Fluidized-Bed Drying-Roasting Process for Developing a Whole Quinoa Snack.

The objective in Experiment 1 was to evaluate the effect of the pH rise in sorghum silage through adding NaHCO3 on the milk yield and composition of crossbred primiparous cows (½ Holandesa ½ Jersey). The Experiment lasted 30 days divided in two periods of 15 days. The two treatments were sorghum silage plus 1.3% NaHCO3 (dry matter basis) and sorghum silage without additive. The experimental design was completely randomized in a single crossing-over scheme. Twelve lactating cows were assigned in two groups of six animals each, with average production of 15.7 liters/day ± 2.4 and 122 days ± 60 days in milking. The milk yield and composition were evaluated from the 13th to 15th days of each experimental period in four consecutive milkings. The objective in Experiment 2 was to study the addition of 2.2% NaHCO3 (dry matter basis), or yeast (20 g/cow/day or 0.2% dry matter basis) or the association of both in the same diet (sorghum silage + concentrates) offered to rumen cannulated dry cows. The following parameters were evaluated: dry matter intake, organic matter intake, NDF intake, dry matter in situ degradability, NDF in situ degradability (both at 30 hours), rumen pH, ruminal digesta dry matter, organic matter and NDF disappearance (Kd), ruminal digesta dry matter, organic matter and NDF turnover (Kt) and solid, liquid and total ruminal digesta. The Experiment lasted 56 days divided in four periods of 14 days. The treatments were the following: T1 = sorghum silage + concentrates; T2 = sorghum silage + concentrates + NaHCO3 (2.2% dry matter basis), T3 = sorghum silage + concentrates + yeast (20 g/cow/day or 0.2% dry matter basis) and T4 = sorghum silage + concentrates + NaHCO3 (2.2% dry matter basis) + yeast (20 g/cow/day or 0.2% dry matter basis). The experimental design was a 4x4 Latin Square and four crossbred rumen cannulated dry cows were utilized. In Experiment 1, there was no difference (P>0.05) on the milk yield, 3.5% fat corrected milk yield, milk fat content and production, protein content and production, lactose content and production and total solids content and production. It was concluded that the addition of 1.3% NaHCO3 (dry matter basis) in sorghum silage did not contribute to improve both milk production and composition of crossbred cows with average production of 15.7 liters/day ± 2.4 and 122 days ± 60 days in milking. In Experiment 2, there was no effect of the addition of NaHCO3 (2.2% dry matter basis) or yeast (20 g/cow/day or 0.2% dry matter basis) on the dry matter intake, organic matter intake, NDF intake, dry matter in situ degradability, NDF in situ degradability (both at 30 hours), ruminal digesta dry matter, organic matter and NDF disappearance rates (Kd), ruminal digesta dry matter, organic matter and NDF turnovers (Kt), rumen pH, and solid, liquid and total ruminal digesta fractions (P>0.05), compared to the control diet. Likewise, the association NaHCO3 (2.2% dry matter basis) + yeast (20 g/cow/day or 0.2% dry matter basis) did not have effect on the NDF intake, dry matter in situ degradability, NDF in situ degradability (both at 30 hours), ruminal digesta NDF Kd and Kt, rumen pH, and solid, liquid and total ruminal digesta fractions (P>0.05), compared to the diets with addition of NaHCO3 or yeast separately. On the other hand, there was difference of the association NaHCO3 + yeast on the dry matter intake, organic matter intake and ruminal digesta dry matter and organic matter Kd and Kt, compared to the diets with addition of NaHCO3 or yeast separately (P KEY WORDS: Digesta, disappearance, dry matter, fiber, intake, milk.

