Fast pyrolysis processing of surfactant washed Miscanthus

Mutual influence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Triton X-100 on their adsorption at the water–air interface

Delayed dissociation of in vitro moving actin filaments from heavy meromyosin induced by low concentrations of Triton X-100

This study was set to study the effects of surfactants on crops using Triton X-100, one of widely used surfactants for various purposes including agricultural uses, as a target surfactant. The effects of Triton X-100 on the growth of wheat and lettuce were studied and the germination and shoot growth of wheat were not significantly affected by Triton X-100. With lettuce, the increasing Triton X-100 concentrations tend to negatively affect the growth, possibly due to the absorption of Triton X-100 by lettuce. The average lettuce fresh mass was reduced by 31% when Triton X-100 concentration increased from 0 to 240 mg L−1. This may mean that chemicals dissolved or mobilized by Triton X-100 can be absorbed by lettuce. The Cd mobilization was facilitated with Triton X-100, and the absorption of procymidone in soil by lettuce was greater when Triton X-100 was applied (i.e., 0.18 mg kg−1) than when water was applied (i.e., 0.15 mg kg−1), although they were statistically not different (p-value > 0.05). The average lettuce masses in the presence of residual procymidone in soil and Triton X-100 (16 g) were lower than that of the control soils (20 g), although they were statistically not different (p-value > 0.05). The results suggest that surfactants contained in pesticide formulations can potentially affect crop growth and absorption of other contaminants. Therefore, the residual surfactants and active ingredients in pesticide formulations need to be properly managed to protect the environment and to produce crops free of contaminants.

A method for removing four triphenylmethane dyes from wastewater by cloud point extraction with the nonionic surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) was developed. The triphenylmethane dyes were crystal violet, ethyl violet, malachite green and brilliant green. The cloud point of TX-114 generally increased in the presence of any of the four dyes. In the cloud point system, these dyes were solubilized into a coacervate phase that left a color-free dilute phase. The extraction efficiency of the dyes increased with the temperature, TX-114 concentration, and salt (NaCl and CaCl2) concentration. More than 97% TX-114 in the dilute phase was recovered by adjusting the volume ratio of dichloromethane to the dilute phase. The Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm was used to describe the dye solubilization. The Langmuir constants m and n were calculated as functions of temperature. The results showed that the solubilization of the triphenylmethane dyes in the cloud point system was related to the partition coefficient and their molecular structures.

Cloudy development and physico-chemical parameters for the triton X-100 and levofloxacin hemihydrate drug mixture: Impacts of the manifestation of several short-chain alcohols and urea

This study aimed to analyze the factors that impact the cloud point extraction of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. The following independent variables were analyzed: Triton X-114 concentration, NaCl concentration, pH, and incubation temperature. The dependent variable studied was recovery. A central composite design model was used. The applied quantitation method was HPLC. The method was validated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. The results underwent ANOVA® analysis. The polynomial equations were generated for each analyte. The response surface methodology graphs visualized them. The analysis showed that the factor most affecting the recovery of levofloxacin is the concentration of Triton X-114, while the recovery of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin is most affected by pH value. However, the concentration of Triton X-114 also plays an important role. The optimization resulted in the following recoveries: for ciprofloxacin, 60%; for levofloxacin, 75%; and for moxifloxacin, 84%, which are identical to those estimated with regression equations-59%, 74% and 81% for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin, respectively. The research confirms the validity of using the model to analyze factors affecting the recovery of the analyzed compounds. The model allows for a thorough analysis of variables and their optimization.

In this study, the interaction energy between Triton X-114 surfactant + methylene blue or water and methylene blue + water was investigated using Hartree-Fock (HF) theory with 6-31G* basis set. The results of structures and interaction energies show that these complexes have good physical and chemical interactions at atom and molecular levels. However, the Triton X-114 surfactant + methylene blue complex shows stronger molecular interaction compared to other complexes systems. The order of the interaction energy is 4303.472023 (Triton X-114 surfactant + water) > -1222.962 (methylene blue + water) > -3573.28 (Triton X-114 surfactant + methylene blue) kJ·mole−1. Subsequently, the cloud point extraction was carried out for 15 ppm of methylene blue in a mixture at 313.15 and 323.15 K over the surfactant concentration range from 0.01 M to 0.1 M. From the measured data, the excess molar volume was calculated for both phases. The results show a positive deviation in the dilute phase and a negative deviation in the surfactant rich phase. It is confirmed that the interaction between Triton X-114 and methylene blue is stronger than other complex systems due to the presence of chemical and structural orientation. The concentration of dyes and surfactant in the feed mixture and temperature effect in both phases has been studied. In addition, the thermodynamics feasibility and efficiency of the process have also been investigated.

