Five responsibilities shape the new role.

Users of social networks have a variety of social statuses and roles. For example, the users of Weibo include celebrities, government officials, and social organizations. At the same time, these users may be senior managers, middle managers, or workers in companies. Previous studies on this topic have mainly focused on using the categorical, textual and topological data of a social network to predict users’ social statuses and roles. However, this cannot fully reflect the overall characteristics of users’ social statuses and roles in a social network. In this paper, we consider what social network structures reflect users’ social statuses and roles since social networks are designed to connect people. Taking an Enron email dataset as an example, we analyzed a preprocessing mechanism used for social network datasets that can extract users’ dynamic behavior features. We further designed a novel social network representation learning algorithm in order to infer users’ social statuses and roles in social networks through the use of an attention and gate mechanism on users’ neighbors. The extensive experimental results gained from four publicly available datasets indicate that our solution achieves an average accuracy improvement of 2% compared with GraphSAGE-Mean, which is the best applicable inductive representation learning method.

Development and Calibration of the TBI-QOL Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities and TBI-QOL Satisfaction With Social Roles and Activities Item Banks and Short Forms

This research explores the perceptions of management accountants and their work community within a UK university, during a departmental restructure, when new roles and responsibilities emerged. Current literature on the role of management accountants suggests a lack of understanding as to how their role has developed over the years, with research being fragmented and rarely undertaken from the perspective of the service users, or the role holders. Research has predominantly concentrated on organisational aspects of change in management accounting, there being a dearth of research on the effect that role change has on the management accountant’s perception of their role, identity and associated power within the organisation. In addition, there is lack of field-based research and of practitioner research that is undertaken by qualified management accountants working in situ. A qualitative approach was adopted, wherein the author acted as an insider researcher. As an employee and qualified management accountant, the researcher was part of the community being investigated, which enabled observing-participant techniques to be used. Formal data generation spanned a two-year period, wherein semi-structured interviews were undertaken with nineteen key actors, including the accountants and those they served. Throughout, a research diary was maintained to record observations from meetings, face-to-face encounters, and the verbal and written communications associated with the accountant’s role. Cultural Historical Activity Theory was adopted as a lens with which to explore the perceived changes in perceptions that occurred between the management accountants and their wider organisational community. A thematic analysis of the data revealed three key themes: role, identity and power relations. On further analysis, inconsistent actor reports were apparent which referred to the decentralisation process and the change element of the managing accountants’ role. The resultant tensions and contradictions were analysed in detail as activity developed and altered over time. The effectiveness of the finance business partner model was seen to be flawed. In addition, the perceptions management accountants held of their role, identity and power within the university were impacted on negatively. Overall, analysis provided a rich picture that detailed the experiences of the difficulties and ambiguities brought about by change in the management accountants’ role. In investigating professional accountant practice in situ this study makes a strong contribution to the limited research that addresses the changing perceptions and roles of management accountants in the public sector. The insights further contribute to the literature of management accounting activity, in making a theoretical contribution to knowledge in the field of change, with specific reference to power relations, resistance to change, identity and role perception. With respect to the future, as the finance business partner role has become established in recent years, there is a need for a wider understanding of the transition in the management accountants’ role, as a finance business partner and further research is recommended both in the public and private sector.

Using a national representative sample of Taiwanese women age 18 to 64 (n=896) from the Taiwan Social Change Survey conducted in 2002, this study investigates the health effects of multiple roles on health for young and middle-aged women. In light of the Role Substitution Hypothesis, the Role Complementation Hypothesis, and the Role Combination Strain Hypothesis, certain interacting effects between marriage, employment, motherhood, and filial role are examined. Statistical analyses are performed separately for young and middle-aged women to examine the association between social roles occupied and health outcomes as well as interactions between age and the nature of work and family roles on health. Results show that certain social roles are more relevant to health status for women at specific stages of the life course. When marriage and filial role are associated with better perceived health for young women, motherhood is more beneficial in perceived health for middle-aged women. These findings imply that intergenerational relationships are strongly associated with Taiwanese women's perceived health status. In addition, complementary health effects between employment and motherhood are found among middle-aged women. Analyses of this study suggest that the impacts of multiple roles on health are subjected to change according to women's age, the nature of family roles, and the type of employment. Considering the overall results, we emphasize that in order to delineate the complicated relationships between social roles and women's health, more specific characteristics of roles occupied by women need to be taken into account.

