Extending CityGML for IFC-sourced 3D city models

최근 3차원 공간정보에 대한 구축 및 활용이 높아짐에 따라 실내공간 기반의 공간정보 관리 및 활용에 대한 중요성도 함께 증가하고 있다. 특히, 건설기술의 발달에 따라 건물의 대형화 및 복잡화로 인하여 재난 및 재해를 대비한 실내 내비게이션 등과 같은 실내공간 기반의 서비스를 제공하는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 따라서, 복잡한 실내공간을 대상으로 하는 공간정보의 관리 및 서비스 활용을 효과적으로 하기 위해서는 실외를 중심으로 개발된 3차원 공간모델 및 서비스 등을 실내공간으로 확장 및 발전시키는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 대규모 실내공간에 대한 공간정보 구축을 지원하고 위상정보를 통한 실내공간 위치기반의 서비스를 지원하기 위한 3차원 실내공간 데이터모델을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 제시하는 3차원 실내공간 데이터 모델은 CityGML 확장 객체모델과 객체간의 위상관계를 표현하는 IndoorGML을 참조하는 위상모델로 구성된다. W ith the recent increasing build and application for 3D spatial information, the importance of management and application for spatial information based on indoor space has been increased. Especially, Due to the increasing of the scale and complexity of the building according to the development of construction technologies several studies have been conducted to provide the services based on indoor space such as indoor navigation for disaster. Therefore, to efficient manage and service for information of complicated indoor space, it is necessary to extend and develop 3D spatial model and services that have been developed for outdoor space. In this paper, Indoor Spatial Data Model(ISDM) is developed to support building spatial information for complicated indoor space and location based services through topological information. ISDM contains a feature model which is a CityGML Application Domain Extension(ADE) model and a topology model that refers the IndoorGML.

Abstract. The rapid growth of urban areas underscores the need for developing semantically rich 3D city models representing a variety of urban objects and integrating the results from the analysis and simulation of urban processes and environment. Adhering to standards such as CityGML, these 3D city models offer immense value in urban planning, development, and management. By encoding the spatial, functional, and thematic information in a standardized way, they provide a comprehensive digital representation of cities. This enables city authorities to evaluate the impact of proposed developments and thereby make informed decisions. CityGML-based city models facilitate the progression towards smarter, more efficient, and more sustainable cities by supporting interoperability across different systems and platforms. This fosters collaboration and data exchange among diverse stakeholders. This paper contributes to the development of semantically rich and interoperable 3D city models by proposing a conceptual model for Application Domain Extension (ADE) of the CityGML 3.0 Vegetation module. The ADE enhances the SolitaryVegetationObject and PlantCover feature types with additional properties by leveraging the new “hook” mechanism available in CityGML 3.0. Furthermore, it considers the dynamics of vegetation in terms of growth and management through modelling of dynamic data based on the Dynamizer module. Additionally, new data types, code lists and enumerations appropriate to the ADE domain are defined, providing a unified description of the vegetation’s specific characteristics that are comprehensive across different platforms and disciplines. The Vegetation ADE’ conceptual model opens several avenues for future research, including development of more accurate vegetation simulations and analyses, investigation of urban heat island effect or environmental impact assessments.

Abstract. This paper presents and discusses the first results regarding selection, analysis, preparation and eventual integration of a number of energy-related datasets, chosen in order to enrich a CityGML-based semantic 3D city model of Vienna. CityGML is an international standard conceived specifically as information and data model for semantic city models at urban and territorial scale. The still-in-development Energy Application Domain Extension (ADE) is a CityGML extension conceived to specifically model, manage and store energy-related features and attributes for buildings. The work presented in this paper is embedded within the European Marie-Curie ITN project “CINERGY, Smart cities with sustainable energy systems”, which aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. Given the scope and scale of the project, it is therefore vital to set up a common, unique and spatio-semantically coherent urban data model to be used as information hub for all applications being developed. This paper reports about the experiences done so far, it describes the test area in Vienna, Austria, and the available data sources, it shows and exemplifies the main data integration issues, the strategies developed to solve them in order to obtain the enriched 3D city model. The first results as well as some comments about their quality and limitations are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.

This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four villages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and statistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to household income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that direct effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the contribution of resources to local income.

