Extended supergravity with a gauged central charge

We show that contrary to the common lore it is possible to spontaneously break N=2 supersymmetry even in simple theories without constant Fayet–Iliopoulos terms. We consider the most general N=2 supersymmetric theory with one hypermultiplet and one vector multiplet without Fayet–Iliopoulos terms, and show that metastable supersymmetry breaking vacua can arise if both the hyper-Kähler and the special-Kähler geometries are suitably curved. We then also prove that while all the scalars can be massive, the lightest one is always lighter than the vector boson. Finally, we argue that these results also directly imply that metastable de Sitter vacua can exist in N=2 supergravity theories with Abelian gaugings and no Fayet–Iliopoulos terms, again contrary to common lore, at least if the cosmological constant is sufficiently large.

From gravity point of view, so far no model succeeded in understanding the link between strongly interacting massive fermions and strongly interacting massive bosons/mesons. One should not forget the fact that, strongly interacting massive fermions are only playing a major role in the formation of observable luminous and non-luminous massive celestial objects. By interconnecting the strong coupling constant and gravitational constant via the Schwarzschild interaction, in this paper, the authors reviewed the basics of strong nuclear interaction and also reviewed the previously published “integral charge Quark and Higgs super symmetry” results and proposed a very simple mechanism for understanding the observed unstable baryons. For the unstable hadronic particles and unstable electro weak particles- ‘classification scheme', ‘mass spectrum' and ‘charge spectrum' are the three vital factors and these three things can be understood with ‘integral charge super symmetry’. Here the authors would like to stress the fact that, the observed Mesonic mass spectrum, Baryonic mass spectrum and Higgs mass spectrum can be reproduced with ‘integral charge Quark and Higgs super symmetry’. Important point to be noted is that without considering the currently believed ‘color' charge concept, observed unstable baryons ‘mass' and ‘charge' spectrum can be understood. By any chance if any light quark boson having integral charge couples with any integral charge baryon, then a neutral baryon can be generated. This idea is very much similar to the ‘photon absorption’ by electron. In this context, the authors produced many clear cut evidences.

Off-shell central charges and linearized N = 8 supergravity

Quantization of Newton's constant in certain supergravity theories

Amongst the candidates for fundamental unified theories, heterotic superstring theory with gauge group E 8 × E 8 seems to be the most promising one. This is because the spectrum of the theory easily accomodates the Standard Model spectrum and gauge structure. In addition, the underlying gauge group contains an extra factor of E 8 which provides an ‘hidden sector’, which couples to the observable sector only through gravity, and, as will be discussed below, plays a crucial role in the mechanism of supersymmetry breaking. Furthermore, the effective theories that describe the heterotic string in 4 dimensions below the Planck scale are (nonrenormalizable) locally supersymmetric effective field theories. Indeed, requiring supersymmetry at energies well above M w in order to stabilize the gauge hierarchy, in some sense forces one to consider locally supersymmetric theories: A unified field theory must include gravity. Within the framework of General Relativity, a supersymmetric theory has to be locally supersymmetric. This follows from the fact that the supersymmetry transformation on the metric, or on the vielbein must include general coordinate transformations. Supergravity theories are nonrenormalizable, but can be consistently viewed as low-energy effective field theories (LEEFT) for the massless modes of superstring.KeywordsGauge CouplingSupersymmetry BreakingHeterotic StringHide SectorEffective Field TheoryThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Renormalization theory in superspace: T. E. Clark, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720; and O. Piguet and K. Sibold, Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik, München, Federal Republic of Germany

This thesis deals with a geometrical formulation of diverse Supergravity theories. In particular, the construction of Supergravity actions in four and three dimensions are considered in dierent frameworks with interesting physical implications. Before approaching supersymmetry, we brie y review some gravity theories in the Cartan formalism. The formalism used in the introductory chapter is crucial in order to understand the development of the present thesis. Some interesting results are presented in chapter 2 using the semigroup expansion method in the Chern-Simons (CS) and Born-Infeld (BI) gravity theories. Subsequently, a brief introduction of supersymmetry and some supergravity models are considered in chapter 3. Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 7 contain the main results of this thesis which are based on ve articles written during the cotutelle research process. Initially, we present a family of superalgebras using the semigroup expansion of the Anti-de Sitter superalgebra. In the MacDowell-Mansouri approach, we study the construction of diverse four-dimensional supergravity theories for dierent superalgebras. Interestingly, we show that the pure supergravity action can be obtained as a MacDowell-Mansouri like action using the Maxwell symmetries. Additionally, a generalized supersymmetric cosmological constant term can be included to a supergravity theory using a particular supersymmetry, called AdS-Lorentz. Furthermore, we present a supergravity model in three dimensions using the CS formalism and the Maxwell superalgebras. Subsequently, the thesis is focused on a supergravity model with partial breaking of N = 2 to N = 1 supersymmetry which, in the low energy limit, gives rise to a N = 1 supersymmetric theory. Eventually, the thesis ends with some comments about possible developments

Super gravity field was introduced to remove impurity element of copper from Pb-3%Cu melt. The samples obtained by the gravity coefficient G≥200, time t≥30 minutes and temperature T=673 K appear significant layers and the copper phase present gradient size distribution along the super gravity. The copper phase gathers in the upper and middle areas of the sample and it is hardly to find any copper particles in the bottom area of the sample with the gravity coefficient G=400, time t=60 minutes and temperature T=673 K. The mass fraction of copper in the tailing lead is up to 7.090%, while that in the refined lead is just 0.204%. Considering that the mass fraction of copper is 3.034% in the parallel sample, the purification rate of lead bullion is up to 93.274% after super gravity treatment. The lead bullion can be high-effectively purified by super gravity.

