Fluid and electrolyte disorders

Effect of uv-b on lipid content of three antarctic marine phytoplankton

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar which poses a serious challenge to public health globally. The measurement of blood sugar levels, serum lipid profiles, and electrolytes are essential in determining one's vulnerability to developing diabetic-related complications such as cardiovascular diseases.
 Aim: This was a comparative cross-sectional study designed to assess the dyslipidemia and electrolyte imbalance status of diabetic individuals attending routine healthcare checkups in Everight Diagnostic and Laboratory Services Limited, Owerri branch, using plasma lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate) as markers.
 Methodology: A total of 120 participants consisting of 60 diabetics and 60 non-diabetic individuals were pooled for this study. From both groups, plasma samples upon centrifugation were used for the analyses of glucose, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol using Erba XL-200 auto biochemistry analyzer, and plasma Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), and Bicarbonate (HCO3-) using Audicom (AC9900) ion selective electrode (ISE) analyzer. Statistical analysis was carried out using version 20.0 and p- values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
 Results: The demographic characteristics of the study population show 53% women, 47% men, and average age of 51.28. The fasting plasma glucose level of diabetic subjects (175.96 ± 91.62 mg/dL) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the non-diabetic group (99.54 ± 11.50 mg/dL). More so, there were significant differences (p<0.05) between levels of TC (212.9 ± 56.65 mg/dL), TG (165.61 ± 89.05 mg/dL), and LDL-C (130. 59 ± 47.18 mg/dL) amongst diabetic individuals when compared with the levels of TC (169.87 ± 33. 57 mg/dL), TG (98.14 ± 39.14 mg/dL), and LDL (100.57 ± 27.78 mg/dL) of non-diabetic participants. Conversely, there was no significant difference when the plasma levels of HDL-C (52.78 ± 19.10 mg/dL), Na+ (136.93 ± 3.14 mmol/L), K+ (4.11 ± 0.54 mmol/L), HCO3- (22.03 ± 4.66 mEq/L) and Cl- (101.09 ± 4.33 mmol/L) of test subjects were compared with that of control individuals HDL-C (53.46 ± 15.04 mg/dL), Na+ (137.11 ± 3.37 mmol/L), K+ (4.17 ± 0.45 mmol/L), HCO3- (22.27 ± 3.55 mEq/L) and Cl- (94.52 ± 10.78) (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: The results of our study shows significant alteration of fasting lipid parameters amongst diabetics. This suggests that diabetic individuals are associated with dyslipidaemia, which predisposes them to cardiovascular risks.

Electrolyte balance is an important factor to sustain the homeostasis of human body environment and in sepsis pathogenesis. Many current cohort-based studies have already revealed that electrolyte disorder may intensify sepsis and induce stroke. However, the corresponding randomized controlled trials did not show that electrolyte disorder in sepsis has a harmful effect on stroke. The aim of this study was to examine the association of genetically sepsis-derived electrolyte disorder with stroke risk using meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization. In four studies (182,980 patients), electrolyte disorders were compared with stroke incidence in patients with sepsis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) of stroke is 1.79 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-3.06; p < 0.05], which shows a significant association between electrolyte disorder and stroke in sepsis patients. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the causal association between stroke risk and sepsis-derived electrolyte disorder, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted. The genetic variants extracted from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of exposure data that are strongly associated with frequently used sepsis were used as instrumental variables (IVs). Based on the IVs' corresponding effect estimates, we estimated overall stroke risk, cardioembolic stroke risk, and stroke induced by large/small vessels from a GWAS meta-analysis with 10,307 cases and 19,326 controls. As a final step to verify the preliminary MR results, we performed sensitivity analysis using multiple types of Mendelian randomization analysis. Our study revealed the association between electrolyte disorder and stroke in sepsis patients, and the correlation between genetic susceptibility to sepsis and increased risk of cardioembolic stroke, hinting that cardiogenic diseases and accompanying electrolyte disorder interference in due course could help sepsis patients get more benefits in stroke prevention.