The nursing role in primary care is increasing in importance, particularly in the Australian health care system (Royal College of Nursing Australia [RCNA] 2003). The expanding nursing role in primary care has implications for the health of Australian society, nursing education, continuing professional development, health service policy, inter-professional politics, regulatory affairs and the monitoring of standards and professional practice. Professional nursing organisations represent the voice of their membership in influencing development of public policy, setting professional standards and in promoting the profession and raising awareness of its vital role and contribution to the health care sector (Australian Practice Nurses Association 2007; RCNA 2007).A range of variables has contributed to shaping the nursing role in the general practice setting. Perhaps the most significant of these to date include legal and industrial factors and consumer expectations. However, the political challenges of introducing change and innovation in nursing in general practice must also be given careful consideration. Professional leadership that successfully manages the complex interplay of these and other factors will be important in advancing the role in the future.As this nursing role evolves it is important that the nursing profession, including professional, industrial and regulatory representatives work collaboratively to promote the health and well-being of Australians. The impact of this role on health service provision also needs to be carefully examined through research processes in order to build an evidence-base. Evaluative data will be useful in developing and expanding the role in the future in defensible ways through policy development.In this special issue of Contemporary Nurse, McMurray (2007) emphasises the importance of leadership in primary care and provides us with useful strategies for promoting the health of communities. Hall et al. (2007) and Porritt (2007) trace the recent developments of the practice nurse role in Australian general practice and underscore the importance of policy in driving health care reforms and developing nurses' roles that are responsive to needs of contemporary health care systems.Models of nursing roles in primary care should complement and support the role of other health practitioners, particularly the general practitioner. The role for the nurse practitioner in general practice will evolve as multidisciplinary models of care are advanced, in order to enhance existing service provision and improve access to primary care for all consumers. Nursing is in a good position to influence development of these models, the end point of which must be improved health outcomes for consumers of these services. Consequently education initiatives in the undergraduate, post graduate and professional development sphere need to prepare nurses to work collaboratively with multidisciplinary colleagues, particularly in the general practice setting. Nurses working in specialist domains of practice should also establish links with nurse colleagues in the primary care setting to support their professional growth, promote the quality and continuity of clinical care and in developing practice-based research and scholarship.Over the last five years, nursing in Australian general practice has developed substantially and will evolve as multidisciplinary models of care are advanced to improve existing service provision and improve access to primary care for all consumers (Council of Deans of Nursing and Midwifery of Australia and New Zealand 2004). …

