Exploring the Diversity of Syllable Types: A Comprehensive Classification Framework

Effects of consonant cluster syllabification on vowel-to-vowel coarticulation in English

This paper entitled “Morphological processes and Active/passive Derivational morphemes in producing and deriving novel linguistic data” is an attempt to investigate the activeness of a certain group of Derivational morphemes in Kurdish language which are the derivative suffixes of group nouns of cluster morphemes: place nouns and profession nouns. Another important aspect of this research is that it depends on data and statistics for investigating the active/passiveness of those morphemes used as a sample in the research. Besides, it has followed a new linguistic method which is Generative linguistics. As for the structure of the research, apart from introduction and conclusion, it consists of two parts. The first part deals with explaining morphological processes and the role of Derivational morphemes in enriching the lexicon. The second part takes as a sample the Derivational morphemes of the two group morphemes (derivative morphemes of place nouns and derivative morphemes of profession nouns). Both concepts of active and passiveness are explained with regard to the two cluster morphemes.

Multiple models and frameworks exist for the measurement and classification of physical activity in adults that are applied broadly across populations but have limitations when applied to youth. The authors propose a conceptual framework specifically designed for classifying youth physical activity. The Youth Physical Activity Timing, How, and Setting (Y-PATHS) framework is a conceptualization of the when (timing), how, and where (setting) of children's and adolescents' physical activity patterns. The authors developed Y-PATHS using the design thinking process, which includes 3 stages: inspiration, ideation, and implementation. The Y-PATHS includes 3 major components (timing, how, and setting) and 13 subcomponents. Timing subcomponents include (1)school days: in-school, (2)school days: out-of-school, and (3)nonschool days. How subcomponents include: (1)functional, (2)transportation, (3)organized, and (4)free play. Setting subcomponents include: (1)natural areas, (2)schools, (3)home, (4)recreational facilities, (5)shops and services, and (6)travel infrastructure. The Y-PATHS is a comprehensive classification framework that can help researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to better understand youth physical activity. Specifically, Y-PATHS can help to identify the domains of youth physical activity for surveillance and research and to inform the planning/evaluation of more comprehensive physical activity programming.

Emerging market subsidiaries constitute an increasingly important asset for the innovative activities of multinational corporations (MNCs). This study examines how different types of these subsidiaries may be integrated into global R&D using two essential coordination mechanisms — hierarchical control and internal markets (competition among MNC units). Based on a sample of 146 Brazil based MNC subsidiaries, the key results suggest that (1) more innovative subsidiaries have higher autonomy than less innovative subsidiary as long as they have local market scope; (2) subsidiaries which develop new products for global or other emerging markets have competitive relationships with peer MNC units. Likewise, the results provide some preliminary support for an instrument which measures competition among MNC unit. Based on a comprehensive classification framework, the study puts forward some recommendations for MNC technology management regarding how subsidiary product development units may extend their market scope and technological capabilities.

Scientific research on emerging technologies underscored the advantages of their implementation within production systems, with a particular focus on artificial intelligence (AI). In particular, the integration of AI with other cutting-edge technologies is a relevant topic which can potentially lead to huge impacts in terms of business performance. Yet, literature on the subject, although rich, is still fragmented, limited to specific cases and applications, but lacking in a comprehensive classification framework. Therefore, using a systematic literature review, this study provides an overview of how the combination of AI and other cutting-edge technologies could potentially improve market and organisational performance in business functions and processes. By classifying the literature of case studies and real-world applications into specific taxonomies, the research considers an indicator, the co-occurrence ratio, highlighting the most significant and emerging combinations between AI and other cutting-edge technologies, also specifying the contexts in which they are used. The study shows that AI is strongly interconnected with other cutting-edge technologies, suggesting a research agenda in which the integration of AI with other emerging technologies is promising within specific production systems contexts, providing benefits and opportunities for companies.