In this study, we examined the chemical quality (total protein, total lipid, starch, piperine, and essential oil contents) and flavour quality of white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) derived from grafted and non-grafted plants over 3 years. We employed gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse major volatiles and sensory evaluation to assess the flavour quality of white pepper derived from grafting and non-grafting. Within the six groups of white pepper samples, few differences were found in their chemical composition, and most features were primarily considered the same. However, the total lipid content was much higher in the non-grafting samples than in the grafted samples. The reason for this difference was likely due to stock grafting from diverse sources, which affected the transport of some nutrients, but the difference in lipid content was not necessarily large. The characterization of the main chemical compounds (caryophyllene, cyclohexene, caryophyllene oxide, and isospathulenol), volatile compounds, and volatile profiles of two treatments (grafted and non-grafted plants) and three samples were taken from each treatment showed little differences across all of the samples, perhaps indicating that grafting had little effect on the aroma components of white pepper. We examined the volatile compounds of white pepper derived from six groups by principal component analysis (PCA) to support our sensory and instrumental data. These results suggest that grafting is promising for the cultivation of Piper nigrum L.

Background: Preanalytical phase of biomedical analysis remains an important source of diagnostic errors that deserves special attention. This study aims to evaluate the training in phlebotomy and sample handling impact on the preanalytical non-compliances. Material and Methods: we performed a prospective study before and after staff training in phlebotomy and sample handling by systematically recording all clinical samples non-compliances. First, we assessed and describe the non-compliance baseline rate from January to December 2017 in the clinical biochemistry laboratory of Hôpital Sominé DOLO de Mopti. After two sessions of one week staff training in January 2018, we performed the same study from January to December 2018. We compared the proportions of non-compliances between the two assessments. Data were collected on the case report forms, captured in Excel and analyzed by R software for (Mac) OS X version 4.0.3. Pearson Ch2 or Fisher exact tests were used for the comparison of proportions. The statistical significance was set at p &lt; 5%. Results: a total of 27,810 venous blood samples were received during the study period; 48% was for biochemistry, 41% for immuno-serology, 9% for blood cell count and 2% for coagulation tests. There were 3,826 instances of preanalytical non-compliances (13.76%) identified that led to sample rejection. Out of the 11 types of non-compliances investigated, 5 (45.4%) accounted for nearly 91% of the problems: insufficient sample volume (28.9%), hemolyzed samples (20.5%), inappropriate collection time (17.8%), sample clot (12.9%), and inappropriate sample collection tube (10.8%). We observed a significant difference in rates of non-compliance between inpatients and outpatients samples (44.4% vs 7.3%; p &lt; 0.001). The proportion of non-compliance have significatively decreased after the two training sessions of hospital staff in phlebotomy and sample handling 3,826/27,810 (13.8%) vs 3,009/32,476 (9.3%); p &lt; 0.001. Conclusion: we report a significantly higher rate of non-compliance in inpatients. Hospital staff training in phlebotomy and sample handling reduce the proportion of preanalytical non-compliance and thereby improve patient management and safety.

To assess changes in systemic hydration, concentrations of plasma electrolytes, hydration and physical properties of colonic contents and feces, and gastrointestinal transit in horses with access to large amounts of grain. 6 horses with right dorsal colon (RDC) fistulas. In a crossover design, horses were alternately fed 1 of 3 diets: orchard grass hay ad libitum after being adapted to this diet for at least 5 days, orchard grass hay ad libitum and 4.55 kg of grain offered every 12 hours after being adapted to orchard grass hay ad libitum for at least 5 days, or orchard grass hay ad libitum and 4.55 kg of grain offered every 12 hours after being adapted to this diet for at least 5 days. Physical examinations were performed and samples of blood, colonic contents, and feces were collected every 6 hours during a 48-hour observation period. Grain ingestion had several effects, including changes in the concentrations of electrolytes in plasma; RDC contents became more homogenous, dehydrated, foamy, and less dense; RDC contents flowed spontaneously when the cannula was opened; RDC contents expanded when heated in an oven; and feces became fetid and less formed. Horses did not have any clinical signs of colic, endotoxemia, or laminitis. Changes observed in the colonic contents and feces may be explained by the large amounts of hydrolyzable carbohydrates provided by grain. Access to large amounts of grain may increase the risk of tympany and displacement of the large intestine.