Effect of collection system on mineral content of biowaste

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Wild.): As a potential ingredient of injera in Ethiopia

Low density lipoprotein in cryopreservation of semen

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of pseudostem hay of banana trees of different roughages in the diet of F1 Holstein/Zebu cows on their nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial synthesis, ingestive behavior, and milk production. The experiment was distributed in two simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares. The treatments were as follows: diet 1-sorghum silage as exclusive dietary roughage; diet 2-sorghum silage (70%) associated with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); diet 3-70% elephant grass with 30% pseudostem hay of banana trees (dry matter basis); and diet 4-70% sugarcane with 30% banana pseudostem hay (dry matter basis). The roughage/concentrate ratio was 75:25. The animals fed with sorghum silage presented 14.45% higher intake (p = 0.01) to that of animals fed hay and elephant grass. The diets containing silage and silage with hay showed digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein that was 57.75% higher (p < 0.01) than that of other diets. Cows fed elephant grass spent more time intake (p = 0.01). Diets did not influence milk yield (p = 0.47), and the milk yield corrected for 3.5 fat (p = 0.22), final weight (p = 0.06), and intake efficiency (p = 0.57), presenting a mean of 14.16kg/day, 15.94kg/day, 590kg, and 0.9kg of milk/kg of ingested dry matter, respectively. The utilization of pseudostem hay associated with other roughage can be an alternative to milk yield in F1 Holstein/Zebu cows.

Variation in tuber proximate composition, sugars, fatty acids and amino acids of eight Oromo dinich (Plectranthus edulis) landraces experimentally grown in Ethiopia

Fertilization with N and K increases oil and water content in olive (Olea europaea L.) fruit via increased proportion of pulp

IntroductionLow thiamin levels in thermally processed canned cat foods are concerning for the pet food industry. However, there is little information on storage stability of thiamin in this food format or if inclusion of select ingredients, such as dried yeasts, has an effect. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the storage stability of thiamin when a vitamin premix and/or yeasts ingredients were included in a canned cat food.Materials and methodsThe factorial treatment arrangement consisted of 2 levels of vitamin premix (with or without) and 4 inclusions of yeast (NY = none, LBV = Lalmin B Complex Vitamins, BY = product #1064B, or EA = BGYADVANTAGE). Diets were stored for 6 months and analyzed every month for thiamin. Data were analyzed as a mixed model (SAS v. 9.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with fixed effects (vitamin premix, yeast, time, and their two-way and three-way interactions) and random effects (production day and the interaction of production day, vitamin premix, and yeast). Significance was set at P < 0.05 and Fisher's LSD was used to separate means.Results and discussionDiets including the vitamin premix [average 55.1 mg/kg dry matter basis (DMB)] contained more (P < 0.05) thiamin than diets that did not (average 7.5 mg/kg DMB). Inclusion of LBV (average 40.3 mg/kg DMB) resulted in the highest (P < 0.05) levels of thiamin, followed by BY (P < 0.05; average 26.9 mg/kg DMB). Diets with NY and EA contained the lowest (P < 0.05) levels of thiamin and were not different from each other (P > 0.05; average 19.3 mg/kg DMB). The diet containing vitamin premix without yeast lost (P < 0.05) 17.8% thiamin while diets containing a yeast ingredient maintained thiamin levels better during storage. This suggested that thiamin from yeast ingredients was more resistant to degradation during storage and should be considered when designing new canned cat foods.