Tamil is a member of the Dravidian language family, and it is spoken extensively in several South Asian countries, including India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore. The phonological development of Tamil-speaking children is examined in the current study within the context of lexical development by including children with typical language development (TD) and late talkers (LTs). The current study was conducted amongst Tamil-speaking children in Tamil Nadu, a southern state of India. The study aimed to compare the size and nature of the phonetic inventory, the proportion of consonants, vowels and syllable structure types amongst Tamil-speaking children with TD and LTs around 24 months. The study included 68 Tamil-speaking children, comprising 34 LTs and 34 age- and gender-matched TD children. All children were born preterm and were assessed after their second birthdays as per their adjusted age for prematurity (M=24.38 months; SD = 1.45). Language samples were recorded during free play and interaction with the caregiver. The transcription of children's spontaneous speech was subjected to independent analyses of speech to derive the phonological characteristics. LTs produced a significantly lower phonetic inventory (Mdn=8.5) than TD children (Mdn= 15.5). Only consonants /p/ and /m/ were produced by 90% of Tamil-speaking LTs. In comparison, 90% of TD children produced a wide range of consonants over different manners of articulation, including nasals, semi-vowels and stops. Tamil's retroflex consonants and geminate clusters emerged early in TD children's productions; fricatives and affricates were limited. LTs produced a significantly higher proportion of front vowels and a significantly lower proportion of mid- and back vowels than TD children. Syllable structures produced by LTs predominantly consisted of monosyllables and reduplicated syllables compared to TD children's wide range of complex structures. The data contribute to an emerging database on early phonological development in Tamil as spoken in Tamil Nadu, India. Observations from 2-year-old LTs and TD children speaking Tamil revealed similarities with English (bilabials, alveolar stops, disyllable and monosyllable production) and differences in line with distinct phonological characteristics of Tamil (lesser production of fricatives, back vowels and closed syllables). The study provides clinical information relevant to the assessment and intervention of young children with phonological and lexical delays. What is already known on this subject Research from English and other Indo-European languages has revealed bidirectional relationships between phonological and lexical development, as evidenced by findings from typically developing (TD) children and children with language delays. Children identified as Late talkers (LTs) at 2 years of age demonstrate limited phonetic inventory and syllable shapes compared to TD children. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The current study is the first to report on the size and nature of the phonetic inventory, the proportion of consonants, vowels and syllable structure types amongst Tamil-speaking children born preterm who were TD and late-talking. There are considerable differences in TD children's and late talkers' early phonological abilities. The characteristics of Tamil influenced the phonological skills of both groups of children as the ambient language of exposure. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The study contributes to the much-needed data corpus on early phonological skills, specifically the phonetic inventory and syllable structures from Tamil-speaking children. The data will aid in the identification of delays and atypical patterns in phonological development amongst children learning to speak Tamil. The information will guide intervention programs for children with early language delays. The findings strengthen existing cross-linguistic research on the relationship between early phonological skills and lexical development amongst children.

The purpose of this paper is to help define and limit the role that temporal ordering plays in morphophonemic representation, syllable structure and phrases in American Sign Language (ASL). First, I will list the ways in which temporal ordering plays a role in morphophonemic structures. Second, I will show that temporal ordering plays a limited role in ASL phrases. Third, I will argue that neither temporal ordering nor segmentation plays a role in syllables, and the bulk of this paper will be devoted to motivating this syllable template. Stokoe (1960) and Stokoe et al. (1965) proposed that ASL is organised according to simultaneous phonemes, but since Liddell (1984) the importance of temporally ordered structure in sign structure has been emphasised by many researchers (Liddell & Johnson 1989; Sandler 1986, 1989; Perlmutter 1990, 1992; Corina 1990a, b; to name a few).

The study demonstrates the uniqueness of morphological processes at the level of noun phrases in Alorese, an Austronesian language in NTT, showing innovations in the form of fossilization of proto-morphemes originating from its ancestral language, Lamaholot. Data for this study were collected directly in the field in 2014, 2018, 2020, and 2022. The study will focus on the morphological processes at the level of noun phrases in the Alor dialect spoken in Marica Village. The method applied to achieve the objectives of this research is a comparative method with a quantitative and qualitative approach.The phrase head can be followed by a subordinate relative clause. Meanwhile, the end part of the phrase can be filled by demonstratives that can appear in full forms and short forms, and focus particles that function as focus markers to emphasize subjects or nouns. The morphological processes at the level of noun phrases determine the typological characteristics of Alorese that maintain typological structures of Austronesian languages even though they are spoken in an area dominated by speakers of non-Austronesian languages in Alor. AbstrakKajian ini menunjukkan keunikan proses morfologi pada tataran frasa nomina bahasa Alor di NTT yang menunjukkan inovasi berupa fosilisasi morfem-morfem purba yang berasal dari bahasa moyangnya, Lamaholot. Data dalam penelitian ini diambil langsung di lapangan pada tahun 2014, 2018, 2020, dan 2022. Kajian ini akan difokuskan pada proses morfologi pada tataran frasa nomina bahasa Alor dialek yang dituturkan di Desa Marica.Metode yang diterapkan untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian ini adalah dengan metode komparatif dengan pendekatan secara kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Frasa nomina dalam bahasa Alor bertipe head-initial atau inti frasa di awal. Inti frasa dapat diisi nomina, lokatif, dan numeral. Kata benda dalam bahasa Alor dapat dimodifikasi dengan kata nomina, yang mencakup kata benda umum, yang mengacu pada entitas umum dalam bahasa Alor.Inti frasa dapat diikuti oleh klausa relatif yang subordinat. Sementara itu, bagian akhir frasa dapat diisi oleh demonstratif yang dapat muncul dalam bentuk-bentuk lengkap dan bentuk-bentuk pendek, partikel fokus yang berfungsi sebagai penanda fokus untuk memberi penekanan pada subjek atau kata benda. Proses morfologis pada tataran frasa nomina ini menentukan ciri khas tipologis bahasa Alor yang mempertahankan struktur tipologis bahasa-bahasa Austronesia meskipun dituturkan di wilayah yang didominasi oleh penutur bahasa-bahasa non-Austronesia di Alor.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate that rhythm variation across Arabic dialects is to a great extent correlated with the different types of syllabic structure observed in these dialects, especially with regard to the relative complexity of onsets and codas. The main focus is on the relationship between syllabic structures on the one hand, and rhythm classes based on segmental duration on the other. Rhythmic variations in Arabic dialects based on proportions of vocalic and consonantal intervals were described in [1] following experimental procedures put forth by [2]. The present investigation consists in computing the frequency of occurrence of the different types of syllables in Moroccan, Tunisian and Lebanese Arabic representing different areas along the dialect continuum. The experimental data is based on the production of 10 minutes of spontaneous speech by Moroccan, Tunisian and Lebanese subjects. The results show that the syllabic patterns observed could be useful in characterizing the different Arabic dialects and may also constitute a basis for discriminating between them. The occurrence of the various types of syllables is significantly different from one dialect to another; the percentage of simple syllables and long vowels (CV, CVC, CVV, CVVC…) is higher in Lebanese Arabic. Moroccan Arabic, on the other hand, shows a tendency towards a high percentage of complex syllables (CCVC, CCVCC,..etc) and short vowels.

Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) image classification is an important part of SAR data interpretation and provides more intuitive and detailed SAR polarization information. To bridge the PolSAR data and applications, it is necessary to design a comprehensive PolSAR classification framework to achieve satisfactory results. The deep neural network (DNN) appears to be a solution for the classification issue, in which it outperforms the classical supervised classifiers under the condition of sufficient training data. However, the volume of training data will greatly limit the effectiveness of practical applications. In this article, we try to solve the dependence issue on training data in three different ways: recurrent learning, data augmentation, and postprocessing. First, the long short-term memory (LSTM) network is introduced to achieve pixel sequence learning by taking into account the spatial and polarimetric features. Second, the random neighbor pixel-block (RNPB) method is proposed to increase the number of training samples for sequence learning. Third, the conditional random field (CRF) model is employed to further improve the classification accuracy. In the experiments, three sets of PolSAR data are used to evaluate the small sample performance of the proposed classification method. With only 0.5% labeled pixels for training, the proposed RNPB-LSTM-CRF method can approach 99% overall classification accuracy for all the data sets. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed method can achieve state-of-the-art results for PolSAR image classification under the condition of 1% training samples.

Life extension decision making of safety critical systems: An overview

In graph mining applications, there has been an increasingly strong urge for imposing user-specified constraints on the mining results. However, unlike most traditional itemset constraints, structural constraints, such as density and diameter of a graph, are very hard to be pushed deep into the mining process. In this paper, we give the first comprehensive study on the pruning properties of both traditional and structural constraints aiming to reduce not only the pattern search space but the data search space as well. A new general framework, called gPrune, is proposed to incorporate all the constraints in such a way that they recursively reinforce each other through the entire mining process. A new concept, Pattern-inseparable Data-antimonotonicity, is proposed to handle the structural constraints unique in the context of graph, which, combined with known pruning properties, provides a comprehensive and unified classification framework for structural constraints. The exploration of these antimonotonicities in the context of graph pattern mining is a significant extension to the known classification of constraints, and deepens our understanding of the pruning properties of structural graph constraints.

