Exploring the metabolic intersection of juglone and phylloquinone biosynthesis

As walnut trees (Juglans spp.) are of high economic importance, considerable attention has been given to invasive pests of these trees in Europe. In 2016, Dryocoetes himalayensis Strohmeyer, 1908, an alien bark beetle originating from the Himalayas region of India, already present in several European countries, was confirmed to have attacked walnut trees in the Czech Republic. Within the present study, we (i) surveyed the current distribution of D. himalayensis in the Czech Republic, (ii) examined D. himalayensis phenology by rearing it in trap logs, and (iii) investigated tree level habitat preferences of the species in two study stands with 180 black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees and 66 common walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees sampled. The present study documented the species to be relatively widespread in some warmer lowland regions of the Czech Republic (42 localities found) and to reach high abundance locally. Almost 15 thousand D. himalayensis individuals reared from the trap logs showed the species emerging throughout the whole vegetation period with a distinctive peak in June. Even though the species is able to develop in thin stems (diameter <5 cm), it is most numerous in thicker trunk bases and also preferably attacks trees of higher diameters. The species preferred common walnut trees (its native host) with decreased vitality. In contrast, black walnut trees (North American species) were attacked regardless of their vitality, but the vitality of occupied trees successively decreased. Based on our results, D. himalayensis should be assumed as a considerable pest of walnut trees (particularly black walnuts), which might become of significant importance in its European invasive range in the future, and thus substantial attention should be given to it.

Weeds and Their Management: Rationale and Approaches, R.K. Kohli, D.R. Batish, and H.P. Singh Weed Management: A Basic Component of Modern Crop Production, R. Labrada Contributions to Weed Suppression from Cover Crops, M.L. Hoffman and E.E. Regnier Utilizing Brassica Cover Crops for Weed Suppression in Annual Cropping Systems, R.A. Boydston and K. Al-Khatib Grass-Legume Mixed Cover Crops for Weed Management N.R. Burgos, R.E. Talbert, and Y.I. Kuk Rye As a Weed Management Tool in Vegetable Cropping Systems, J.B. Masiunas A Rotation Design That Aids Annual Weed Management in a Semiarid Region, R.L. Anderson Examining Tillage and Crop Rotation Effects on Weed Populations in the Canadian Prairies, R.E. Blackshaw, A.G. Thomas, D.A. Derksen, J.R. Moyer, P.R. Watson, A. Legere, and G.C. Turnbull Potential of Allelopathy and Allelochemicals for Weed Management, D.R. Batish, H.P. Singh, R.K. Kohli, and G.P. Dawra Progress in Developing Weed-Suppressive Rice Cultivars for the Southern United States, D.R. Gealy and K.A. Moldenhauer The Ecology of Weed Seed Predation in Herbaceous Crop Systems, F.D. Menalled, M. Liebman, and K.A. Renner Mowing for Weed Management, W.W. Donald Herbicide Fate Under Conservation Tillage, Cover Crop, and Edge-of-Field Management Practices, M.A. Locke, R.M. Zablotowicz, and M.A. Weaver Strategies for Developing Bioherbicides for Sustainable Weed Management, S.M. Boyetchko and E.N. Rosskopf Developing Microbial Weed Control Products: Commercial, Biological, and Technological Considerations, K.L. Bailey and E.K. Mupondwa Implementation of Weed Biocontrol in Forest Vegetation Management for Conifer Production, S.F. Shamoun Characterization of Phytotoxins from Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Potential Use As Herbicides in Integrated Crop Management, A. Evidente and M.A. Abouzeid Applications of Soil and Rhizosphere Microorganisms in Sustainable Weed Management, R.J. Kremer Herbicide-Resistant Crops and Weed Management, K.N. Reddy and C.H. Koger Strategies for Managing Herbicide-Resistant Weeds, H.J. Beckie and G.S. Gill Recent Advances in Parasitic Weed Research: An Overview, J.R. Qasem Management of Weeds in Pasture Systems, B.M. Sindel Integrated Turfgrass Weed Management, R.S. Chandran Approaches to Integrated Weed Management, D.D. Buhler Learning Groups for Implementation of Integrated Weed Management: Principles and Practical Guidelines, N. Jordan, H. Niemi, S. Simmons, R. Becker, J. Gunsolus, and S. White Index Reference Notes Included

