Flourish hard red winter wheat

Fowler, D. B. 2012. Moats hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 191–193. Moats is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is eligible for grades of the Canada Western Red Winter (CWRW) wheat class. It has excellent stem and leaf rust resistance and higher grain yield and protein concentration than the Central Winter Wheat Cooperative Registration Trial CWRW grain quality check cultivar, CDC Buteo. Its grain yield is similar to the high-yielding Registration Trial check cultivar, CDC Falcon, and lower than Accipiter, which is a more recent high-yielding winter wheat cultivar released in the Canada Western General Purpose wheat class. A suitable combination of grain quality, rust resistance and yield make Moats widely adapted in the winter wheat production area of western Canada.

Graf, R. J., Thomas, J. B., Gaudet, D. A., Laroche, A. and Beres, B. L. 2012. Broadview hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 177–181. Broadview is a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar that is well adapted to the Canadian prairies. Compared with the check cultivars (CDC Falcon, CDC Harrier) in the Western Winter Wheat Cooperative registration trials, Broadview produced grain yield similar to CDC Falcon, the highest yielding check. In the eastern prairie rust area, it yielded 2% and 7% more grain than CDC Falcon and CDC Harrier, respectively. Broadview had good winter survival, early maturity, short straw, good lodging resistance and high test weight. It exhibited very good resistance to stem and leaf rust, and is believed to be the first winter wheat cultivar in North America to deploy the Lr21 leaf rust resistance gene. Broadview is eligible for all grades of the Canada Western General Purpose wheat class.

Abstract‘Flathead’ (Reg. no. CV‐1164, PI 693237) hard red winter (HRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed and released by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in 2019. Flathead was derived from a composite of two very closely related single crosses of the predominant cultivar ‘Yellowstone’ to stripe rust resistant source PI 640431, a hard white spring wheat backcross derivative of WA007900 that carries stripe rust all‐stage resistance genes Yr5 and Yr15. Flathead was developed using a modified bulk breeding method and selected as an F5:6 head row after phenotypic selection for stripe rust resistance at Kalispell, MT. Flathead was tested under the experimental number MT1564 in Montana yield trials from 2015 to 2019. Flathead is a high‐yielding HRW wheat cultivar with early maturity, short stature, medium grain protein concentration, excellent milling and baking quality, and a high level of all‐stage resistance to predominant races of stripe rust. Flathead was released for its early maturity, improved stripe rust resistance, and improved grain yield relative to other Montana‐adapted early heading cultivars.

‘Tatanka’ (Reg. No. CV‐1133, PI 681595) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed at the Agricultural Research Center‐Hays, Kansas State University, and released by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station in 2016. Tatanka was selected from a single cross of KS07HW81/‘T151’ made in 2006 at Hays, KS. The objective of this cross was to develop a hard red or hard white winter wheat cultivar with adaptation to dryland production in western Kansas. Tatanka was developed using a modified bulk breeding method. Tatanka is an F7–derived line with experimental number KS12H56‐6‐4 and was tested in yield trials across Kansas. Tatanka has medium maturity, medium height, above average grain volume weight, and below average protein concentration. In general, it has good milling and baking quality. Tatanka was released because of its high grain yield potential in western Kansas and its resistance to stripe rust and Soil‐borne wheat mosaic virus.

Abstract‘Scab Stryker’ (Reg. no. PI 706594, PI CV‐1216) hard red winter (HRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed and released by the Oklahoma State University wheat improvement program in 2024. With the experimental designation OK16103083, Scab Stryker was selected from the backcross ‘Garrison’*3/WesleyFhb1‐106. Our objectives herein are to demonstrate its high level of Fusarium head blight (FHB; caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) resistance in HRW wheat in artificially inoculated environments and identify strengths and weaknesses relevant to US Great Plains wheat use. Before release, Scab Stryker was intermittently tested in Oklahoma yield trials for 4 years during the period 2018–2023. It was evaluated during 2020–2023 in Manhattan, KS, in the hard winter wheat FHB nursery of the US Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative. Scab Stryker is intermediate among contemporary HRW cultivars for grain yield and volume weight but has an exceptionally high level of FHB resistance. Scab Stryker is the only HRW cultivar currently deployed for Oklahoma and surrounding areas harboring the resistance gene Fhb1. Scab Stryker has other positive characteristics including a high inclination to circumvent late‐winter freeze events, resistance to leaf spotting diseases, high tolerance to acidic soils, and an acceptable wheat protein level. Potential weaknesses of Scab Stryker include susceptibility to Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor Say), leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.), and stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.), and a bread baking quality profile that may underdeliver for some industry expectations, particularly mixing time.