Research was conducted to determine the effects of feedlot surfacing materials (soil/unpaved vs. fly-ash paved), partial composting and/or storage in windrow or greenhouse, and wet year (2005) vs. dry year (2006) feedlot conditions on cattle feedlot biomass (FB) characteristics pertinent to combustion or gasification processes involving reburn or co-firing with coal or lignite as described elsewhere. Bulk quantities of FB were harvested from 12 fly-ash paved pens and six soil-surfaced pens in a 400-head research cattle feedlot near Bushland, Texas. FB was windrow-composted, and samples were analyzed using proximate, ultimate, and elemental ash analyses. Higher heating value (HHV) before composting (termed raw manure, RM) was significantly higher for FB harvested from paved pens (termed low ash, or LA-FB) vs. soil-surfaced pens (termed high ash, or HA-FB) on a dry basis and dry ash-free (DAF) basis for both study years. Ash content (dry matter basis) was significantly lower and volatile matter (VM), carbon (fixed and total), and hydrogen were significantly higher for LA-FB (paved pens) vs. HA-FB (unpaved pens) for both years of the study. As-harvested HHV averaged 6,304 and 8,190 kJ kg-1 w.b. (2,710 and 3,521 BTU lb-1 w.b.) for HA-FB for the wet and dry years, respectively, and as-harvested HHV for LA-FB averaged 13,407 and 13,224 kJ kg-1 w.b. (5,764 and 5,685 BTU lb-1 w.b.) for the wet and dry years. Partial composting (PC) in windrows (for 51 to 55 days in 2005 or 91 days in 2006) reduced HHV w.b. by an average (both years) of 11.4% for the resulting HA-FB-PC and 14.8% for the resulting LA-FB-PC. The LA-FB-PC was significantly different from HA-FB-PC for all proximate and ultimate analysis parameters for both 2005 and 2006 manure, with the exception of 2006 wet-basis HHV. Heating value on a DAF basis averaged 20,984 kJ kg-1 (9,022 BTU lb-1) for LA-FB-PC and 18,941 kJ kg-1 (8,143 BTU lb-1) for HA-FB-PC. Greenhouse storage for 9 to 12 months of the 2005 harvested LA-FB-RM and LA-FB-PC preserved fuel quality better than did continuous storage of LA-FB-PC in a windrow, probably because lower moisture conditions were maintained under greenhouse storage conditions (7.7% to 13.4% w.b. final range) compared with uncovered windrow storage (17.4% final moisture content). Elemental analysis of ash from LA-FB was higher than from HA-FB for Ca, P, Cl, K, Mg, Na, and S, but was lower for Si, Al, Ti, and Fe without or with partial composting. Metal contents were similar for both high-ash and low-ash FB.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and lupin (Lupinus spp.) are ancient nutritious crops cultivated in the Andean region. In addition to basic nutrients, quinoa and lupin contain a variety of bioactive components with potentially beneficial effects on health. The profile and content of bioactive components such as polyphenols, phytosterols, and carotenoids in quinoa grains and lupin beans, and the effect of processing (drying, milling, debittering, germination, kilning) on their nutritional properties and bioactive components are described. Red and black quinoa showed the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid content and the best radical scavenging activities. Recent studies suggest that the pigments of these colored quinoa varieties are betacyanins. In addition to flavonoid glycosides and other more familiar secondary bioactive metabolites, quinoa contains phytoecdosteroids, a class of triterpenoids. In some studies, they have demonstrated insulin-sensitizing, fat-reducing, and fitness-enhancing activities in mammals without inducing androgenic or estrogenic effects. Although the high nutritional quality of lupin has been recognized for decades, not much is known about the content of phytochemicals in this legume. Many of these compounds are bioactive and may exert beneficial effects on health. They include polyphenols, isoflavones, carotenoids, phytosterols, tocopherols, polysaccharides, and peptides with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Processing of the crops to food products has an impact on the nutritional and sensory quality (e.g., germination may improve their nutritional quality even further).

To reduce the level of saponin while preserving essential nutrients and antioxidative properties in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), this study delves into the optimization of the HUMVP process and thoroughly examines its effects on antioxidation as well as its inhibitory influence on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The optimal HUMVP conditions involved wetting quinoa grains with 6% water (pH = 6.0) and subjecting them to a 4 min treatment under 0.35 MPa pressure. The values of •OH, DPPH, and ABTS•+ scavenging rate of the extracts from the quinoa sample (named Q2HUMVP) treated under the optimum HUMVP process were 70.02, 87.13, and 50.95%, respectively. Furthermore, the treatment preserved 95.20% of polyphenols and 73.06% of flavonoids, while the saponin content was reduced to 23.13% of that in raw quinoa. Notably, Q2HUMVP extracts demonstrated superior inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared to dehulled quinoa samples. The inhibition exhibited by the quinoa sample extracts on α-amylase and α-glucosidase was found to be reversible.

Effects of energy source in milk replacer on glucose metabolism of neonatal dairy calves

BackgroundDietary administration of 1% canavanine had been shown to improve survival in female BALB/c mice consuming diets containing 23.4% protein (dry matter basis).MethodsIn order to determine if this effect also obtains at more moderate dietary protein concentrations, 30 female BALB/c mice were fed a basal diet with 14% protein (15.7% dry matter basis) and another 30 were fed the same diet plus 1% canavanine.ResultsNeither mean (Control 873.2 d, Canavanine 870.0 d; SEM = 34.2 d; P = 0.949 from ANOVA) nor median (Control 902 d, Canavanine 884.5 d; P = 0.9058 from Mann-Whitney) lifespans differed between groups.Although mean antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers did not differ between control and canavanine-treated mice at 833 days of age (19.84 vs 20.39 respectively; SEM = 2.64; P = 0.889 from ANOVA), one canavanine-treated mouse displayed an outlying ANA value of 50 (next lower value = 30) denoting possible early sign of incipient autoimmune disease in that individual.ConclusionThere may be an interaction between dietary protein level and canavanine with respect to lifespan in mice.