In this chapter, we discuss the links between evolutionary game theory and personality research. Evolutionary game theory is a set of research methods used to investigate the evolution of social behavior, whereas personality research is mainly focused on comprehensively describing individual differences and their correlates. Until recently, these research domains developed independently, and scholars from one domain only scarcely referred to insights obtained in the other domain. This is changing, however, due to two developments. First, models of evolutionary game theory reveal that personality differences may have an adaptive explanation. These models generate new insights into the origins of personality, and some of these models produce novel and testable hypotheses. Second, it is becoming clear that individual differences matter for the course and outcome of evolution. Accordingly, insights from evolutionary game theory (and experiments based on these insights) can be misleading if personality differences are neglected. Here, we review these recent developments, emphasizing both the evolutionary causes and the evolutionary consequences of personality differences. Overall, we argue that the behavioral sciences would profit from a closer integration of mechanistic and functional perspectives.

Two cotton isochorismate synthase genes are biased functionally in regulating salicylic acid and phylloquinone biosynthesis

پیزور علفهرزی چند ساله و مقاوم به غرقاب از خانواده اویارسلام است که در سالهای اخیر جمعیت آن در مزارع برنج شمال کشور رو به افزایش است. بهمنظور کنترل شیمیایی پیزور در برنج، آزمایش مزرعهای طی دو سال متوالی در مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور واقع در رشت اجرا شد. در سال اول، کارایی علف‌کش‌های رایج مزارع برنج شامل پرتیلاکلر، بوتاکلر، بنسولفورونمتیل، اکسادیارژیل و تیوبنکارب در کنترل پیزور مطالعه شد. بر مبنای نتایج سال اول، کارایی برخی علف‌کش‌های انتخابی و جدید از گروه سولفونیل اوره ها ( ALSها) مزارع برنج از جمله فلوستوسولفورون، پنوکسولام، مت‌سولفورونمتیل و نیز علف‌کش پیرازولیت از خانواده پیرازول‌ها در مقایسه با بنسولفورونمتیل در سال دوم مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج سال اول نشان داد که حداقل زیست‌توده پیزور در کرت‌های تیمار شده با بنسولفورونمتیل (5/1 گرم بر متر مربع) و پرتیلاکلر (6/10 گرم بر متر مربع) در شش هفته پس از نشاکاری مشاهده شد، درحالی‌که سایر علف‌کش‌ها کارایی مطلوبی در کنترل پیزور نداشتند. نتایج آزمایش سال دوم مشابه نتایج آزمایش اول، یعنی کارایی بسیار خوب بنسولفورونمتیل (97%≤) در کنترل پیزور بود. بعلاوه، نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد فلوستوسولفورون و پیرازولیت سبب کاهش معنی‌دار زیستتوده پیزور (91%≤) در مقایسه با شاهد عدم کنترل گردید، درحالی‌که علف‌کش‌های پنوکسولام و مت‌سولفورون تأثیر بسیار کمی در کاهش زیستتوده پیزور (49%≥) داشتند. با توجه به مکانیزم عمل متفاوت علف‌کش‌های جدید و سازگاری آنها با برنج، کاربرد آنها در تناوب با علف‌کش‌های موجود برای کنترل شیمیایی پیزور و اجتناب از مقاومت در صورت ثبت در کشور توصیه میشود.

The classification and recycling of construction waste is important for reducing waste emissions, preventing marine pollution, and protecting the natural environment, which can promote carbon trading and carbon sink cycles. Based on the evolutionary game theory, this paper investigated the evolutionary decision-making process and stable strategies of three stakeholders in the construction waste recycling system, namely, the Department of Environment Regulation (DER), the Construction Waste Recycler (CWR), and the Construction Project Contractor (CPC), and analyzed the main factors affecting the stakeholders’ strategies, the evolutionary stable strategies and stable conditions from the perspective of public participation and carbon trading. Then, a DER-CWR-CPC benefit matrix and a replicator dynamics equation representing strategy selection were constructed, in which parameters represent the interest relationship of the three parties, and evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) points were obtained by solving the Jacobian matrix. Finally, the validity of the model was verified by taking the actual values into the simulation. The results showed that DER needs to actively participate in the early stage of the development of the construction waste classification and recycling system, but with the increase of enterprises choosing to recycle construction waste, DER can gradually reduce its intervention in these enterprises. Setting reasonable incentives and penalties, mobilizing public participation, and developing cleaner construction waste sorting equipment to obtain more carbon emission trading targets can facilitate the development of construction waste recycling systems.