ABSTRACTVarious whole‐kernel, milling, flour, dough, and breadmaking quality parameters were compared between hard red winter (HRW) and hard red spring (HRS) wheat. From the 50 quality parameters evaluated, values of only nine quality characteristics were found to be similar for both classes. These were test weight, grain moisture content, kernel size, polyphenol oxidase content, average gluten index, insoluble polymeric protein (%), free nonpolar lipids, loaf volume potential, and mixograph tolerance. Some of the quality characteristics that had significantly higher levels in HRS than in HRW wheat samples included grain protein content, grain hardness, most milling and flour quality measurements, most dough physicochemical properties, and most baking characteristics. When HRW and HRS wheat samples were grouped to be within the same wheat protein content range (11.4–15.8%), the average value of many grain and breadmaking quality characteristics were similar for both wheat classes but significant differences still existed. Values that were higher for HRW wheat flour were color b*, free polar lipids content, falling number, and farinograph tolerance. Values that were higher for HRS wheat flour were geometric mean diameter, quantity of insoluble polymeric proteins and gliadins, mixograph mix time, alveograph configuration ratio, dough weight, crumb grain score, and SDS sedimentation volume. This research showed that the grain and flour quality of HRS wheat generally exceeds that of HRW wheat whether or not samples are grouped to include a similar protein content range.

Farmer seed purchase patterns historically drive end‐use quality into a subordinate position to yield enhancement and protection in hard red winter (HRW) wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs. Evolving consumer food purchase decisions could conceivably swing this priority pendulum back near the center. ‘Paradox’ (Reg. no. CV‐1223; PI 705146), ‘Breadbox’ (Reg. no. CV‐1221; PI 705144), and ‘Firebox’ (Reg. no. CV‐1222; PI 705145) HRW wheat cultivars were developed with magnified dough strength as the first breeding priority and released in 2023. Our objectives herein were to document their novel rheology relative to contemporary HRW wheat, determine correlated changes in agronomic performance, and assess Paradox's potential as a strengthening component in bread flour blends. Marker‐assisted backcrossing with Glu‐B1al as the molecular target was conducted through the BC 2 F 2 generation, from which experimental lines OK15MASBx7 ARS 8–29 (Paradox), OK15MASBx7 ARS 8–20 (Breadbox), and OK15DMASBx7 ARS 6–8 (Firebox) were derived via conventional inbreeding or doubled haploidization. Relative to the HRW controls, Paradox and Breadbox produced a sevenfold greater peak time and fourfold greater stability time, whereas changes in Firebox were more moderate but still superior to the HRW controls. None of the cultivars was diminished for agronomic or milling characteristics, and their novel dough strength was unrelated to grain protein concentration. All three cultivars have entered non‐commoditized supply chains as ingredient flour intended for products requiring more gluten strength, including many formulations for pan bread.