The purpose of this project was to prepare and operate a fast pyrolysis process development unit (PDU) that can validate experimental data generated at the bench scale. In order to do this, a biomass preparation system, a modular fast pyrolysis fluidized bed reactor, modular gas clean-up systems, and modular bio-oil recovery systems were designed and constructed. Instrumentation for centralized data collection and process control were integrated. The bio-oil analysis laboratory was upgraded with the addition of analytical equipment needed to measure C, H, O, N, S, P, K, and Cl. To provide a consistent material for processing through the fluidized bed fast pyrolysis reactor, the existing biomass preparation capabilities of the ISU facility needed to be upgraded. A stationary grinder was installed to reduce biomass from bale form to 5-10 cm lengths. A 25 kg/hr rotary kiln drier was installed. It has the ability to lower moisture content to the desired level of less than 20% wt. An existing forage chopper was upgraded with new screens. It is used to reduce biomass to the desired particle size of 2-25 mm fiber length. To complete the material handling between these pieces of equipment, a bucket elevator and two belt conveyors must be installed. The bucket elevator has been installed. The conveyors are being procured using other funding sources. Fast pyrolysis bio-oil, char and non-condensable gases were produced from an 8 kg/hr fluidized bed reactor. The bio-oil was collected in a fractionating bio-oil collection system that produced multiple fractions of bio-oil. This bio-oil was fractionated through two separate, but equally important, mechanisms within the collection system. The aerosols and vapors were selectively collected by utilizing laminar flow conditions to prevent aerosol collection and electrostatic precipitators to collect the aerosols. The vapors were successfully collected through a selective condensation process. The combination of these two mechanisms has created the ability to effectively fractionate the bio-oil into distinct fractions with improved characteristics. The fractions of bio-oil each contained different properties. Bio-oil properties that were improved included the energy content, water content, acid content and distribution of certain carbohydrates (levoglucosan and acetic acid). The improved properties that are associated with the fractionated bio-oil could allow bio-oil to be used in new markets, preferably without further upgrading. The decreased water and acid contents in the first four (of five) fractions could allow for easier upgrading of the bio-oil into transportation fuels or other valuable products. Char and solid particulate content of bio-oil must be minimized. Solid particulate can erode surfaces, leading to decreased equipment and component life and increased maintenance. Char can contribute to the instability of bio-oil by acting as a catalyst and causing secondary reactions. To continuously remove char from the pyrolysis reactor product stream, two cyclonic gas separators (cyclones) were designed and constructed. The design of the two gas cyclones was based on gas flow rate, particulate density, desired efficiency and desired pressure drop.

Determination of estrogens in water by HPLC–UV using cloud point extraction

The use of surface-active agents (i.e., surfactants) to increase the efficiency of pump-and-treat has been investigated for remediation sites where clean-up is limited by non-aqueous phase liquid dissolution and contaminant desorption. For both types of limitations, successful applications of the enhancement technologies have occurred at the laboratory scale and in a few small-scale field operations. For this chapter, emphasis is placed on assessing the use of surfactants to increase the rate of organic pollutant desorption from soil to water. The mechanisms of surfactant-enhanced desorption are introduced and factors affecting the efficiency and applicability of surfactant-enhanced remediation are discussed. To conclude the chapter, data are presented that show the effects of several different surfactants on the rate of trichloroethene (TCE) desorption from a peat soil. The surfactant Triton X-100 is shown to increase the rate of TCE desorption from a peat soil at several different concentrations. The increased rate of TCE desorption was caused by an increase in the desorption mass-transfer rate coefficient, as well as by increasing the concentration gradient driving desorption. This latter mechanism was only present at a surfactant concentration roughly twenty times the critical micelle concentration of Triton X-100. For the other surfactants tested - Tween 20, sodium dodecylsulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and Triton X-405 - the rate of TCE desorption remained the same or was decreased. Results from this section emphasize the need for a better mechanistic understanding of the effects of surfactants on sorbed pollutants.Key wordsground waterremediationsurfactantsdesorption