In the present era of positive psychology and occupational health psychology interest in promoting the mental health of employees has increased markedly during the last few years due to its direct and indirect important role in the productivity, job satisfaction, turnover, bum out, and so on. There may be a lot of key factors such as work environment, management support, work load and so on in determining how stressful the work can be and its effect on employee physical and mental health. Organizational stress and collective cultural are the factors that may play an important role in determining the mental health of employees basically the managers of the organizations. More recently, studies have targeted occupational stress in various professions, such as nurses, doctors, police officers, teachers and academics (Plattner & Mberengwa, 2010), but little research has been conducted on occupational stress among managers. In the pursuit for organizational excellence, managers need to work under highly stressful circumstances. Managers in the manufacturing sector have been found to be experiencing high stress (Jestin & Gampel, 2002). In addition to this, personal cultural orientation of managers may moderate the relationship of occupational stress and mental health through different social support and coping style. In highly heterogeneous societies cultural differences must not be ignored, especially in the workplace otherwise it may result in reduced organisational outcomes (Holtzhausen, 2005).Mental healthAccording to the WHO (2009), mental health can be conceptualized as a state of well-being in which the individual: realizes his or her own abilities; can cope with the normal stresses of life; can work productively and fruitfully; is able to make a contribution to his or her community.Organizational stressIn an organizational context, organizational stress is also known as job stress and/or work stress and/or occupational stress. These terms are often used interchangeably in organizations, but its meaning refers to the same thing (AbuAlRub, 2004; Larson, 2004). It is defined as the perception of a discrepancy between environmental demands (stressors) and individual capacities to fill these demands (Topper, 2007; Vermut & Steensma, 2005; Ornelas & Kleiner, 2003; Varea, 1999). Employees in an organization can face occupational stress through the role stress. Role stress means anything about an organizational role that produces adverse consequences for the individual (Kahn& Quinn, 1970). Bhagat etal. (2010)acknowledge role conflict, role overload and role ambiguity as the three frequent causes of occupational stress. Reilly (1982) and Jones et al. (2007) stated that role overload is the degree to which one found him/herself in a position of time pressure because of the number of tasks and responsibilities one has in life. Role ambiguity is defined as being uncertain about the task requirements of a certain job due to lack of information, unclear company directives and unclear goals and responsibilities (Rizzo etal., 1970; Walker etal., 1975; Schuler, 1979; Behrman & Perreault, 1984; Mengiuc, 1996; Karatepe et al., 2006; Jones et al., 2007). Role ambiguity can result from deficient information available (Conley W Chang & Lu, 2007). Role conflict can result from inconsistent information (Conley W LaMontagne et al., 2008). Research has established that job-related stress impacts on individual level outcomes that include depression decreased overall well-being and coronary heart disease (Beehr & Glazer, 2005; Gyllensten & Palmer, 2005). …

本研究探討員工知覺的轉型領導(TFL)及學習式目標導向(LGO)分別與其角色行為（創新行為和組織公民行為）之關係。再者，本研究也欲檢測員工LGO對於TFL與創新行為的關係之干擾效果是否會受到表現式目標導向(PGO)高低的干擾。最後，本研究亦欲檢驗員工LGO對於TFL與組織公民行為的關係之干擾效果是否會受到PGO高低的干擾。本研究之受測對象為台灣地區電子公司497位員工，實得有效問卷303份。結果顯示，員工知覺的轉型領導愈高，其愈會積極表現出創新行為，也愈會積極表現出組織公民行為。員工的學習式目標導向愈高，其亦愈會積極表現出組織公民行為。員工LGO對於TFL與其創新行為的關係之干擾效果會受到PGO高低的干擾。當員工PGO高時，LGO會對TFL與其創新行為之關係產生干擾效果。亦即，若員工PGO高且LGO低時，則員工知覺到的TFL與其表現出之創新行為呈顯著正相關；然而，若員工PGO高且LGO高時，則員工知覺到的TFL與其表現出創新行為之正向關聯性較低。相對而言，當員工PGO低時，LGO不會對TFL與其創新行為之關係生產干擾效果。最後，員工LGO對於TFL與其組織公民行為的關係之干擾效果亦會受到PGO高低的干擾。當員工PGO高時，LGO會對TFL與其組織公民行為之關係產生干擾效果。亦即，若員工PGO高且LGO低時，則員工知覺到的TFL與其表現出之組織公民行為呈顯著正相關；然而，若員工PGO高且LGO高時，則員工知覺到的TFL與其表現出組織公民行為之正向關聯性較低。相對而言，當員工PGO低時，LGO不會對TFL與其組織公民行為之關係產生干擾效果。