Reviewed by: Tamambo, a language of Malo, Vanuatu by Dorothy G. Jauncey Daniel Kaufman Dorothy G. Jauncey. 2011. Tamambo, a language of Malo, Vanuatu. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics 622. 449 pp. ISBN 978-0-858-83633-4. $Aust. 110.00 (Australia), $Aust. 100.00 (elsewhere), paper. Tamambo is a conservative Oceanic language of the Northern Vanuatu subgroup (Lynch, Ross, and Crowley 2002) spoken on Malo, a small island just south of the country’s largest: Santo. Tamambo is currently the only language of the island, another dialect (Tamapo) being almost extinct. Use of Tamambo is still strong, particularly on the western side of the island where it originated, and it is also spoken by sizable “off-island” communities in Vanuatu’s main towns of Luganville and Port Vila. Jauncey estimates that there are currently approximately 3,600 speakers (a rising number). Like many Vanuatu languages, however, Tamambo is being impacted by widespread use of the country’s lingua franca and national language Bislama (an English lexifier-creole). Jauncey’s grammar marks the first substantial documentation of Tamambo. Previously, only a few short wordlists and brief grammatical sketches (for example, Macdonald 1891, Tryon 1976), as well as religious materials (for example, Landels 1897, Sykes 1955), were available. Jauncey’s grammar, as well as her online Tamambo dictionary, are the product of almost 20 years of research, multiple fieldtrips, and data-collection with a vast range of speakers in Malo as well as elsewhere in Vanuatu and abroad. Jauncey’s extensive knowledge of the language, the place, and the people give this grammar a unique value. She is not only able to provide a rich grammatical description but also to offer insight on change within the linguistic community over these years, differences across age groups and populations (on and off island), and Tamambo’s evolving relationship with Bislama. The grammar is well written, with clear descriptions of grammatical features. Even those who may take issue with some of her proposals will no doubt find a great deal of value. The book is organized into fourteen chapters and also includes several glossed texts in an appendix. Chapter 1 provides a thorough overview of the language and linguistic community, past and present, as well as discussion of previous scholarship on Tamambo, Malo Island, and other languages of the area. This is followed by the presentation of grammatical features in chapters 2–14. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the phonology.1 Jauncey posits a phonemic inventory of 16 consonants and five simple vowels. Providing correspondences between Proto-Oceanic (POc) and Tamambo, she illustrates a “strong correspondence” (24) between the two. Her proposed inventory of consonants is arguably too conservative and probably best represents the speech of only the oldest speakers. Based upon Riehl’s (2008) research as well as Jauncey’s discussion in the chapter, the bilabial fricatives /β, βʷ / are, for the [End Page 277] majority of speakers, [w, v] in all contexts; the palatal stop /ɟ/ is consistently an affricate with variable voicing [ⁿʤ] or [tʃ]. Tamambo, like a number of other Oceanic languages, has a contrast between plain and additionally labialized bilabials (mb vs. mbʷ, m vs. mʷ, β vs. βʷ). The latter sounds (also referred to as “labiovelar”) have clear lip rounding in Tamambo, whereas in other Oceanic languages the contrast may primarily manifest in quality of the following vowel without apparent rounding (see Lynch 2002 for discussion). This contrast is, however, being lost for speakers below the age of 40 (as it is in other Vanuatu languages, such as those of southwest Malakula). The segment /x/ is notable for considerable variation in its phonetic realization [ɣ, h, g, kʰ], both due to phonological conditioning and sociophonetic factors. Regarding vowels, the five simple segments /i, u, e, o, a/ can occur in sequences of up to four. Jauncey provides a nice description of vowel phenomena, including restrictions on sequences, contexts for vowel deletion, and phonetic realization in the context of stress. With clear explanations and plentiful examples, there is a great deal of useful data. In addition to the segmental descriptions, discussions of consonant cooccurrence, syllable structure ([C]V[N]), and stress, Jauncey includes sections on the structure of grammatical and phonological words and intonation...

It is well known that natural languages share certain aspects of their design. For example, across languages, syllables like blif are preferred to lbif. But whether language universals are myths or mentally active constraints—linguistic or otherwise—remains controversial. To address this question, we used fMRI to investigate brain response to four syllable types, arrayed on their linguistic well-formedness (e.g., blif≻bnif≻bdif≻lbif, where ≻ indicates preference). Results showed that syllable structure monotonically modulated hemodynamic response in Broca's area, and its pattern mirrored participants' behavioral preferences. In contrast, ill-formed syllables did not systematically tax sensorimotor regions—while such syllables engaged primary auditory cortex, they tended to deactivate (rather than engage) articulatory motor regions. The convergence between the cross-linguistic preferences and English participants' hemodynamic and behavioral responses is remarkable given that most of these syllables are unattested in their language. We conclude that human brains encode broad restrictions on syllable structure.

This essay discusses language uniformity and diversity in the light of recent developments of the minimalist program (Hauser et al. 2002; Chomsky 2008; Berwick & Chomsky 2011, and much related work). It pursues two leading ideas. First, Universal Grammar (UG) is maximally minimal: hence early internal language (I-language) is largely uniform across individuals, language variation being mainly or entirely confined to externalization. Second, the mapping from I-language to external language (E-language) is non-isomorphic (the Non-isomorphy Generalization), morphological processes such as agreement and case marking being E-language phenomena, taking place in the externalization component. The first line of reasoning converges with many of Chomsky’s recent ideas, the second one is more divergent. Keywords: E-language; externalization; I-language; person; tense; non-isomorphy generalization