Introduction: Serum electrolyte measurement, particularly sodium, potassium, and chloride, is among the most commonly ordered investigations in routine and emergency care. Rapid and accurate reporting is essential for timely clinical decisions. Most modern electrolyte analysers utilise Ion-selective Electrode (ISE) technology, available in two forms: direct ISE (dISE), which measures electrolytes in undiluted serum, and indirect ISE (iISE), which measures them after pre-dilution. These methodological differences may influence reported values. Aim: To compare the serum sodium, potassium, and chloride levels measured using dISE versus iISE methods. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India, from March 2024 to and June 2024. A total of 150 serum samples were obtained from the outpatients, inpatients, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. Paired serum samples available for simultaneous direct and iISE estimation were included. Deidentified residual samples were analysed and assigned a unique code. dISE was performed using the ABL800 FLEX (Radiometer) on undiluted serum, while iISE was performed using the Beckman Coulter AU5800 on prediluted serum; both followed the manufacturer’s calibration and two-level internal Quality Control (QC) protocols. Testing order was randomised, and paired measurements were completed within 30-60 minutes to avoid analyte instability. Statistical analysis included Bland–Altman plots to assess agreement and Spearman’s correlation to evaluate the association between the two methods. Analysis was stratified by clinically relevant electrolyte ranges, with p&lt;0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: dISE yielded significantly higher sodium and chloride levels than iISE. Subgroup analysis using clinically relevant thresholds demonstrated significant correlations for serum sodium ≤140 mEq/L, potassium ≥4.5 mEq/L, and chloride levels across both concentration groups (&gt;103 and &lt;103 mEq/L), with correlation coefficients of r=0.546, 0.870, 0.602, and 0.703, respectively (p&lt;0.0001). Conclusion: A significant difference was observed between dISE and iISE methods for serum electrolyte measurement, particularly within specific clinical ranges. These findings highlight the need for methodological consistency in electrolyte analysis, especially in emergency and critical care settings, to prevent misinterpretation and inappropriate clinical decisions arising from analytical variability.

Electrolytes Disturbances and Seizures

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of Ebola virus disease so as to provide early clinical recognition and treatment for this disease. Methods The clinical manifestations and treatment of 5 cases of Ebola virus disease in Ebola Holding Center of Sierra-Leone China Friendship Hospital from 15 March 2015 to 15 May 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. And the clinical characteristics and possible effective treatment were discussed combined with related literature. Results Five patients were diagnosed with Ebola virus disease by polymerase chain reaction and 4 cases of 5 patients had confirmed contact history, while 1 case had no clear contact history.All the 5 cases presented with low fever, headache and joint pain. Three cases then progressed into severe gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and hypovolemic shock. The patients presented with fast heart rate and shortness of breath and other inflammatory response syndrome in acute phase. One patient rapidly progressed to liver pain, jaundice and anuria, then died. Three severe cases recovered after treated with fluid resuscitation, circulation maintenance and electrolyte balance in acute phase. Conclusions The early symptoms of Ebola virus disease are low fever, joint pain and nausea.Frequent vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure and electrolyte disorder indicate severe conditions. Shock and electrolyte disorder are deadly complications. Early recognition, diagnosis and treatment are the key to improve the prognosis. Key words: Ebolavirus; Hemorrhagic fever, Ebola; Shock; Water-electrolyte imbalance; Fluid therapy

度夏过程对黄东海中华哲水蚤其种群延续具有重要的意义。通过2011年08月黄东海现场调查航次研究了中华哲水蚤夏季种群的分布和脂类含量，探讨了中华哲水蚤度夏期间的能量利用策略。结果表明，夏季在黄海中部以及浙江近岸存在中华哲水蚤的密集分布区域。其中，黄海冷水团内的中华哲水蚤以C5期（平均为77.4%）个体为主，而冷水团周边及浙江近岸站位则主要由C5期（分别为32.3%和33.2%）和雌体（分别为41.3%和51.8%）组成。脂类含量结果显示，冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤的总脂含量最高（平均43.1 μg/个），浙江近岸雌体的总脂含量（平均24.6 μg/个）和黄海冷水团周边雌体的总脂含量（平均18.2 μg/个）较低。在完全饥饿的假设下，冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤具有明显的代谢优势，其储存的脂类可以维持超过18天的代谢需求。而在浙江近岸以及冷水团周边，中华哲水蚤储存的脂类则只可维持3-6d的需求。由此推测，黄海冷水团内的C5期中华哲水蚤依靠储存的油脂和较低的摄食率度夏，而冷水团以外的种群则需要在适宜温度下积极摄食才能顺利度夏。