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of microbiological treatment on improving the nutritive value of corn silage as animal feed. Dried whole corn plants were prepared and two ground silos (0.5 ton each) wereused for ensiling whole corn silage and inoculated by bacterial inoculant (containing Lactobacillus plantarum and Entrococcus faecium) at the recommended rate of 1/2g bacterial inoculants/liter of water/ton of fresh whole corn silage. The ensiling period lasted for 50 days. The criteria of response were determined by: the quality of treated corn silage, chemical characteristics and performance of rams, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen balance. Results for treated and untreated silage, respectively, showed that the silage had pH 3.71 and 3.69, Total Volatile Fatty Acids (TVFA) were 2.48 and 1.98 mmol/100ml, and NH3-N values were 6.1% and 6.41% (on dry matter basis). The values of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen free extract (NFE) and ash content on dry matter basis, however, were very close in the two rations. There were no significant differences between the two rations for the dry matter (DM). The value of CF digestibility was not significantly different from that in treated corn silage, while ration contents of treated corn silage were significantly higher in OM, CP, NFE and EE digestibility than the untreated corn silage. Recorded values for total digestible nutrients (TDN) and starch value (SV) of rations of treated corn silage were significantly higher than those of untreated corn silage being 52.64 and 63.37 vs. 43.53 and 56.09%, respectively. The digestible crude protein (DCP) values were (7.43%) for ration of treated corn silage by 5.96% for the ration of untreated corn silage.

The bacterial environment should be taken into account for assessing the quality of fish larvae, besides biochemical and developmental criteria. Detrimental effects of associated flora have been observed on the survival rates of larvae (e.g. Nicolas et al., 1989), and experimental infections were performed on fish larvae by introducing the pathogen either directly into the rearing medium or into live food organisms (e.g. Kusuda et ai, 1986). A challenge test was used for assessing the effect of a food additive on the ability of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae to resist infection, but that required rearing the larvae separately (Gatesoupe, 1993). Bergh et al. (1992) have proposed an infection test with transfer of eggs into polystyrene dishes, but it was not convenient for larvae with exogenous food source. The present paper was an attempt to develop a new test with transfer of larvae after feeding. Then this test was inserted into a simple survey of the quality of turbot larvae, with a view to drawing up relations between rearing success, associated bacteria and resistance against pathogens. For this purpose, seven batches of larvae were successively reared in 150 1 cylindrical tanks with conical bottoms from day 1 after hatching until day 10. Three tanks were used for batches 1, 3, 5 and 6, while five tanks were used for batches 4 and 7. The larvae of batch 2 were reared in one tank. The rearing temperature was gradually increased from 14 °C to 18 °C by day 5. The salinity was 35%. For feeding the larvae, rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) were cultured in seawater according to the method already described (Gatesoupe, 1990). The rotifer diet was made up of baker's years, menhaden (Breuoortia tyrannus) oi l (Sigma F8020), soybean lecithin, DL-a-tocopherol (USB), and vitamin premix (Spyridakis et ai, 1988), at the daily rates of 60.8, 7.7, 0.7, 0.015, and 0.7 mg r1, respectively, on a dry matter basis. The larvae were fed with the rotifers from day 3 to day 9, at the daily rates of 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 rotifers per initial larva, corresponding to the seven consecutive days of feeding. Each day, the rotifers were transferred from their culture medium into clean seawater tanks (200 rotifers m l 1 ) , where they were enriched with spray-dried fish autolysate, menhaden oi l , soybean lecithin, and DL-a-tocopherol, at the rates of 15, 7.7, 0.7, and 0.015 mg T 1 , respectively, on a dry matter basis. The rotifers were continuously distributed to turbot with a peristaltic pump, the flow rate of which was adjusted so that the whole volume was carried through in 24 h. At day 10, the survivors were counted and 30 fish were sampled in each tank,