A large number of cities have created semantic 3D city models, but these models are rarely used as input data for simulations, such as noise and flooding, in the urban planning process. Reasons for this are that many simulations require detailed land cover (LC) and elevation data that are often not included in the 3D city models, and that there is no linkage between the elevation and land cover data. In this study, we design, implement and evaluate methods to handle LC and elevation data in a 3D city model. The LC data is stored in 2.5D or 3D in the CityGML modules Transportation, Vegetation, WaterBody, CityFurniture and LandUse, and a complete 3D LC partition is created by combining data from these modules. The entire workflow is demonstrated in the paper: creating 2D LC data, extending CityGML, creating 2.5D/3D data from the 2D LC data, dividing the LC data into CityGML modules, storing it in a database (3DCityDB) and finally visualizing the data in Unreal Engine. The study is part of the 3CIM project where a national profile of CityGML for Sweden is created as an Application Domain Extension (ADE), but the result is generally applicable for CityGML implementations.

The literature on the health care of migrant patients has often emphasized the importance of cultural skills and cultural humility that caregivers must bring to their care. Recent work has emphasized the importance of adopting a structural reading of this competency. Based on two empirical surveys conducted in France and Germany in facilities providing access to care for migrants with precarious residency status, this article demonstrates the importance of competency linking in terms of what is produced by structures and institutions and what is produced during medical interactions between patients, medical professionals, and volunteers. The complexity of accessing health protection systems for migrants with precarious residency status is often the main structural and institutional barrier to care. To remove this barrier, health professionals can develop legal and administrative competency regarding residency and health rights. They can also develop institutional and practical competency regarding the possibilities of access to health care for people without health coverage in the local geographical context. Structural competency is also effective in deconstructing the stigma and discrimination that minority groups experience in the healthcare system.

Drawing on Gernot Grabher’s work on projects and project ecologies, there has developed a significant literature concerned with project-based organisations, recognising the fluid, transient, skills-based and localised nature of such forms. Yet, despite the inherent need within projects to draw on highly skilled labour, such literature has tended to overlook the importance of freelance, mobile labour within project ecologies, instead focusing on localised labour pools. In this paper, through a unique case study of transnational freelancing in the music recording industry, we provide a critique and development of Grabher’s conceptualisation of projects. Specifically, we focus on freelance labour to reveal the ways in which transnational mobility can reproduce social processes that have assumed to be localised, and thus the ways in which project work can stimulate mobility. Emphasising the very high degrees of ephemerality and latency with social networks, we argue that the social context in which projects operates needs to be considered well beyond local geographical contexts, with mobility acting to bridge extended periods of latency and reproduce project networks. Further, we extend the notion of social proximity within projects by considering how new ecologies of physical and virtual mobility are redefining freelance labour in the music recording industry.

A workflow for LLM-assisted IFC data enrichment to support circular reuse of large-panel building systems in Poland

A spatiotemporal analysis of motorcyclist injury severity: Findings from 20 years of crash data from Pennsylvania

In this article the authors present an overview of the current situation in Ukraine, with regards to the question of analytical terminology applied to new methods of creation in electronic music composition. The article establishes the differences and the similarities between the analyses of instrumental and electronic music structures, while considering the role of technology in the creation of new electronic music works. This paper also establishes a link between the origin of current analytical processes and electronic music practice in Ukraine, taking into account the function of a given terminology and its characteristic elements relating to a local geographical and cultural context. The authors underline the importance of integrating new music forms in academic circles and discuss external influences in the development of new musical systems. This is demonstrated by exposing selected musical materials, which can be considered representative of the creative and theoretical processes found in the field of electronic music in Ukraine.

The lack of contextual and environmentally relevant learning approaches, such as place-based pedagogy, causes students to lack understanding of the importance of environmental conservation in real life. This article examines the place-based pedagogy approach in increasing students' awareness and participation in environmental conservation, focusing on the habitat of the Proboscis Monkey. The study used qualitative methods to evaluate the impact of an educational approach that connects learning to the local geographic, cultural, and ecological context. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, involving students, lecturers, and the Indonesian Proboscis Monkey Friends Foundation. Data analysis was conducted thematically with triangulation to ensure validity. The results showed that the place-based pedagogy approach significantly increased students' ecological awareness, encouraged direct involvement in conservation, and built emotional connections with the local environment. The study recommends the integration of the place-based approach into the higher education curriculum, with a focus on practical activities such as field research, community service projects, and seminars with conservation practitioners. In conclusion, the place-based pedagogy approach can effectively increase students' awareness and involvement in environmental conservation. The implications of this research include the need to strengthen collaboration between universities and local communities, develop inclusive and contextual education policies.