By trying to bridge approaches based on the analysis of objective national interests with those focusing on national identities and discourses, this study attempts to offer a new angle for analysing Sino-Russian relations from 2012 to 2018. Developing a conceptual framework based on the National Role Theory (NRT), this thesis analyses official discourses developed by Russia and China between 2012 and 2018 in order to (1) identify assumed roles and corresponding mutual expectations displayed by Russia and China in official discourses (2) identify gaps between roles and mutual expectations (3) address the mechanisms used by Russia and China to bridge the gaps between the assumed roles and mutual expectations. The results of the study suggest that Russia and China adjust their role-taking and form mutual expectations in close relation to a given context. Thus, this study distinguishes between global, regional, and bilateral levels of interaction, introducing the analysis of cooperation in Central Asia as a case to access the regional level. The convergence of roles at the global level is an essential factor in the formation of a Sino-Russian approach to the debate over the global governance system. At the same time, this study identifies some gaps between assumed roles and expectations at the regional and at the bilateral levels. The gaps at the regional level are attributed to attempts by Russia and China to locate roles of civilisational powers and suppliers of shared norms to promote regional integration. At the bilateral level, the study identifies gaps between the roles assumed in the official discourses and expectations exhibited by bureaucracies, businesses, and the general public. One of the most effective strategies used by Russia and China to bridge these gaps is to promote intensive communication about perceptions and interests which allows them to internalise roles assumed by the other and construct shared meanings. Moreover, strategies at the bilateral level to bridge gaps include the promotion of mutual learning and the accumulation of knowledge about each other.

Introduction : Dental caries is a pathological process in the form of limited damage to the tissue of the tooth, strating from enamel to dentin. Dental caries or cavities can be seen when it forms openings or holes which can be seen by naked eye and has a change of color to brown and black. Dental caries occurs because of demineralization of the interaction of bacteria on the tooth surface. Bacteria are acidic so within a certain time period, the acid will damage the tooth enamel and cause cavities. This research aimed to find the correlation between parents’ role in guiding to brush teeth and dental caries case in preschool children at TK Az-Zahra Gedangan Sidoarjo. Method : The research design used was descriptive analysis with cross sectional. The population of this research were parents (mothers) and student of TK Az Zahra Gedangan Sidoarjo with the number of sample was 26 respondents. The independent variable was parents’ role in guiding to brush teeth, while the dependent variable was dental caries case. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaires and observation sheets. The data was analyzed by using Chi Square data analysis with significance level α<0,05. Result : The results showed that there was no correlation between parents’ role in guiding to brush teeth and dental caries case in preschool children (p=0,395). Discussion : Given these findings, it could be concluded that there was no correlation between parents’ role in giving guide to toothbrushing and dental caries in preschool children. Thus, parents should increase their role in guiding children to brush teeth regularly, because children at that age needed intensive guide and supports from parents to minimize dental caries case