Evolutionary Game Theory is the study of strategic interactions among large populations of agents who base their decisions on simple, myopic rules. A major goal of the theory is to determine broad classes of decision procedures which both provide plausible descriptions of selfish behaviour and include appealing forms of aggregate behaviour. For example, properties such as the correlation between strategies' growth rates and payoffs, the connection between stationary states and the well-known game theoretic notion of Nash equilibria, as well as global guarantees of convergence to equilibrium, are widely studied in the literature. Our paper can be seen as a quick introduction to Evolutionary Game Theory, together with a new research result and a discussion of many algorithmic and complexity open problems in the area. In particular, we discuss some algorithmic and complexity aspects of the theory, which we prefer to view more as Game Theoretic Aspects of Evolution rather than as Evolutionary Game Theory, since the term “evolution” actually refers to strategic adaptation of individuals' behaviour through a dynamic process and not the traditional evolution of populations. We consider this dynamic process as a self-organization procedure which, under certain conditions, leads to some kind of stability and assures robustness against invasion. In particular, we concentrate on the notion of the Evolutionary Stable Strategies (ESS). We demonstrate their qualitative difference from Nash Equilibria by showing that symmetric 2-person games with random payoffs have on average exponentially less ESS than Nash Equilibria. We conclude this article with some interesting areas of future research concerning the synergy of Evolutionary Game Theory and Algorithms.

به‬منظور بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر تراکم علف‬های‬هرز و کاهش عملکرد ناشی از آنها در گندم دیم، آزمایشی به‬صورت پیمایشی با استفاده از 45 مزرعه گندم در شهرستان بندرگز(روستای سرمحله) در سال 1391 انجام گردید. نمونه‬برداری از گندم و علف‬های‬هرز در دو مرحله (سنبله‬دهی و رسیدگی) به‬صورت تصادفی از پنج نقطه از هر مزرعه با استفاده از کوادراتی به ابعاد 1*1 متر انجام شد. در این تحقیق کلیه اطلاعات مربوط به مدیریت زراعی شامل مساحت اراضی، تجربه کشاورزان، عملیات تهیه بستر بذر، تاریخ‬کاشت، روش کاشت، رقم مورد استفاده، محل تهیه بذر، میزان بذر مصرفی، روش مبارزه با علف‬‬هرز، نوع، مقدار و زمان مصرف علف‬کش و قارچ‬کش و زمان برداشت گندم، در قالب پرسش‎نامه و در طول فصل رشد از طریق پرسش از کشاورزان جمع‎آوری و تکمیل شد. در پایان فصل رشد میزان عملکرد واقعی برداشت‬شده توسط کشاورزان، ثبت گردید. از میان پارامترهای مختلف مورد بررسی تراکم بوته، تراکم سنبله، سابقه کشاورز، نوع رقم و استفاده از علف‬کش تاپیک+گرانستار تأثیر معنی‬داری بر جمعیت علف‬های‬هرز داشتند. با افزایش تراکم بوته گندم در واحد سطح، تراکم علف‬هرز کاهش یافت. هم‬چنین در مزارع کشاورزان با سابقه بیشتر تراکم علف‬هرز کمتر بود. در مزارع تحت کشت رقم N8118در مقایسه با N8019 تراکم علف‬های‬هرز کمتر بود و عدم استفاده از علفکش تاپیک+گرانستار، منجر به افزایش تراکم علف‬هرز شد. در میان گونه‬های مختلف علف‬هرز ، یولاف‬وحشی، علف‬خونی و خردل‬وحشی، بیشترین تأثیر منفی بر عملکرد گندم را در پی داشتند. بررسی مدل نشان می‬دهد که در شرایطی که تراکم بوته گندم در حد مطلوب باشد و این علف‬های‬هرز نیز وجود داشته باشد عملکرد حاصله برابر 2713 کیلوگرم در هکتار خواهد بود و در صورت حذف آنها عملکرد به 2877 کیلو گرم در هکتار افزایش می یابد (خلأ عملکردی معادل 164 کیلوگرم در هکتار). در میان گونه‬های حاضر، 12 بوته علف‬خونی در مترمربع، 3 بوته خردل‬وحشی در مترمربع و 2 بوته یولاف‬وحشی در مترمربع به ترتیب با 65، 18 و 17 درصد کاهش عملکرد قوی‬ترین رقبا برای گندم بودند.

