Exploring Elementary Teachers' Confidence and Anxiety in Data-Based Decision-Making

The importance of teacher performance in improving achievement to determine the quality of education and school performance, This study is an Exploratory Sequential mixed method design study. aims to influence leadership, work motivation, and organizational culture on teacher performance and achievement, both partially and simultaneously with Exploratory Sequential Design . This approach combines qualitative and quantitative methods, starting with an in-depth exploration of the factors that influence the effectiveness of teacher work performance, followed by testing the quantitative model. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 3 Numfor Barat in a remote area. To achieve the objectives of this study, the researcher applied Exploratory Sequential mixed method design research with a case study approach . In the qualitative stage, the research data was collected through observation, in-depth interviews with 1 head of educational unit and 10 subject teachers, and document analysis to identify needs, challenges, and best practices in management. The research data was processed through the stages of data collection, data presentation, data reduction, and data conclusion drawing. To ensure the validity of the research data, the researcher conducted data confirmation and credibility by involving the Education Office for the development of educational resources and school supervisors. The results of the study indicate that: (1) the teacher training management model in improving work performance that has been implemented in remote areas consists of the planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating stages. (2) The function of the teacher training management model in improving work performance that has been implemented in remote areas runs effectively and efficiently. The results of this study provide important information for the government, school supervisors, principals and teachers. leadership, work motivation, and organizational culture simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on teacher work performance.

Turkish Primary School Teachers’ Perception of Personal and Occupational Efficacy

Background and Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the metacognitive reading strategies used by low and high proficiency Form Three ESL (English as Second Language) students and highlight suitable strategies that can be exposed to the low proficiency students.
 
 Methodology: To serve the purpose of this research, an explanatory sequential mixed method design was used. As for the sampling, purposive sampling was employed in this study. The respondents were drawn from two Form Three classes in the selected secondary school in Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia. There were twenty-four boys and thirty-six girls. They were all fifteen years old and represented three main ethnic groups which are Malays, Indians and Chinese. The number of respondents was equally the same for both groups; 30 from the low proficiency group and 30 from the high proficiency group.
 
 Findings: The data gathered in this study revealed that the most popular metacognitive reading strategy among the respondents is self-evaluation. In addition, the most significant difference between the high and low proficiency students is that the latter employed fewer metacognitive reading strategies than the former. Furthermore, through the findings, this research also suggested the metacognitive reading strategies suitable for the low proficiency students; advanced organization, selective attention, self-management, directed attention and monitoring.
 
 Contributions: This research aids the teachers in adapting their instructions and putting extra effort into training students, especially low proficiency students, to use suitable metacognitive reading strategies.
 Keywords: Low proficiency students, high proficiency students, purposive sampling, metacognitive reading strategies, explanatory sequential mixed method design.
 
 Cite as: Jeevaratnam, J. A., & Stapa, M. (2022). Exploring metacognitive reading strategies used by low and high proficiency form three ESL students. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 335-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp335-365

BackgroundNowadays, nearly half of the world population lives in societies with low fertility or the below-replacement fertility. This potentially grounds the critical situation of reduction in the workforce and causes the aging of population due to an overall increase in life expectancy and standard of living. Hence, population and its transitions including the issue of fertility decline has become a topic of intense debate in the agenda-setting and policy-making processes in both the developed and developing countries. In this view, what can practically be done to respond to the fertility decline that entails effectively addressing the determinants of fertility change? In line with the literature, how people form their marriages or patterns of marriage is amongst influencing factors which potentially affect their reproductive practices as diverse societies recognize different conventions for marriage. This study is to examine women’s reproductive practices by the various patterns of marriage using the explanatory sequential mixed methods design.Methods/designThis study has an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, the follow-up explanations variant model, with two strands. This design will be implemented in two distinct phases. In the first phase, a cross-sectional quantitative study will be done using a cluster sampling strategy on 850 married women 15–49 years old living in Babol city, Iran. In order to obtain a deeper understanding of the results of the quantitative phase, researchers will implement a qualitative research in the second phase of this study. This design will provide an explanation of the quantitative research results using the qualitative evidence.DiscussionAs patterns of marriage have implications for the status of women, their health and fertility, the result of this study can provide a rich source of information for the required health-related interventions and policies are required to put the demographic changes on the right track at micro and macro level and improve the reproductive practices of women at micro level.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the Narrative Based Online Career Group Counseling Program on the career exploration, career and talent development self-efficacy, and career development of fourth grade primary school students. An explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used in the study. A 2 × 3 quasiexperimental design was used in the quantitative part, and a focus group interview was used in the qualitative part. The results showed that the program had a significant impact and could support career development in children. Thus, a career program with proven effectiveness that can be implemented in schools has been emerged.