The study namely Drought Analysis Using Various Drought Indices in District Ngemplak, Boyolali offers a comprehensive examination of drought phenomena in the Ngemplak, Boyolali district through the lens of var­ious drought indices, aiming to understand the impact on agricultural productivity and propose effective water management strategies. Using data from 2009 to 2023, this study used SPI and PDSI. Focusing on the Ngem­plak, Boyolali district, this research identifies the most relevant drought indices tailored to the local climatic and geographical contexts, analyzes the correlation between these indices and the productivity of primary crops, and suggests sustainable water management practices to mitigate drought risks. The study underscores the importance of adopting a multifaceted and adaptive water management framework, incorporating sophisticated irrigation technologies, and fostering policy reforms to enhance water use efficiency and resilience against climatic variability. It calls for collaborative efforts involving stakeholders across different sectors to implement these recommendations, ensuring the sustainability of water resources and agricultural productivity in the face of drought challenges.

The article defines the topicality of the ongoing study of the collection “Rare books with bookplates, inscriptions, and marginalia with the name of Fedir Vovk” from the Library Fund of the National Museum of the Ukrainian History as the source base for ethnology, ethnography, local lore, and Ukrainian studies. It characterizes the object of the research – Fedir Vovk’s scholarly investigation of Ukrainians in Dobrudja (the historical and geographical region between the Lower Danube and the central part of the Balkan Mountains in Bulgaria and Romania), which he conducted during his forced political emigration to Romania in the 1880s. The research is performed by the de visu method and based on two main sources – rare books, including the monograph “Transdanubian Sich (local memoirs and stories)” (1883) and the article “Ukrainian Fishery in Dobrudja” (1899). The research tasks that combine Ukrainian and book studies are based on the relevance of the discussion and its interdisciplinary sense. It has been generalized that the past of the Ukrainian community of Dobrudja can be illustrated in a certain diversity of its history and traditions, although relying on a very narrow historiographical basis besides Fedir Vovk’s research. It has been observed that Fedir Vovk did not only dedicate almost 10 years of his scholarly work to the search, collection, and preservation of the historical memory of his compatriots abroad but also aimed to find the traces of Zaporizhzhian Cossacks military (administrative) centers to study their memory about homeland, way of life, and traditions in a new complex local geographical, social, and political context. The article outlines the research prospects in the context of the mission set by bibliologists, historians, and experts in Ukrainian studies to develop “Professor F. Vovk’s Memory Department”, which was founded in the 1920s by his associates and suspended by the Great Terror.

Missed nursing care (MNC) is a significant health care issue that impacts on the quality of health care and patient safety. It refers to delayed or omitted aspects of nursing care (totally or partially). MNC is an under-researched area in the Australian health care context. This research sought to further explore the MNC phenomenon in the context of an acute care hospital and to identify its common elements and the factors influencing its occurrence. A convergent parallel mixed methods design was employed involving secondary analysis of routinely collected hospital data and a survey of 44 nursing staff using the MISSCARE survey instrument. The two sources of data were converged to address the objective. The study found that the most common elements of missed nursing care include failure of patient ambulation, emotional support for patients and/or family, and the provision of full documentation. These elements are consistent with previous international studies conducted in acute care hospital settings. This study identified that local context impacting on MNC was also important and included interruptions to workflow, "perceived" lack of management support, poor handover, and communication breakdown between the nursing team and medical staff. Consideration of the local health care context is foundational in understanding the MNC phenomenon. The findings of this research may help nursing managers mitigate the possible effects of MNC and therefore improve patient safety in their acute care environment. Additional multisite studies are required to further explore factors associated with MNC in both general and local contexts.

Modeling human behavior on the Web is an essential goal of Web usage mining and is often performed by sequential pattern mining (SPM). The similarity between data elements and the variability of human behavior often result in the decrease of the support value of some patterns and thus limit the number of patterns mined. This is often associated with a loss of information. As the data can take the form of multiple data sources that represent multiple views of the area of interest, they can be used to handle this similarity and variability. Traditional approaches form a unique dataset from these data. However, the associated mining task is complex and generates a large and redundant set of sequential patterns. This work proposes G_SPM, a pattern mining algorithm designed for behavioral pattern mining that takes advantage of multi-source data to handle the similarity, while adopting a selective mining strategy to limit the complexity of the mining process and the increase in the number of patterns. It considers the behavioral data source as the main source, and exploits complementary sources only when similarity is suspected. It forms frequent general patterns that represent sets of similar behavioral patterns with a limited frequency, while controlling the level of generality. Experimental results confirm that G_SPM succeeds in mining general patterns and thus in handling the problem of item similarity. In addition G_SPM outperforms traditional approaches in terms of runtime and redundancy of the resulting set of patterns.