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is a substituted membrane-anchored naphthoquinone that functions as an essential electron carrier in photosystem I in photosynthetic organisms. While plants can synthesize phylloquinone de novo, humans rely on vitamin K1 uptake from green leafy vegetables as a precursor for the synthesis of its structural derivative, menaquinone-4 (vitamin K2). In vertebrates, menaquinone-4 serves as an enzymatic co-factor that is required for posttranslational protein modification, i.e. the γ-carboxylation of glutamate residues in specific proteins involved in blood coagulation, bone metabolism and vascular biology. Comprehensive knowledge of the subcellular compartmentalization of vitamin K biosynthesis in plants, pathway regulation and its integration in cellular metabolic networks is important to design functional food with elevated vitamin levels and health benefits to human consumers. It had long been assumed that plants obtained all enzymes for phylloquinone biosynthesis from the ancient cyanobacterial endosymbiont and that, upon gene transfer to the nucleus, all biosynthetic enzymes were re-directed to the plastid. This view, however, has been recently challenged by the exclusive localization of the 6th pathway enzyme (MenB/NS) to peroxisomes in Arabidopsis. Soon afterwards, not only the preceding enzyme, acyl-activating enzyme 14 (MenE/AAE14), but also the succeeding thioesterase (DHNAT) were also shown to be peroxisomal. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a heterogeneous evolutionary origin of the peroxisomal enzymes. Phylloquinone biosynthesis reveals several branching points leading to the synthesis of important defence signalling molecules, such as salicylic acid and benzoic acid derivatives. Recent research data demonstrate that, of the two phenylalanine-dependent pathways for benzoic and salicylic acid biosynthesis, the CoA-dependent β-oxidative pathway, which is peroxisomal, is the major route. Hence, peroxisomes emerge as an important cell compartment for the interconnected networks of phylloquinone, benzoic and salicylic acid biosynthesis. Numerous mechanisms to regulate intermediate flux and the fine-tuned inducible production of secondary metabolites, including signalling molecules, await their characterization at the molecular level.

Effects of some post-emergence herbicides on growth and yield of maize was studied at rainforest, (7 16 N, 5 12 E) and rainforest-savanna transition (7 31 N, 5 45 E) agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. Atrazine at 3.0 g a.i/ha, nicosulfuron at 7.5 and 40 g a.i/ha, 2,4-D at 0.80 kg a.i /ha, and weedy check were laid out on the field in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Minitab 17 statistical software. Treatments mean were separated using Turkey test (P= 0.05). Results revealed that herbicides reduce the effect of weed competition, thereby allowing crop to perform optimally. Excellent weed control by density, weed fresh weight and weed dry weight occurred with nicosulfuron treatments, followed by 2,4-D and atrazin. However, atrazine is more effective than 2,4-D in reducing weed growth in rainforest agro-ecology. Nicosulfuron was more effective for weed control than other herbicides in both agro-ecologies of Nigeria and was recommended for successful weed management.

Purpose This study aims to examine the interplay between infrastructure development and environmental protection, focusing on how governmental regulations shape contractor behavior and exploring policy mechanisms that reconcile economic and ecological objectives. Design/methodology/approach An integrated framework combining evolutionary game theory and system dynamics simulation models the interactions between contractors and regulatory agencies. Computational experiments assess the effects of penalties and public reporting systems on behavioral stability. Findings Analysis reveals three significant outcomes: (1) Pure strategy solutions fail to achieve evolutionary stability regardless of parameter configurations; (2) Mixed strategy equilibria demonstrate conditional stability, particularly when public reporting systems are operational; (3) While both financial penalties and public disclosure influence short-term behavior modification, only robust public monitoring systems generate sustainable compliance patterns over extended periods. Research limitations/implications The findings deepen understanding of how government–contractor interactions shape sustainable infrastructure development, emphasizing the pivotal role of regulatory design and behavioral adaptation in achieving enduring environmental and economic balance. Practical implications Policymakers should prioritize public reporting and strengthen monitoring systems to align contractor incentives with ecological goals. Combining penalty mechanisms with transparent oversight offers a coherent and lasting approach to advancing green construction and maintaining regulatory compliance. Originality/value This study proposes a novel framework integrating evolutionary game theory with system dynamics, rarely applied in infrastructure governance. It captures dynamic feedback between contractors and regulators and shows that transparency mechanisms outperform punitive measures in sustaining compliance, offering clear guidance for policy optimization.

