covid-19 so that patients can receive treatment immediately, and help stop the wider spread of the virus. Using predetermined parameters and there is also a system that can later make it easier for users to find out the diagnosis of Covid-19 caused by the coronavirus. The method used for this expert system research is Certainty Factor (CF). This method aims to showed how much the confidence value is based on the clinical parameters given by MYCI. The advantage of the Certainty Factor method is that it can be measured something that is certain or uncertain. And to maintain accuracy, Certainty Factor can only process two data. The Expert System uses the Certainty Factor (CF) method to diagnose Covid-19 disease, starting with the collection of symptom data and giving confidence values by the expert on each symptom, then the symptom data input stage from the user and the system will calculate based on the Certainty Factor rule, multiplying the weight value namely user CF and expert CF, combining the results of the multiplication of each symptom, so that a percentage of confidence is obtained as the final diagnosis result. After calculating the accuracy test of the 3 rule system with 99% positive Covid-19 results, 48% most likely Covid-19 and 29% negative Covid-19.

Valuing oral health: Accomplishments and challenges

Racial minority groups and adults with functional disabilities (FDs) disproportionally experience periodontal diseases. However, little is known about the interactions of these two characteristics in disease prevalence. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between FDs and periodontal experiences, and to identify whether race has a particular influence on this relationship. Data were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012, in a representative sample of adults aged 30 years and older. FDs were defined as experiencing limitations in activities of daily living. The weighted logistic regression models were performed using SAS software. The incidence of FDs was associated with a poor self-rated perception of teeth and gum health, gum disease, bone loss, and loss of teeth. The racial minority groups with FDs were more likely to report poor teeth and gum health, loose teeth, and a history of gum disease treatment. Mexican Americans with FDs reported poor teeth and gum health, gum disease, and had been previously treated for gum disease. African Americans with FDs were more likely to be diagnosed with bone loss and loose teeth. Racial minority groups with FDs were more likely to be associated with periodontal disease and poor oral health. To improve oral health, access to dental care among minority populations is important, particularly for people with FDs in community settings. Dentists should reach out to these underrepresented groups to address their oral health needs.

Student health directly affects the quality of learning and academic achievement. When sleep patterns and daily routines become irregular, students face a higher probability of developing health-related problems. To address this issue, a web-based expert system was designed and developed to detect student health risks based on sleep patterns and daily activities, applying the Certainty Factor (CF) method, with a case study conducted at STIE BPKP. The Certainty Factor method was used to quantify the degree of confidence in a particular health risk by combining symptom data selected by users with certainty weights assigned by domain experts. The system was built as a web application featuring three core functions: symptom data input, diagnostic processing, and output presentation in the form of health risk levels along with actionable recommendations. Functional testing was carried out to verify that each module operated correctly and that diagnostic outputs aligned with the expected Certainty Factor calculations. Findings from this study confirm that the expert system successfully assists students in assessing their health risk levels in a fast and accessible manner. Beyond individual use, the system also serves as a supporting instrument for academic institutions seeking to strengthen health awareness programs among their student population. As a result, this expert system holds practical value as an early-warning tool for student health risk detection.

Depression is a growing mental health concern among university students, often fueled by academic pressure, social demands, and personal stress. This study presents the development of an expert system using the Certainty Factor (CF) method to diagnose depression specifically among students at Ngudi Waluyo University. The system categorizes depression into mild, moderate, and severe levels based on 12 validated symptom statements and expert-defined diagnostic rules. Implemented with PHP, JavaScript, and CSS, the system offers a user-friendly, accessible, and anonymous platform for self-assessment. Testing yielded an accuracy rate of up to 79% in diagnosing depression severity and a 71.7% user satisfaction rate based on a User Acceptance Test (UAT) involving 32 students. Results demonstrate that the system can effectively support early detection and mental health awareness within academic environments. Despite some limitations in UI and feedback depth, the expert system shows strong potential for broader application and further enhancement.

Dental and oral health of children in Indonesia is still a problem which is dominated by dental caries and periodontal disease. It is very important to pay attention to the teeth and mouth, otherwise there will be infection and damage to the teeth. Tooth decay in children is also the number one dental problem that occurs among children. The most influential factor in these two diseases is the behavioral factor. Therefore, education about dental and oral health is needed to avoid dental and oral diseases. Through the outreach program, it is hoped that it can increase knowledge and raise awareness of the importance of maintaining dental and oral health and be able to participate actively in improving self-pet efforts. During the Covid-19 pandemic, one must pay attention to dental and oral health. One way to provide education is with an online approach. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the effectiveness of online and offline education. This type of research is experimental with a pre-test and post-test group design. Samples were taken by purposive sampling method with a total sample of 250 people. Univariate analysis with N-Gain test, bivariate analysis was performed with Wilcoxon test. The results of this study were equally effective both online and offline with p 0.05Keywords: education ; dental health ; online; offline

BackgroundSocioeconomic inequalities in oral health are established. However, the influence of neighbourhood-level socioeconomic factors on the oral health of older people is not well-established. We investigated both objective and perceived...

H ealth-conscious baby boomers woke up to specter of gum disease a little more than a decade ago, when even characters in Doonesbury comic strip started worrying about it. Periodontal disease gives people long-in-the-tooth look associated with advancing age. Appearances may be least of boomers' concerns, however. Medical researchers view gum disease as a clue to serious health problems elsewhere in body. It's not surprising that poor health in one part of body can affect other parts. After all, young children learn that thighbone's connected to hipbone, hipbone's connected to backbone, and that links end with headbone. Yet family doctors have considered teeth and gums as primarily dentist's domain, while dentists have traditionally viewed anything beyond mouth as M.D.'s territory. Exploring links between oral health and overall well-being has led researchers to challenge myth of the independence of parts, says dental researcher Robert J. Genco of State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo. Gum infections may both stem from and cause health problems in distant regions of body. Several teams of scientists are investigating ties between periodontal infections and systemic disorders such as osteoporosis and heart disease. Traditionally, people have considered [periodontal disease] to be a low-grade infection that was pretty self-limiting, says periodontist Steven Offenbacher of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. But there's more at risk here than people's teeth. connection between oral health and overall health may have far-reaching implications. About 60 percent of people in United States over age 12 have some gum disease, according to American Academy of Periodontology. Because teeth are rooted in bone, researchers anticipate a close link between health of jawbones and general bone strength, which deteriorates in older people. most well known consequence of fragile bones is a broken hip. Less obviously, weakened jawbones may be more susceptible to attack from bacteria that cause gum disease, says epidemiologist Jean Wactawski-Wende of SUNY-Buffalo. The weaker your bones are, more likely you are to have tooth loss, she says. It does make intuitive sense.