Extracting Financial Data from Unstructured Sources: Leveraging Large Language Models

Corporate Social Responsibility and Firms Performance - An Analysis on Italian Listed Companies

PurposeThe issue that revolves around corporate governance and corporate environmental reporting (CER) has always been an essential element deliberated upon globally. A good corporate governance mechanism instills an investor’s confidence and ensures a transparent process that facilitates more disclosures and quality reporting. Precisely, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between corporate governance variables, namely, board size, board independence, board meeting (BM), risk management committee composition and CER in Nigeria. This study utilized the data obtained from the annual reports of 24 non-financial public listed companies in the Nigeria Stock Exchange comprising three sectors, namely, industrial goods, natural resources and oil & gas for the period of 2011–2015. The model of this study is theoretically based on agency theory. In analyzing data, this study utilized panel data analysis. Based on the Hausman test, the random effect model was used to examine the effect of predictors on CER. The result indicates a positive significant relationship between board independence and CER. Similarly, a positive significant relationship between BM and CER is revealed in the study. However, there is no significant relationship between other hypothesis variables and CER. Finally, the study provides suggestions for future research and several recommendations for regulators, government and accounting professional bodies.Design/methodology/approachThe data was analysed using statistics.FindingsThe result indicates a positive significant relationship between board independence and CER. Similarly, a positive significant relationship between BM and CER is revealed in the study. However, there is no significant relationship between other hypothesis variables and CER.Originality/valueThere are no prior studies linking risk management committee with CER.

To enhance food safety, environmental sustainability, and corporate governance, the Financial Supervisory Commission of Taiwan have required four types of listed companies to produce and file corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports since 2014: companies in the food, finance, and chemical industries and those with more than NT$40 billion in capital. This policy aims to enforce companies’ commitment to social responsibility. However, does this policy boost companies’ operating performance and help them achieve sustainable operations? This study employed data from the Taiwan Economic Journal and CSR reports from 2010 to 2017 for analysis. The operating performance of companies covered by this policy after it was implemented was not significantly better than that before policy implementation. For companies that voluntarily produced CSR reports before the policy, their return on assets was superior to that of companies that did not voluntarily produce CSR reports. The hypotheses were only partially supported by the results. The conclusions may provide a reference for companies reviewing their performance when complying with the policy to make improvements and adjustments accordingly and for the Financial Supervisory Commission in reviewing their policies.

The investment climate in the country depends largely on the level of confidence of potential investors, which actualizes the need to provide transparent and quality financial reporting to economic entities. Powerful corporations that have established an effective corporate governance mechanism are able to provide high competitive advantage over the long term, contributing to their financial and economic stability. The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of corporate governance mechanisms on the quality of a company’s financial statements. The corporate governance rules in force in Saudi Arabia were developed in 2006, then revised twice in 2009 and 2015, and only finally approved in 2017. The survey was based on the results of an electronic survey of 56 Saudi financial analysts selected from their LinkedIn profiles (financial analysts were selected by respondents because they play a significant role in the capital markets and are users of financial statements). The author points out that the objectivity of the survey results can be enhanced by expanding the sample of survey participants. The questionnaire contained 11 questions about corporate governance and its contribution to improving the quality of the financial statements of the respective companies. The results of the survey have empirically confirmed that corporate governance is a factor contributing to improving the quality of financial reporting and, consequently, increasing foreign investment inflows, so compliance with the new corporate governance rules is extremely important for Saudi Arabia corporations. Improvements in corporate governance mechanisms are perceived by members of boards of directors, audit committees, and internal audit departments as one of the main factors in improving the quality of financial reporting. Keywords: corporate governance; Financial Statements; financial analysts; transparency of reporting; investors; Saudi Arabia.

Motivational Factors of Implementing Corporate Social and Environmental Reporting and Its Impact on Performance

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the process by which cost design in Japan becomes environmentally conscious cost design and to consider the possibility of its further development and generalization. We first define cost design as proactive manufacturing of low cost and high quality at the design stage, in contrast to the standard cost system, and inquire into the extension of this process to the global supply chain and product life cycle. Second, we recognize the development of environmentally conscious cost design as a result of the integration of supply chain costing and life cycle assessment into cost design from the viewpoint of environmental management. Third, we use corporate social and environmental reports in the Japanese transport equipment and electric machine industries to investigate the state of environmentally conscious products, environmentally conscious design, eco-procurement, and life cycle assessment. To conclude, we make several proposals for further development of environmentally conscious cost design after analyzing the likelihood of success and some obstacles. Copyright The Author(s) 2014