This thesis aims to study the identification of the Matthean Jesus with Wisdom or Sophia, a personified feminine figure. The roots of this identification are traced to the traditions in Judaism as depicted in Proverbs, Job, Sirach, the Wisdom of Solomon, Baruch and 1 Enoch. The early Christians made use of this Wisdom tradition when speculating on the identity and significance of Jesus, and scholars have identified explicit Wisdom Christologies in Paul, Q and John. The thesis has its main focus in the Matthean tradition and demonstrates that Matthew develops a high Christology from his Jewish and Christian sources by portraying Jesus as Wisdom incarnate. This thesis studies Matthew’s Wisdom Christology from the perspective of its Jewish and early Christian contexts. How has Matthew been influenced by these traditions, and how has he developed them? The nature and roles of Wisdom in Judaism differ from text to text. In some she is a distinct pre-existent being, subordinate to and distinct from God, while in others she appears to be an aspect of God and not a distinct entity. In terms of her functions, Wisdom is assigned a variety of roles. She plays a part in the creation of the universe as the assistant of God, mediates between God and humans, plays a salvific role and is identified with the Torah. Wisdom can be described in various ways, including mother, lover and counsellor. In the Judaism of Matthew’s time, Wisdom is only one of many pre-existent beings. Other figures that were thought to pre-exist and await a future revelation include the Messiah and the Son of Man, and these too play an important role in the emergent Christology of the first century. The study of the early Christian texts reveals that the Christians accessed the Jewish Wisdom traditions in different ways. Paul uses the term ‘the Wisdom of God’ for Jesus (1 Cor 1:24; cf. 1:30), but he seems not to use it as a Christological title. The concept of Wisdom as a distinct figure first appears in the Q tradition. In this Sayings Source, Jesus is not identified with Wisdom herself but as her messenger or envoy. The Gospel of John testifies to a further development. John has a clear Wisdom Christology, especially in the Prologue where the pre-existent Jesus is assigned many of Wisdom’s roles. But this author never refers to Jesus as ‘Wisdom’. He prefers the masculine term ‘the Word’. Between the Q and the Johannine traditions comes Matthew, and it is in this Gospel that the early Christian Wisdom Christology is most clearly attested. In distinction to Q, Matthew makes explicit the identification of Jesus with Wisdom herself and, in distinction to John, he has no qualms about using that particular feminine term. For Matthew Jesus is pre-existent Wisdom, subordinate to God and separate from God, who becomes incarnate in the body of a human through a miraculous conception. In portraying Jesus in this way, Matthew adopts many of the attributes and roles of Wisdom in the Jewish tradition, including her role in creation, her close relationship with God, her role as prophet and teacher, her rejection by humans and her identification with the Law. Moreover, in constructing his Wisdom Christology, the evangelist reinterprets and develops some aspects of Wisdom’s traditional roles on the basis of Christian claims about Jesus. Thus in Matthew it is significant that Jesus as Wisdom is a miracle-worker, the definitive interpreter of the Law, dies on the cross to save her people from their sins and will come in the future as the eschatological judge.

: The focus of this research is pertaining the role of indigenous entrepreneurs in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, for period of 1903-1942. This study aims to determine the role of indigenous entrepreneurs in dealing with the Dutch colonialism and its impact to Garut; and the background of the factors that causing the development of Muslims reformers in Garut. The employed research method of this research is the historical research method, which includes four stages: namely: Heuristics, Criticism, Interpretation, and Historiography. The theories, which used to determine the role of indigenous entrepreneurs in dealing with the Dutch colonialism in Garut, 1903-1942, are the concepts of status and role; network theory; and cultural theory of migration. The results of this research indicate that indigenous entrepreneurs in Garut, West Java, have given their roles in dealing with the Dutch colonialism, are contributing in developing socio-economic life, especially trading activities, in Garut; the indigenous entrepreneurs in “Pasar Baru” (New Market) of Garut play a role in the development of Islamic reformist organizations, such as the SI (Syarekat Islam or Islamic League) and Muhammadiyah (Followers of Prophet Muhammad) organization, and other education institutions in Garut; and indigenous entrepreneurs led by batik merchants, H.M. Djamhari, has a major role in supporting the ideals of the pioneering independence by becoming the permanent donors of Islamic organizations or individual figures of the Indonesian national movement. KEY WORDS : Indigenous entrepreneurs; Batik Merchants; Islamic Reformist Organization; National and Local Figures in Garut. About the Authors: Sopaat Rahmat Selamet , M.Hum. is a Lecturer of Islamic Civilization History at the STAIM (College of Muhammadiyah Islamic Religion) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Dr. Setia Gumilar is a Lecturer and Dean at the Faculty of Adab and Humanities UIN (State Islamic University) Sunan Gunung Djati in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. E-mails address: kartika.noerhasan@gmail.com and gumilarsetia@yahoo.com Suggested Citation: Selamet, Sopaat Rahmat & Setia Gumilar. (2018). “The Roles of Indigenous Entrepreneurs in Dealing with the Dutch Colonialism in Garut, West Java, 1903-1942” in TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies , Volume 10(1), October, pp.45-58. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI, ISSN 2085-0980 (print). Article Timeline: Accepted (August 24, 2018); Revised (September 29, 2018); and Published (October 30, 2018).