The effect of bacterial contamination on the heterotrophic cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in wastewater from the production of soybean products

The effects of the concentration of the medium components and other cultural conditions on the total cell number and on the lipid content (mg of total lipid/108 cells) of the fat yeast Lipomyces starkeyi were examined. The no addition and deficiency of NH4+, K+, Mg2+, PO43-, SO42-, Zn2+, Fe3+, or Mn2+ decreased the total cell number. Mn2+ sufficiency increased the total cell number by a factor of 1.5 to 1.7, as compared with that of the standard concentration. The lipid content of the yeast was affected by six (NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+) ion concentrations. The no addition and deficiency of Zn2+ increased the lipid content by a factor ranging from 2.4 to 2.8 in comparison with that of the standard concentration. The concentration of Zn2+ also altered the lipid yield (g of lipid/100g of glucose consumed) considerably. The concentration of Na+, Cl-, Cu2+, BO33-, I-, MoO42-, and biotin had almost no effect on the total cell number, lipid content, and lipid yield of L. starkeyi. The cultural temperature and the initial pH value of the medium affected the total cell number and lipid content; the optimum temperature ranged from 25.5 to 29.5°C, and the optimum pH value was 4.9. A low concentration of dissolved oxygen decreased both the total cell number and lipid content. D-Glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, D-levulose, sucrose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose proved to be usable carbon sources for the growth and the lipid accumulation of L. starkeyi.

Five healthy males volunteered to exercise for 20 min on a motor-driven treadmill at five submaximal intensities (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90% of VO2 max). Peripheral venous blood samples were drawn from an indwelling catheter prior to and at 9, 14, and 19 min of each exercise bout. Blood samples were assayed for whole-blood hemoglobin, total plasma protein concentrations, and hematocrit, with plasma water concentration calculated from these values. The plasma concentration of the electrolytes sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), total calcium (Catot), ionized calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl-), and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) were also determined. With plasma and blood volumes the total plasma contents of each of the measured constituents and the concentration of each electrolyte per liter of water were calculated. Statistically significant linear increases in plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl- relative to exercise intensity were observed, with linear decreases in plasma contents of Na+ and Cl- and linear increases in K+ content. Plasma Pi concentration decreased with a Pi increased content, with plasma Catot concentration elevated at the highest two work loads. Plasma Catot content increased linearly with exercise intensity and duration. Plasma water concentration and content decreased with exercise intensity, resulting in no change in electrolyte concentration per liter of water except at the highest two exercise intensities. These data suggest that extrapolation from plasma electrolyte concentration to muscle concentration and/or content is not supported. Changes in plasma volume and plasma water must be considered when postulating a role for electrolytes in the physiological responses of the human to exercise.

CHAPTER 4 - Water and electrolyte disorders

BackgroundClinical chemical blood analysis including plasma electrolytes is routinely carried out for the diagnosis of various organ diseases. Phenotype-driven N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mouse mutagenesis projects used plasma electrolytes as parameters for the generation of novel animal models for human diseases.MethodsHere, we retrospectively evaluated the use of the plasma electrolytes calcium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, potassium and sodium in the Munich ENU mouse mutagenesis project where clinical chemical blood analysis was carried out on more than 20,000 G1 and G3 offspring of chemically mutagenized inbred C3H mice to detect dominant and recessive mutations leading to deviations in various plasma parameter levels.ResultsWe identified a small number of animals consistently exhibiting altered plasma electrolyte values. Transmission of the phenotypic deviations to the subsequent generations led to the successful establishment of mutant lines for the parameters calcium and potassium. Published data from other phenotype-driven ENU projects also included only a small number of mutant lines which were generated according to altered plasma electrolyte levels.ConclusionThus, use of plasma electrolytes detected few mouse mutants in ENU projects compared to other clinical chemical blood parameters.