Learners underperform in stoichiometry as they lack conceptual reasoning of the underlying concepts and the ability to solve stoichiometric problems. Therefore, it was necessary to determine if there is a statistical correlation between problem-solving skills and conceptual reasoning in stoichiometry and if so, whether one can significantly predict the other. The theoretical framework is the cognitive load theory (CLT). This theory expects teachers to know where to focus their teaching and how to assess their learners’ work to avoid unnecessary overloading of the working memory, which might affect their performance. The explanatory sequential mixed-method research design was employed with 410 grade 11 Physical Science learners in their intact classes. The participants wrote the learner achievement test (LAT) and responded to a semi-structured interview. The learners’ test scores were then used to run a statistical test. The Pearson correlation and regression showed that the justifications given by learners for choosing correct or incorrect multiple-choice options were not due to chance, and the results of the learner interviews supported the learners’ performance in the test. Moreover, the findings indicated that there was a positive correlation between problem-solving skills and conceptual reasoning where statistically, conceptual reasoning predicted learners’ problem-solving skills using regression analysis. Keywords: conceptual reasoning, cognitive load theory, explanatory sequential research design, stoichiometry, problem-solving skills

Aims: Malaysia’s rapid ascent as an ageing nation with 7.7% of its population now over 65 which heralds unprecedented pressure on its health system. This demographic shift exposes critical vulnerabilities in healthcare financing and access, particularly for distinct subgroups like military veterans. The pension status of Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) veterans creates a fundamental inequity in their capacity to manage health costs, a key determinant of well-being that remains systematically unexamined. Study Design: Sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. Place and Duration of Study: All states in Malaysia with department of veteran affairs between Dec 2024 to May 2025. Methodology: This study employed a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. Qualitative themes from in-depth interviews with 10 veterans were used to develop a quantitative survey, which was then administered to a stratified random sample of 475 MAF veterans. The core output of this analysis is the development and validation of a multidimensional Healthcare Sustainability Index (HSI), a composite measure integrating critical domains of workforce capacity, infrastructure, pharmaceutical access, and most critically, fiscal resilience. Results: The study will identify disparity in healthcare financial sustainability between pensioned and non-pensioned veterans. The validated HSI will provides a precise metric to quantify this gap, revealing that non-pensioned veterans face substantially higher risks of catastrophic health expenditure and forgoing necessary care due to cost. Conclusion: This research will provide the evidence of a pension-based healthcare inequity within Malaysia's veteran community. The HSI will serve as a vital policy tool for designing targeted, evidence-based interventions. The findings will inform strategies to strengthen government financing mechanisms, safeguard veteran well-being, and enhance the overall resilience of Malaysia’s health system in the face of demographic ageing. By proposing a replicable model for assessing financial risk protection, this study will offer insights for policymakers in Malaysia.

Aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the informal communication skills in schools and the psychological capital of the teachers. This study employs correlation survey model. The research population is comprised of 1871 teachers assigned to all schools within the Torbali district of Izmir province, Turkey, in the 2020-2021 academic year. The research sample is comprised of 396 teachers selected through convenience sampling. In this study, “Informal Communication Scale” is used to identify the perceptions of teachers regarding the informal communication levels in their schools, and “Psychological Capital Scale” is used to identify their psychological capital levels. Since we observed that the distribution of the data in the research was normal, we employed multiple regression data analysis techniques of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. As per the findings of the analysis, the perception of the teachers regarding the informal communication in schools is at a high level. We observe a significant difference between the perception of the teachers regarding the informal communication with regard to the variant of the school level that they are assigned. When compared with the primary school teachers, secondary school teachers think that the informal communication in their schools is realized at a higher level. According to the findings of the other demographical data employed in the study, while the perception of the teachers regarding the informal communication varies according to their seniority, it does not vary according to the variables of gender, the number of teachers in the assigned school and the approximate term of tenure at the same school. Our findings suggest that the other variable in the study, the psychological capital of the teachers is at a very high level. The psychological levels of the teachers do not reflect a significant difference when compared with the variables of the assigned school’s level and gender. However, according to the findings based on the other demographical variables, the psychological capital levels of the teachers vary. According to this study, there is a positively medium correlation between the perceptions of the teachers regarding the informal communication in schools and their psychological capital levels. Based on these findings, we deduce that the if the informal communication in schools’ increases, the psychological capital levels of the teachers’ increase. According to another finding of this study, the recreational levels of the informal communication significantly predict the psychological capitals of the teachers. Nevertheless, we observe that the friendship, influence and information dimensions regarding the informal communication in schools do not predict the psychological capitals of the teachers. Article visualizations:

As social media increasingly shapes how students gather information, Instagram has become a popular yet informal tool for career exploration, especially among Aerospace Engineering students with limited access to formal guidance. This study examines Instagram's influence on career development, specifically in terms of self-efficacy, career exploration, and personal goals, using Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) as its theoretical framework. A sequential explanatory mixed-method design was employed, collecting quantitative data through simple random sampling and structured questionnaires, followed by qualitative insights from open-ended responses. Descriptive statistics revealed that Instagram has a varying impact on students' career development. While the platform supported exploration and inspiration, challenges such as difficulty verifying credible content, over-reliance on social media, and the presence of idealized portrayals were also reported.