Internet‐based push and pull technologies provide customized corporate environmental reporting. On the one hand, more and more companies use technical benefits of the Internet for corporate environmental reporting and to publish corporate environmental reports (CERs). On the other hand, the demand for customized environmental information is still increasing. Target groups and other stakeholders are becoming more critical and focused on their environmental information needs. Moreover, companies are going to exploit the use of CERs to achieve competitive advantages. Hence, environmental reporting has to be fine tuned according to different information needs of various target groups. Thereby, internet‐based push and pull technologies are an efficient tool. They enable companies to offer online reporting on demand and to provide individual environmental information. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

The research includes a focused study of the impact of implementing integrated reporting standards and corporate governance on the quality of financial and non-financial reports in economic units listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The research focuses on a fundamental hypothesis: optimal implementation of integrated reporting standards and the consolidation of good governance practices will substantially improve reporting quality and enhance the transparency of information available to investors and stakeholders. The research is based on a multidimensional analytical methodology combining focused theoretical and precise quantitative analysis. Advanced statistical analysis tools examine the relationship between integrated reporting, corporate governance, and reporting quality. The research also aims to provide a tangible scientific contribution that closes an existing research gap. A questionnaire was prepared to achieve the research objective, consisting of four axes and five paragraphs for each axis. The first includes measuring integrated reporting standards, the second includes measuring corporate governance, the third includes measuring the quality of financial and non-financial reports, and the fourth includes measuring the relationship between integrated reporting standards, corporate governance, and the quality of reports in general. One hundred fifty questionnaires were distributed to auditors, accountants, financial analysts, and investors. In companies, a descriptive approach was used to analyse the data. Additionally, simple linear regression was used to validate the questionnaire. The research results revealed a significant correlation and influence between implementing integrated reporting standards, the governance of economic units, and the quality of reports. Furthermore, the research showed that economic units committed to implementing integrated reporting standards and adopting good governance practices are characterised by more accurate, comprehensive, and transparent reports.

Purpose– This paper aims to investigate the relationship between external regulation pressure and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting decision and comprehensiveness and the relationship between block ownership and CSR in China.Design/methodology/approach– This paper provides descriptive statistics of the current state of CSR reporting in China. In addition, regression models are utilized to analyze the behavior of CSR reporting of a sample of 5,334 listed firms in China.Findings– Our paper records a significant increase of CSR reporting in the period of 2008-2010. Using a sample of 5,334 listed firms in China, we find a positive yet weak association between centrally controlled state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and CSR reports. Moreover, we find that firms with more concentrated block ownership are less likely to issue CSR reports.Research limitations/implications– Taken as a whole, our analyses suggest that the entrenchment effect from blockholders seems to dominate the incentive effect and this depresses the quality of CSR reports.Practical implications– Despite the well-known effect of economic factors on CSR decision, corporate governance such as ownership structure could complicate the final results. Furthermore, the institutional background of the country and its implications for corporate governance should be considered jointly and concurrently.Social implications– The positive effect from regulatory pressure on centrally owned SOEs suggests that regulation remains an effective tool to encourage CSR reporting in emerging markets.Originality/value– First, our study confirms prior research that CSR disclosure decision is primarily driven by economic and strategic considerations. Moreover, our results suggest that a country’s institutional background, in addition to economic and strategic considerations, influences the decision and quality of CSR disclosures. Second, we extend the literature on ownership structure, particularly with respect to blockholders. Third, our research design addresses a weakness in earlier studies which are biased exclusively on state ownership to the exclusion of all other blockholders.

This paper assesses which Large Language Model (LLM), ChatGPT 3.5 or Google Bard (Bard), performs better in extracting tabular data from annual reports of major publicly traded companies in Portable Document Format (PDF).Through an examination of 40 experiments with different difficulty levels, this study delves into the capabilities of these LLMs in processing and extracting financial information.The evaluation metrics, including relevance, accuracy, completeness, consistency, and context awareness reveal varying degrees of proficiency when handling complex financial data for both ChatGPT 3.5 and Bard.In our study, ChatGPT 3.5 demonstrated superior performance, particularly on more challenging questions.The findings offer valuable insights into the utility of LLMs in financial data extraction and provide recommendations for future research.

Information on disclosure of corporate social responsibility is information on a company's social responsibility to parties outside the company. This disclosure is disclosed in the company's annual report and corporate governance report. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of corporate governance and the size of the company on the disclosure of Islamic banking in Indonesia and to analyze the effect of moderating variables on disclosure of corporate social responsibility. The number of datatook in this study was 48 data that had been processed. The data used in this study were the annual Islamic banking reports, financial statements, and corporate governance reports respectively. This test used regression tests and moderating variables. The results obtained that CSR commitment has positive correlation to CSR disclosure and the existence of female's board, managerial ownership has negative correlation to CSR disclosure, meanwhile, board size does not affect the CSR disclosure. After applied the moderation variable, it increased the disclosure of corporate social responsibility.