ABSTRACTA single wheat class or blended wheats from two wheat classes are usually milled in a flour mill. A near‐infrared (NIR) reflectance spectrometer, previously evaluated as granulation sensor for first‐break ground wheat from six wheat classes, was evaluated for a single wheat class, hard red winter (HRW) wheat, using offline methods. The HRW wheats represented seven cultivars ground by an experimental roller mill at five roll gap settings (0.38, 0.51, 0.63, 0.75, and 0.88 mm) which yielded 35 ground wheat samples each for the calibration and validation sets. Granulation models based on partial least squares regression were developed with cumulative mass of size fractions as a reference value. Combinations of four data pretreatments (log 1/R, baseline correction, unit area normalization, and derivatives) and subregions of the 400–1,700 nm wavelength range were evaluated. Models that used pathlength correction (unit area normalization) predicted well each of the four size fractions of first‐break ground wheat. The best model, unit area normalization and first derivative, predicted all the validation spectra with standard errors of performance of 3.80, 1.29, 0.43, and 0.68 for the >1041, >375, >240, and >136 μm size fractions, respectively. Ground HRW wheats have narrower particle size distribution and better sieving properties than ground wheat from six wheat classes. Thus, HRW wheat granulation models performed better than the previously reported models for six wheat classes.

Research Note: An Evaluation of Soft and Hard Red Winter Wheat for Nitrogen-Corrected True Metabolizable Energy, Crude Protein, and Amino Acid Content

A study was made of deoxynivalenol (DON) incidences and levels in 1982 hard red winter (HRW) wheat grown in areas of Nebraska and Kansas known to have scabby wheat. Samples of wheat harvested in the areas were collected from elevators and analyzed for DON by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Of the 161 samples analyzed, 42% contained less than or equal to 1 ppm; 68% contained less than or equal to 2 ppm; 90% contained less than or equal to 4 ppm. There were differences in the occurrence of DON in the 5 areas identified in eastern Nebraska and Kansas. The mean level of DON decreased from north to south in these areas in the following order: 2.81, 2.73, 2.05, 1.52, and 0.83 ppm. An area in north central Kansas had a mean level of DON of 0.50 ppm. Correlations were made between DON incidences and levels in HRW wheat and factors used in grading wheat. The occurrence of DON was highly correlated with percent total kernels damaged by mold, percent total defects, and percent total scab damage.

Although soft red winter wheat (SRWW) (Triticum aestivum L.) is the predominant class in the Mid‐Atlantic, there is a recently established program for producers to grow hard red winter wheat (HRWW). This program offers a base price plus premiums for HRWW meeting quality (test weight and protein content) standards. This study's objectives were to evaluate the effect of N management strategies on HRWW yield and protein content and to determine the economic return using those strategies. Two HRWW cultivars used by producers in this HRWW program were produced at two locations in Maryland in a split plot arrangement of N treatments within a randomized complete block experimental design. Main plots (2002) were a factorial arrangement of those cultivars and four fall and Feekes growth stage (GS) 2/3 N treatments. Split plots (2002) were eight N timing and rate combinations at GS 5/6, GS 8, and/or GS 10.1. Main plots (2003) were a factorial arrangement of the cultivars and fall N supplied by either ammonium sulfate (AS) or urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) and GS 2/3 N treatments. Split plots (2003) were GS 5/6, GS 8, and 10.1 N timing and rate combinations. Wheat yield was significantly improved with GS 8 and/or 10.1 N applications both years. Protein content responded to GS 8 and 10.1 N applications in 2002; however, the response in 2003 was dependent on location and N amount at GS 5/6. Within the price and premium structure, best return was observed for split applications of N; 50 or 68 kg ha−1 at GS 2/3 followed at GS 5/6 with 50 or 68 kg N ha−1. No fall N benefit was observed.