In the past, researchers have paid a little attention on relationship among role conflict, role ambiguity, organization justice and job satisfaction at administrative agencies in Vietnam. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to test the above-mentioned relationship. Research has selected the civil servants (officials) in state agencies and workers in Binh Tan district. The civil servants and workers in Binh Tan district were sampled to investigate which personal characteristics will make significantly differentiation on role conflict, role ambiguity, organizational justice, job satisfaction; simultaneously which relationships the role conflict, role ambiguity, organizational justice and job satisfaction in turn to job satisfaction are also considered. A total of 400 people were sampled by a survey questionnaire. Collected data is done for statistical analysis using SPSS version 17.0. Many hypotheses are tested by such methods as descriptive statisticals, reliability analysis, t-test and linear regression analysis. Research results will show which personal characteristics will make significantly differentiation on the above variants and which ones will not affect them; and will display how strongly the variants are related to job satisfaction. Research flame out a finding: Emotional, spiritual factors will significant impact on effectiveness of employees’ working, a condition to achieve the organization's goals.The study also flame out an other finding . It is a hypothesis (as thinking logically normal), which was identified to be true, it was rejected: Role conflict not impact negatively, but positively impact on job satisfaction. On this basis, the study proposes solutions to strengthen and improve the efficiency of human resources management at local area.

Boundary congruence, which is defined as the match between the person’s role management preferences and the constraints of the environment, is associated with work-study conflict, work-study facilitation (Butler, 2007), well-being (LeComte-Hinely, 2013; Li, Wang, You, & Gao, 2015), and academic performance (Butler, 2007). Boundary congruence is a role management process (Kreiner, Hollensbe, & Sheep, 2009), which is especially important for university students who are working while studying (Butler, 2007); that is, have multiple roles to manage and balance in their lives (Lingard, 2012). As there was no measure of work-study boundary congruence suitable for use with university students, and there was little consensus over the conceptualisation and operationalisation of the work-study boundary congruence construct, the main aims of this research program were to (a) develop and validate a psychometrically sound measure of work-study boundary congruence for university students who work, and (b) apply the scale to assess mediation and moderation models of work-study boundary congruence. This research was guided by boundary management, person-environment fit (Kreiner, Hollensbe, & Sheep, 2009), and conservation of resources theories (Hobfoll, 1988; Hobfoll, Freedy, Lane, & Geller, 1990), so as to increase our understanding of how students manage the dual, competing roles of work and study. This PhD thesis reports a series of three studies presented as three journal articles, which meet these objectives: Study 1 addresses the first aim; with Studies 2 and 3 fulfilling the second aim. Study 1 involved conducting focus groups, generating and reviewing items, and piloting and testing a Work-Study Congruence Scale suitable for use with working students. A 16-item scale, with four key dimensions of work-study boundary congruence with university demands/resources, occupation, family, and leisure was devised. Data from a large sample of Australian university students (N = 511; 70% female; Mage = 24.02 years) were collected and analysed for item suitability and factorial structure (exploratory and confirmatory analyses). Scale reliability and validity were assessed. Study 2 used the newly developed scale to examine potential mechanisms (i.e., work-study facilitation and work-study conflict) underpinning the associations between work-study boundary congruence and the general well-being and engagement of university students. This study employed a sample of Australian university students (N = 251; 70% female; Mage = 24.68 years). The results showed that work-study boundary congruence was related to more work-study facilitation and less work-study conflict. Conflict was associated with less well-being, while facilitation was associated more with well-being and greater university engagement. Work-study boundary congruence was associated positively with well-being via both work-study facilitation and work-study conflict. Study 3 used a sample of Australian university students (N = 401; 67% female; Mage = 21.71 years) and investigated the mediating effect of work-study boundary congruence on the associations between contextual supports (of family and work) and well-being, effort at university, and perceived future employability. The study also assessed the moderating role of proactive personality in these associations. The results showed that contextual supports were associated with well-being, academic performance, and perceived employability via work-study boundary congruence, and that lower levels of proactivity strengthened the associations between both contextual supports and work-study boundary congruence, which, in turn, strengthened the indirect links between the contextual supports and outcomes via work-study boundary congruence. The development and validation of a new work-study boundary congruence scale suitable for use with university students, which is theory-driven, will contribute to the boundary management research and literature. University students, and those who work to assist them, will benefit from understanding the effect of work-study boundary congruence on student well-being, university engagement, academic performance, and perceived employability. In addition, they will also benefit from understanding the roles that contextual supports and personal resources play in boundary management, especially where there are risks of working students experiencing poor well-being and/or discontinuing with their studies at university due to an inability to manage conflicting life roles. Increasing research in this area will also inform training and intervention programs that can help students manage their multiple roles.