Information on disclosure of corporate social responsibility is information on a company's social responsibility to parties outside the company. This disclosure is disclosed in the company's annual report and corporate governance report. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of corporate governance and the size of the company on the disclosure of Islamic banking in Indonesia and to analyze the effect of moderating variables on disclosure of corporate social responsibility. The number of datatook in this study was 48 data that had been processed. The data used in this study were the annual Islamic banking reports, financial statements, and corporate governance reports respectively. This test used regression tests and moderating variables. The results obtained that CSR commitment has positive correlation to CSR disclosure and the existence of female's board, managerial ownership has negative correlation to CSR disclosure, meanwhile, board size does not affect the CSR disclosure. After applied the moderation variable, it increased the disclosure of corporate social responsibility.

The purpose of this research paper is to explore the connection between Corporate Governance, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG), Audit Committee (AC) and Financial Performance in European Investment Holding Companies. This paper aims to understand whether there is a correlation between these elements. The study answers the following research question: "What is the impact of corporate governance indicators, ESG and financial performance on investments in public holding companies in Europe?" Our findings reveal significant correlations between corporate governance structures and financial performance metrics, as well as the influence of ESG ratings on financial performance and corporate governance. Additionally, we identify the effects of audit committee characteristics on financial performance and ESG outcomes. The reported data is collected from a sample of companies included in the Refinitiv Eikon Database and analysed using a panel data analysis at both regional and industry level. The sample is composed of 228 European Companies, covering a period of 4 years, from 2019-2022. I chose this because it includes the impact of the pandemic and the post-pandemic recovery period, providing insight into the adaptability and resilience of companies in the face of major economic challenges.This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between corporate governance, ESG practices and financial performance, providing valuable insights for investors, managers and regulators aiming to navigate sustainable investment strategies in the European market. This sample is considered large enough to provide meaningful data and draw relevant conclusions. Companies from various European countries were included to reflect the diversity of the market and to analyse variations in governance and ESG practices in different national contexts. The focus on public holding companies provides a specific perspective on how these entities manage corporate governance and ESG, given their importance in the European economy. The selection of the sample was based on the availability of financial and corporate governance data to ensure the reliability and validity of the analysis. This data will be used to investigate how governance and ESG practices influence companies' financial performance, thus providing important insights for understanding the relationship between these aspects within the European market.

The proliferation of financial data and the increasing complexity of global markets have necessitated the development of advanced predictive frameworks for informed investment decision-making. Traditional forecasting approaches, including fundamental and technical analysis, often fail to capture the nonlinear, high-dimensional, and dynamic nature of stock markets, limiting their effectiveness in volatile environments. This chapter presents a comprehensive exploration of machine learning (ML) techniques and predictive analytics methodologies for stock market trend forecasting and adaptive investment management. By integrating structured financial data with unstructured sources such as news sentiment, social media indicators, and alternative datasets, predictive models can capture both quantitative and qualitative market signals, enhancing the accuracy and robustness of forecasts. The application of supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning algorithms enables the development of adaptive investment strategies that respond dynamically to evolving market conditions. Reinforcement learning frameworks, in particular, facilitate sequential decision-making, optimizing portfolio allocations and trading policies through continuous interaction with market environments. The incorporation of real-time analytics and scenario-based stress testing allows institutions to proactively manage risk, identify anomalous patterns, and adjust strategies to mitigate potential losses. Challenges associated with data heterogeneity, noise, model interpretability, and regulatory compliance are addressed through feature engineering, explainable AI techniques, and ethical design considerations, ensuring both reliability and transparency of predictive outputs. This chapter underscores the transformative potential of integrating machine learning-driven predictive insights into real-time financial decision-making. By combining advanced algorithms, heterogeneous data sources, and adaptive learning strategies, financial institutions can achieve superior forecasting accuracy, enhanced portfolio performance, and effective risk mitigation. The findings highlight the critical role of explainable, ethically-informed predictive analytics in modern investment management, offering a framework for both academic research and practical application in dynamic market environments.

This study aims to determine the influence of Islamic Corporate Governance and Islamic Social Reporting on company value through financial performance. This study uses a quantitative method with an explanatory approach. The data used in this study is secondary data with the data collection method using a purposive sampling method with 20 samples of consumer goods industry companies registered at ISSI during the period 2018 to 2021. The independent variable in this study is Islamic Corporate Governance and Islamic Social reporting. While the dependent variable is the value of the company. And financial performance as a moderating variable. Hypothesis testing is done by using software Eviews. 12. The results of the research show that Islamic Corporate Governance has a significant effect on firm value. Meanwhile Islamic Social Reporting has no effect on firm value. And financial performance cannot moderate the influence of Islamic Corporate Governance and Islamic Social reporting to company value.