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is a common and widespread disease of wheat in the US. On an annual basis, over 50 races of the leaf rust fungus are detected. There are at least 5 major groups of genetically distinct P. triticina isolates in the US based on allelic variation at microsatellite loci. Distinct regional race populations of P. triticina are found in the US, due to the widespread use of race-specific leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes in different market classes of wheat. In the south-eastern States where soft red winter wheats are grown, races with virulence to Lr9, Lr11, and Lr18 are predominant. In the southern Great Plains region where hard red winter wheats are grown, races with virulence to genes Lr9, Lr17, Lr24, and Lr26 are common. In the northern Great Plains region where hard red spring wheats are grown, races with virulence to Lr2a and Lr16 are common. Due to the wide dispersal of P. triticina, some races are found in all regions of the US. Highly effective durable resistance to leaf rust has been difficult to achieve due to the high degree of virulence variation in the P. triticina population and the rapid selection of races with virulence to effective Lr genes in wheat cultivars. Hard red spring wheat cultivars with genes Lr16, Lr23, and Lr34 have been highly resistant for more than 10 years in Minnesota and the Dakotas. Stem rust, caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici, has not been a common disease of wheat in the US since the last major epidemics in the 1950s. The low levels of stem rust infections in the US can be attributed to the increasing use of highly resistant winter and spring wheat cultivars, which has greatly reduced the overall level of stem rust urediniospores. Eradication of the alternate host, Berberis vulgaris, has reduced the number of races and slowed the emergence of new races. Resistance genes Sr2, Sr6, Sr17, Sr24, Sr31, Sr36, and SrTmp are common in the winter wheats. Genes Sr6, Sr9b, Sr11, and Sr17 are common in the spring wheats. Spring wheat cultivars may also have adult plant stem rust resistance derived from cv. Thatcher. Many of the winter and spring wheats are susceptible to the new stem rust race from East Africa; however, cultivars with resistance to this race can be found in each of the major wheat classes.

AC Grandview, a hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), is adapted to the Maritimes. It has shown high yield, good winter survival and moderate to good resistance to powdery mildew, septoria leaf and glume blotch and snow mold. Key words: Triticum aestivum, red winter wheat, yield, cultivar description

‘Vision 30’ (Reg. No. CV‐1062, PI 661153) hard red winter (HRW) wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) was developed and tested as VA06HRW‐49 and released by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station in March 2010. Vision 30 was derived from the cross 92PAN1#33/VA97W‐414. Vision 30 is high yielding, awned, and semidwarf ( Rht 2) and has midseason spike emergence and resistance to powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria graminis (DC) E.O. Speer]. In Virginia, the average grain yield (2007–2009) of Vision 30 (5301 kg ha −1 ) was similar to that of the soft red winter wheat check cultivar Renwood 3260 (5536 kg ha −1 ). Vision 30 was evaluated in the 2008 and 2009 USDA‐ARS Uniform Bread Wheat Nursery and produced mean yields (4992 and 4690 kg ha −1 ) that were similar ( P ≤ 0.05) to those of the highest‐yielding HRW wheat entry. In comparison with the hard wheat cultivar ‘Lakin’, Vision 30 has acceptable end‐use quality on the basis of flour yield (69.9 versus 70.3 g 100 g −1 ), flour protein (10.7 versus 9.5 g 100 g −1 ), flour water absorption (59.8 versus 59.1 g 100 g −1 ), dough mixing tolerance (3.3 versus 2.3), pup‐loaf volume (812 versus 803 cm 3 ), and crumb grain scores (3.3 versus 3.7).

Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars that gain commercial acceptance in the U.S. southern Great Plains must provide a definitive grain‐yield advantage, season‐long dependability in dual‐purpose management systems, effective resistance to foliar diseases, and tolerance to soil acidity. Our objective was to corroborate each of those strengths in the hard red winter (HRW) wheat cultivar ‘Duster’ (Reg. No. CV‐1065, PI 644016), which was released in 2006 by the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA‐ARS to complement ‘Endurance’ (Reg. No. CV‐994, PI 639233) with added dough strength and resistance to Wheat spindle streak mosaic . Duster was selected from a double cross, W0405/NE78488//W7469C/TX81V6187, made within the former Pioneer HRW‐wheat breeding program. Neither Duster nor its immediate parents are known to have a sib‐pair or parent‐offspring relationship with cultivars currently grown in the Great Plains. Duster is a descendent of an F 2:3 line identified in Oklahoma in 1991, from which pedigree selection produced two F 13 ‐derived lines that were composited to constitute breeder seed. The experimental line OK93P656H3299‐2C04 was tested in the 2005 and 2006 Southern Regional Performance Nursery, where it ranked first and fifth, respectively, for mean grain yield. Data from the Oklahoma Small Grains Variety Performance Tests were primarily used herein to demonstrate competitiveness for economic traits in a wide array of environmental conditions 5 yr following Duster's release.