Weed management is one of the major constraints in the Zimbabwe smallholder farming sector contributing to smallholder poor yields, hence there is need to identify cropping systems that have potential to reduce weed pressure while improving crop yields. Conservation agriculture has been suggested as one of these farming systems. The implementation of CA three key principles reduces weed pressure even when the use of herbicides is minimised. Crops included in crop rotations, intercropping or relay cropping may have faster growth rate than weeds hence, have a comparative advantage over weeds. Maintenance of permanent soil cover through crop residues impedes weed germination thereby reducing weed population. Elimination of ploughing also reduces the chances of bringing buried weed seeds to the surface where their chances for germination are high. Hence, some seeds lose viability thus reducing weed density. Weed seeds accumulate at the surface, when allowed to set seed, increasing their exposure to predation resulting in reduction of weed density over time. The use of herbicides ensures that the fields are weed free as the season’s progress thus ensuring better yields at the end of each growing season. Hence, weeds are reduced in CA systems over time despite the weeding option used.

Introduction: Seed germination is an important stage in the life history of plant affecting seedling development, survival, and population dynamics. Germination begins with seed, water uptake and terminates with the elongation of the embryonic axis from the seed coat. Germination and seedling emergence are the most important phonological development stages in pigweed and have a vital role in its establishment. Accordingly, predicting the phenological stages would be resulted in improvement of crop management as the number and time of pigweed emergence could be quantified. Sigmoidal curves, also known as growth models, have wide application in agricultural research and can be evaluated by means of nonlinear models, which operates through data modelling by a nonlinear combination of parameters depending on one or more independent variables. This study was conducted to evaluate various regression models to describe the response of germination rate to temperature range in two pigweed ecotypes (Alborz and Fars). Materials and Methods: A glasshouse experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were sterilized by soaking in a 3% solution of hypochlorite sodium for 30 seconds. After the treatment, the seeds were washed several times with distilled water. 25 seeds were put in each Petri dish (with 9 cm diameter). The petri dish is monitored on a daily basis and afterwards germinated seeds (according to exit of radicles to the size of 2 mm) were measured and recorded daily in each Petri dish. Six regression models were applied to quantify the germination patterns of two pigweed ecotypes (Alborz and Fars) under a range of temperature between 5 to 35 °C. For both regions, during spring and summer, the range of temperatures was selected in order to simulate the temperature changes. The models were included Weibull, Lognormal, Logistic, Gompertz, Sigmoidal and Chapman. Some criteria were used to describe the goodness of fits of the models, including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square of error (RMSE) and Akaike index (AIC). Moreover, a simple program called Germin was used to calculate D10, D50 and D90 (the time interval to maximum 10, 50 and 90% of germination, respectively). Results and Discussion: Results showed that Weibull four-parameter and logistic models were the best for describing the germination rate in Alborz and Fars ecotypes, respectively compared to the other models. The difference between ecotypes could be attributed to their base temperatures and thermal time requirements at each developmental stage. Therefore, it can be concluded weed germination during different seasons is not a random phenomenon. However, the germination and emergence of a clear pattern over time follows the pattern of different environmental conditions is subject to change. Results also indicated that the time to D90 was only 4 and 5 days in Alborz and Fars ecotypes, respectively meaning that with increasing temperature during early spring, this weed would germinate much sooner than spring crops and consequently resulted in crop damage. The results showed that the in Alborz population, with increases temperature from 10 to 30 °C, germination percentage linearly increased and with increasing temperature to the desired temperature, it decreased. However, germination in Fars ecotype showed that, in temperatures 10, 15 and 20 °C respectively, the germination was 36, 56 and 84 percent, while, with an increase in temperature from 25 to 35 °C, this component was always a constant process. Germination rate increased with increasing temperature from 10 to 35 °C which was higher in Alborz ecotype compared to Fars. At lower temperatures, the main reason for less germination rate could be decrement of water imbibition and enzyme activity in biochemical processes of germination. Conclusion: Increasing public awareness and concern about the impacts of herbicides on the environment, development of herbicide-resistant weeds, and the high economic cost of herbicides have increased the need to reduce the amount of herbicides used in agriculture. Prediction of weed emergence timing would help reduce herbicide use through the optimization of the timing of weed control. It was concluded that Weibull four-parameter and logistic models could be used as decision making tools in Alborz and Fars, respectively, to predict seed emergence of pigweed which in turn resulted in efficient management as well as reduction of herbicides usage. Future research should be addressed to determine a wider validation of the models, which could be valuable tools for farmers and practitioners for adequate timing of control in pigweed weed.