The marked demographic change toward greater proportions of older people in developed nations poses significant challenges for health and social care. Several studies have demonstrated an association between social roles in later life and positive health and well-being outcomes. After retiring from work, people may lose roles that provide purpose and social contacts. The outcomes of interventions to promote social roles in retirement have not been systematically reviewed. We examined three research questions: (1) What kinds of intervention have been developed to promote social roles in retirement? (2) How much have they improved perceived roles? (3) Have these roles improved health or well-being? We included those studies that evaluated the provision of social roles; used a control or comparison group; targeted healthy retirement-transition adults who were living in the community; provided an abstract written in English; took place in a highly developed nation; and reported social role, health, or well-being outcomes. We searched eight electronic databases and combined the results with hand searches. Through our searches, we identified 9,062 unique publications and eleven evaluative studies of acceptable quality, which reported seven interventions that met our inclusion criteria. These interventions varied in year of inception and scope, but only two were based outside North America. The studies rarely reported the quality or meaning of roles. Only three studies used random allocation, thus limiting inferences of causality from these studies. Interventions providing explicit roles and using supportive group structures were somewhat effective in improving one or more of the following: life satisfaction, social support and activity, physical health and activity, functional health, and cognition. Social role interventions may improve health and well-being for people in retirement transition. Future research should improve the quality of intervention and assessment and look at which interventions are most effective and acceptable in facilitating social roles for diverse older populations.

Social role disruption is a state involving upheaval of social identities, routines and responsibilities. Such disruption is presently occurring at a global scale due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which poses a threat not only to health and security but also to the social roles that underlie people’s daily lives. Our collective response to combat the virus entails, for example, parents homeschooling children, friends socializing online, and employees working from home. While these collective efforts serve the greater good, people’s social roles now lack continuity from what was authentic to the roles before the pandemic began. This, we argue, takes a psychological toll. Individuals feel inauthentic, or alienated and out-of-touch from their “true” selves, to the extent their social roles undergo change. As evidence, we report survey (Studies 1 & 4) and experimental (Studies 2 & 3) evidence that COVID-19-related role changes indeed increase inauthenticity. This effect occurs independent of (a) how positively/negatively people feel about COVID-19 (Study 2) and (b) how positively/negatively people feel about the role change itself (Studies 3 & 4). Moreover, we identify two moderators of this effect. First, this effect occurs when (and ostensibly because) the social roles undergoing change are central to an individual’s sense of self (Study 2). Second, this effect depends on an individual’s temporal perspective. People can safeguard their self-authenticity in the face of changing social roles if they stay focused on the here-and-now (the present and immediate future), rather than focusing on the past (pre-COVID-19) or future (post-COVID-19) (Studies 3 & 4). This advantage for present-focused coping is observed in both the U.S.A. (Study 3) and Hong Kong (Study 4). We suggest that the reason people feel more authentically themselves when they maintain a present focus is because doing so makes the discontinuity of their social roles less salient.