PurposeThis study investigates the dual roles of emotion and cognition in shaping customer experiences within the hospitality sector, examining their distinct impacts on the formation of customer loyalty.Design/methodology/approachEmploying a sequential exploratory mixed-method design, this research integrates qualitative interviews with eighteen hospitality managers and a quantitative survey involving 595 customers to develop and validate a new instrument measuring affective and cognitive experiential states for general hospitality consumers.FindingsThe study's results reveal that emotional experiences strongly correlate with affective loyalty, while cognitive experiences significantly influence cognitive loyalty. The study contributes to the existing literature by introducing a robust instrument that effectively captures the experiential dimensions, offering insights into customer loyalty formation.Research limitations/implicationsThe reliance on retrospective self-reporting in the quantitative phase may introduce recall bias, potentially limiting the precision of the findings. Future research should seek to mitigate this by employing real-time data capture methods.Practical implicationsThe newly developed measurement tool presents a practical solution for industry professionals aiming to enhance customer experience management by focusing on both affective and cognitive aspects, thus facilitating targeted strategies to cultivate customer loyalty. The implications for service design suggest that both emotional and cognitive elements must be considered to optimize customer experiences and drive loyalty.Originality/valueThis work advances the theoretical understanding of customer experience by distinguishing between its affective and cognitive dimensions and their respective contributions to loyalty. It offers a validated empirical tool, setting a foundation for future investigations.

BackgroundMalaria continues to be a significant global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan African regions. Effective prevention and control strategies are crucial in mitigating its impact. Therefore, assessing the use of malaria preventive measures, treatment-seeking behaviours, and understanding the motivating factors behind positive behaviours/practices and barriers to using malaria preventive and control measures is essential for designing successful intervention programs.MethodsUsing a sequential explanatory mixed methods design, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 382 heads of households in the Mareba sector, Bugesera district, Rwanda. A qualitative study followed with 30 in-depth interviews among the top performers and other community members to explore the motivations and barriers to performing positive behaviours. Descriptive statistics for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data were used.ResultsThis study revealed that among those who own insecticide-treated nets, 234(89.3%) reported that they slept under the bed net the night preceding the survey; 256(67%) had fever cases in the last 24 months preceding the survey; and 214(87%) reported seeking care within 24 h. While almost all 243(98.8%) of participants who had fever case reported that they have taken all medicines as prescribed, however, a large number 263(68.8%) and 148(38.7%) still think that there are people in the community who do not take all malaria medications as prescribed and there are people who share malaria medications in the community, respectively. 82(65.1%) of those who never had a fever case believe that they have been using malaria preventive measures correctly and consistently. This study found that knowledge about malaria, family support, and community mobilization are the top motivating factors to practice positive behaviours while, lack of bet nets, poverty, and lack of time were reported as main barriers.ConclusionInterventions that target key motivating factors for adopting positive behaviours in malaria prevention and control should be prioritized. This, in turn, will reduce the disease burden on affected populations. Efforts to overcome barriers in malaria prevention and control should also be participatory. Community involvement should be at the centre of these interventions.

Accessible tourism, which involves travel activities for people with disabilities, has become an increasingly important niche market for the hotel industry. This study aims to develop a valid and reliable measurement scale to assess the expectations of individuals with disabilities regarding hotel accommodations in the context of accessible tourism. A sequential exploratory mixed methods design was employed, beginning with semi-structured interviews conducted with disabled individuals to generate scale items, followed by a quantitative survey administered to 386 participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and SmartPLS 4. The scale development process involved exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, resulting in a final scale of 28 items across four dimensions: structural and legal expectations, communicative and interactional expectations, economic expectations, and psycho-social expectations. This study is among the first to develop and validate a hotel expectation scale specifically for individuals with disabilities in the Turkish context using an exploratory sequential mixed-method design. The results provide practical implications for hotel managers and policymakers aiming to improve accessibility in tourism services, and offer a psychometrically sound tool for future academic and applied research.