این آزمایش در سال زراعی 1386 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی بخش تحقیقات علفهای هرز موسسه گیاهپزشکی کشور، واقع در ورامین به صورت کرتهای خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار به اجرا درآمد. الگوی کاشت ذرت با چهار سطح تکردیفه با تراکم معمول و دو ردیفه زیگزاگ با تراکمهای معمول، 25 درصد و 50 درصد بیشتر از تراکم معمول به عنوان فاکتور اصلی و مصرف علفکش نیز با پنج سطح مخلوط آترازین به میزان 8/0 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار و ارادیکان به میزانهای به ترتیب 28/3، 10/4 و 92/4 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار، مخلوط آترازین به میزان 8/0 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار و آلاکلر به میزان 4/2 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار و ارادیکان به میزان 92/4 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار به صورت پیشکاشت و به عنوان فاکتور فرعی اعمال گردید. کرتهای شاهد شامل شاهد بدون علفهرز (وجین کامل) و شاهد با علفهرز (بدون مصرف علفکش) بود. تغییر الگوی کاشت ذرت از تک ردیفه با تراکم معمول به دو ردیفه زیگزاگ با تراکمهای 25 درصد و 50 درصد بیشتر از تراکم معمول موجب افزایش معنیدار عملکرد دانه ذرت شد. تغییر الگوی کاشت ذرت از تک ردیفه به دو ردیفه زیگزاگ همچنین تراکم و وزنخشک علفهایهرز را کاهش داد و الگوی کاشت دو ردیفه زیگزاگ با تراکم 25 درصد بیشتر از تراکم معمول، کمترین تراکم و وزنخشک علفهایهرز را نشان داد. در الگوهای کاشت مختلف، پس از تیمار شاهد بدون علف هرز، تیمارهای 8/0 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار آترازین + 92/4 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار ارادیکان و 8/0 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار آترازین + 10/4 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار ارادیکان به ترتیب کمترین تراکم و وزنخشک علفهایهرز را نشان دادند. از طرف دیگر به غیر از تیمار شاهد با علف هرز عملکرد دانه سایر تیمارهای علفکشی اختلاف معنیداری با عملکرد دانه تیمار شاهد بدون علف هرز نداشت. در نتیجه میتوان از مقادیر کاهش یافته علفکشها استفاده نمود و در نتیجه میزان مصرف علفکشها را کاهش داد. بر اساس نتایج حاصل شده الگوی کاشت دو ردیفه زیگزاگ با تراکم 25درصد بیشتر از تراکم معمول (92500 بوته در هکتار) و ترکیب علفکشی آترازین به میزان 8/0 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار + ارادیکان به میزان 10/4 کیلوگرم ماده موثره در هکتار به عنوان بهترین تیمار پیشنهاد میگردد.

Walnut trees (Juglans nigra L. and Juglans nigra × regia NG23) were intercropped with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa L.) forage legumes compared to a grass (Festuca arundinacea Schr., fescue), or to spontaneous weeds as a control in two Mediterranean sites (Castries and Notre-Dame de Londres) near Montpellier (France). Tree growth, soil water depletion and nitrogen content of the tree leaves were monitored to assess the impact of both water competition and possible facilitation resulting from fixed nitrogen transfer from the leguminous crops to the trees. At Castries, where alfalfa and fescue were compared, they were found to have the same impact on tree growth. At Notre-Dame de Londres where sainfoin was compared with a spontaneous grassing treatment, the sainfoin crop was more competitive to the walnuts. The nitrogen content of walnut leaves was enhanced when intercropped with nitrogen fixing species at both sites. Perennial leguminous intercrops were more competitive for soil water resources than fescue or weeds, but in the long term this may be compensated by the improved nitrogen status of the trees. This compensating effect was observed during a rather rainy year. The overall impact of leguminous intercrops on tree growth may depend on the frequency of dry (competitive) and wet (non-competitive) years.Key wordscompetitionfacilitationintercropping Juglans Medicago sativa Onobrychis sativa