Association of hydrophobically modified positively charged N-isopropylacrylamide copolymers with the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100

The influence of Sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 surfactants on the two-phase pressure drop and two phase flow regime of water-air and gas condensate-air in upward vertical pipe were investigated for various gas/liquid flow rates. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 reduced the pressure drop of single phase water flow by 11% and 29% compared with that of pure water single phase flow at water velocity of 13 m/s. For condensate single phase flow, Sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 reduced the pressure drop by 9% and 17% compared with that of condensate single phase flow with no surfactant at gas condensate velocity of 13 m/s. The maximum efficiency of Sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 in reducing the pressure drop of water-air system were 67.1% and 79.8%, respectively, compared with that of pure water-air two-phase flow. For gas condensate-air system, the maximum efficiency of Sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 in reducing the pressure drop was 57.1% and 36.7%, respectively, compared to that of pure condensate-air two-phase flow.

Viability PCR (v-PCR) was optimized using propidium monoazide (PMA) and Triton X-100 for the selective detection of live foodborne pathogens in this study. The colony-forming unit (CFU) method, conventionally used for detecting live foodborne pathogens, is time-consuming. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) have emerged as rapid alternatives for pathogen detection, which provide accurate detection at low bacterial concentrations. However, these methods cannot distinguish between live and dead bacteria. We investigated the optimization of v-PCR conditions using PMA concentrations (10-200 μM) and Triton X-100 concentrations (0-1%) for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and Cronobacter sakazakii. PMA at 100 μM effectively inhibited the amplification of dead bacteria, whereas 1% Triton X-100 enhanced PMA efficiency. The optimized v-ddPCR method successfully distinguished live from dead bacteria, although discrepancies were observed between CFU counts and ddPCR copy numbers. Triton X-100 treatment reduced these discrepancies, bringing the ddPCR copy numbers closer to CFU counts obtained from traditional culture methods. This optimized v-ddPCR protocol provides a rapid and reliable approach for detecting viable foodborne pathogens in food safety applications, that offers enhanced sensitivity compared with conventional culture-based methods.

Spectroscopic properties of protochlorophyll forms in Triton X-100 detergent micelles

The cellular autolytic reaction system in Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 9790 was analyzed for relative increases in reaction rates with increasing temperature by determination of Arrhenius activation energies (E). The systems examined were: (i) an isolated wall-enzyme complex in 0.01 M sodium phosphate, pH 6.9; (ii) exponential-phase cells suspended in 0.01 or o.3 M sodium phosphate pH 6.8, or in 0.04 M ammonium acetate, pH 6.8, (iii) growing cultures deprived of glucose or lysine; and (iv) cultures treated in growth media with the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. For detergent-treated cells, E values were between 23.9 and 27.4 kcal/mol (ca. 100.1 to 174.7 kJ/mol) at concentrations of Triton X-100 between about 0.03 and 0.072 mg/ml. E values dropped sharply to 11.5 to 13.0 kcal/m-l (ca. 48.2 to 54.4 kJ/mol) at Triton X-100 concentrations of 0.12 mg/ml or higher. For the remaining systems, E values ranged from 16 to 20 kcal/mol (ca. 67.0 to 83.7 kJ/mol) (wall lysis, cellular autolysis in 0.01 M sodium phosphate or in 0.04 M ammonium acetate, and autolysis of glucose-starved cells) to 31 to 38 kcal/mol (ca 129.8 to 159.1 kJ/mol) (cellular autolysis in 0.3 M sodium phosphate or autolysis of lysine-starved cells). High concentrations of Triton X-100 appear to lower the E values below the 16 to 20 kcal/mol observed for the autolysis of isolated walls. This effect may be related to disruption by the detergent of a hydrophobic complex regulating cellular autolysis in vivo.