N = 4 supergravity theory with local SU(2) × SU(2) invariance

NiW alloys were electrodeposited under a super gravity field. The effects of super gravity on the partial current density, W content, and cell voltage were studied. The surface morphologies of the NiW films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anti-corrosion properties and stability of the NiW films in NaOH solution were also studied by Tafel, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and 144 h exposure test. The results indicate that the W content increases with the gravity coefficient (G) and no cracks are produced on the surface of the NiW alloys electrodeposited under the super gravity field. Compared with those electrodeposited under normal gravity conditions, the self-corrosion potentials of the NiW alloys electrodeposited under a super gravity field shifts in a positive direction and the self-corrosion current densities become smaller. Meanwhile, the corrosion resistance also increases from 865 to 2305 ohm.cm(2) with an increase in the G value from 1 to 256. After 144 h exposure in 10% (w) NaOH solution, no surface peeling or damage occur. We conclude that when the NiW alloy is electrodeposited under a super gravity field, both the anti-corrosion resistance and the stability of the NiW alloy in the NaOH solution are improved obviously.

A treatment of the linear theory is given that closely parallels the usual E and B formulation of electromagnetic theory. In Part I, an introductory exposition of gravitational radiation is presented. The tidal gravitational field strength E is defined, and it is shown that E is the measurable quantity which characterizes a gravitational wave. The important point is made that the problem of detecting gravitational waves is really the same problem as detecting tidal accelerations due to a time-varying Newtonian gravitational field. In Part II, the magnetic-type gravitational field strength B is defined and Maxwell-like field equations are used to determine the polarization states of a gravitational wave. The detection of gravitational waves by Weber-type cylinders is discussed.

Key points Physiological hand tremor has a clear peak between 6 and 12 Hz, which has been attributed to both neural and resonant causes.A reduction in tremor frequency produced by adding an inertial mass to the limb has usually been taken as a method to identify the resonant component.However, adding mass to a limb also inevitably increases the muscular force required to maintain the limb's position against gravity, so ambiguous results have been reported.Here we measure hand tremor at different levels of gravitational field strength using a human centrifuge, thereby increasing the required muscular force to preserve limb position without changing the limb's inertia.By comparing the effect of added mass (inertia + force) versus solely added force upon hand acceleration, we conclude that tremor frequency can be almost completely explained by a resonant mechanical system. Human physiological hand tremor has a resonant component. Proof of this is that its frequency can be modified by adding mass. However, adding mass also increases the load which must be supported. The necessary force requires muscular contraction which will change motor output and is likely to increase limb stiffness. The increased stiffness will partly offset the effect of the increased mass and this can lead to the erroneous conclusion that factors other than resonance are involved in determining tremor frequency. Using a human centrifuge to increase head‐to‐foot gravitational field strength, we were able to control for the increased effort by increasing force without changing mass. This revealed that the peak frequency of human hand tremor is 99% predictable on the basis of a resonant mechanism. We ask what, if anything, the peak frequency of physiological tremor can reveal about the operation of the nervous system.

The mainstream approach of gravitational field is the development of Geometric theories of gravitation and the application of the Dynamics of General Relativity (GR). Besides, the Generalized Special Relativity (GSR) contains the fundamental parameter (ξI) of Theories of Physics (TPs). Thus, it expresses at the same time Newtonian Physics (NPs) for ξI→0 and Einstein Relativity Theory (ERT) for ξI=1. Moreover, the Equivalence Principle (EP) in the context of GSR, has two possible interpretations: mG = m (1), or mG=γ(ξI,β)m (2), where β=υ/c and mG, m, γ are the gravitational mass, inertial rest mass and Lorentz γ-factor, respectively. In this paper we initially present a new central scalar potential V=V(k,r), where k=k(ξI) and r is the distance from the center of gravity. We demand that ‘this new GSR gravitational field in accordance with EP (1), gives the same precession of Mercury’s orbit as Schwarzschild Metric (SM) does’ and we obtain k=6-ξI2. This emerges Einsteinian SR-horizon at r=5rS, while NPs extends the horizon at six Schwarzschild radius (6rS).We can also explain the Gravitational Red Shift (GRS), if only the proposed GSR Gravitational field strength g=g(k,r) is combined with EP (2). We modify the aforementioned central scalar potential as V=V(h,k,r), where h=h(r). The combination of the above with MOND interpolating functions, or distributions of Dark Matter (DM) in galaxies, provides six different functions h=h(r). Thus, we obtain a new GSR central Gravitational field strength g=g(h,k,r), which not only explains the Precession of Mercury’s Perihelion, but also the Rotation Curves in Galaxies, eliminating Dark Matter.

Universality of the operator product expansions of SCFT 4

Standard superspace Feynman diagram rules give one estimate of the onset of ultraviolet divergences in supergravity and super Yang-Mills theories. Newer techniques motivated by string theory but which also make essential use of unitarity cutting rules give another in certain cases. We trace the difference to the treatment of higher-dimensional gauge invariance in supersymmetric theories that can be dimensionally oxidized to pure supersymmetric gauge theories.