Background and Objectives: Reforms in health professions education in the past decade entail the development of effective curricula that impact and improve health outcomes. Along with health professionals, barangay health workers (BHW) are not spared from experiencing curricular mishaps when they undergo trainings for community health work. This article described the process of a participatory approach in curriculum development for BHWs in a local community in the Ilocos Region. Methodology: An exploratory sequential mixed method design was used for this pilot study. The method was framed from six (out of ten) steps in the Research and Development Cycle. These steps were categorized in three phases: 1) needs assessment, 2) participatory curriculum development, and 3) implementation of the curriculum and evaluation. Results: Findings yielded both qualitative (Phases 1 and 2) and quantitative (Phase 3) data which were analyzed separately and sequentially. Phase 1 revealed findings based on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats found in the community's health care context which were used to determine the four potential training topics to develop a curriculum. Phase 2 generated a curriculum on hilot wellness through the participation of the local government and curriculum experts. Phase 3 produced evaluative data on the reaction, learning, and behavior of BHWs towards the implemented curriculum on hilot wellness. Conclusion: The participatory curriculum development process entailed the generation and analysis of data from the community that produces a curriculum for the community. This curriculum does not only offer sustainable and longitudinal health care services but is sensitive to the values and culture of the community while considering the notion that learning is not linear. This article demonstrated that a participatory approach in curriculum development within health professions education can be pursued to address the ever- changing healthcare needs of local communities.

Aim/Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine and understand the attitude of Kazakhstani universities’ instructors towards ICT integration into the curriculum and to find out the relationship between instructors’ attitudes towards ICT and their actual usage of ICT for teaching and learning processes. Background: The Kazakhstani government has taken initiatives and developed state programs to integrate information communication technologies (ICT) into all levels of education. According to previous research studies, instructors’ negative attitude towards ICT integration into curriculum can affect the implementation of ICT-related initiatives in education including higher education. Therefore, this research study examines the attitudes of Kazakhstani higher education instructors towards ICT integration into curriculum. Methodology: The study implemented an explanatory sequential mixed methods design. For quantitative and qualitative data collection paper-based questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used, respectively. Convenience sampling was conducted, and the sample consisted of 102 instructors working in two universities in Kazakhstan. In quantitative data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used; Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was used to identify the relationship between variables. Contribution: Understanding instructors’ attitude towards ICT in education and exploring reasons behind attitudes might be beneficial in accomplishing aims and purposes of governmental ICT-related programs in the higher education system. Findings: Quantitative data analysis reveals that instructors generally possess positive to very positive attitude towards using ICT in education. Instructors often use simple basic tools such as multimedia presentation software; however, they very rarely use more advanced tools such as discipline-oriented software. No statistically significant relationship was found between attitude and advanced ICT tools. Qualitative data analysis identifies several barriers to ICT usage: insufficient or lack of provision of ICT tools and software, lack of technical support, and lack of technical knowledge among instructors. Recommendations for Practitioners: As a result of the study, it is firstly recommended to university administrations to create and add positions of information technology (IT) specialists, to each department and on a permanent basis. Secondly, it is recommended to provide faculty members with training courses that focus on ICT in pedagogy. Thirdly, universities could ask for guidance from their existing faculty members who are advanced ICT integrators, that is to say, collegial learning should be encouraged more strongly. Finally, universities are recommended to reward those faculty members who are active and effective in their attempts to integrate ICT into teaching. Future Research: As I was not able to interview those instructors who possessed negative attitude towards ICT in education, I would recommend filling this gap in the future. Interviewing instructors who are reluctant to integrate ICT into teaching can help identify more issues related to using ICT in education which were not discovered in the current research study. Also, the current research study did not investigate instructors’ attitudes in relation to their demographic background. Further research studies can examine how instructors’ age, gender, place of study, place of work, academic degree, or subject area of teaching influence their attitude towards using ICT in education and their actual usage of ICT in teaching practices.

Research Efficacy is the most important aim that students use to ensure accountability to the public in terms of the value for money invested in the education systems, and to raise educational standards and quality of teaching in university. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the “students’ research efficacy at university Level”. The research was conducted at District Multan. The study focused on determining the relationship between teachers’ and students’ opinion ‘at university level. Researcher used the methodology regarding co-relational research and research tool was developed in questionnaire form with a five-point Likert scale to find results on the basis of findings and conclusion. A total of 120 teachers and 542 students sample was taken from target population After the analysis of data, it was found that there teachers having supervisor’s experiences as 1-5 years with 13 (20.8%), 6-10 years with 44 (36.7%), 11-15 years with 45 (37.5 %) and more than 15 years with 18 (15.0%) were taken as respondents .it was concluded that the frequency of urban, male, public schools, M.Phil./MS teachers having qualification and 11-15 years supervisor’s experiences teachers were greater in number and research efficacy of students as well as their usage in modifying instruction. It was recommended that institutions concentrate on turning pleasant things into helpful things, such as educational setup research based that promote them as a tool for not just communication and enjoyment but also learning. Future studies should be conducted to identify how teachers use their time on educational research efficacy like schools and colleges levels also. It was concluded from the study that the perception of teachers’ and students for research efficacy at university level was different. It is also recommended that similar study should also be taken for high and higher secondary schools for better perception of research efficacy for both teachers as well as for students.