Formal Specification and Analysis of a Cross-Layer Overlay P2P Construction Protocol over MANETs

Now a day's use of wireless communication is very common and growing faster. There are different types of wireless networks which are designed as per the requirement of data rate and coverage. In this paper scope is limited to widely study and used network called Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). MANET is collection of wireless devices which communicate among each other without need of any physical infrastructure as well as centralize administrations. Each mobile node in MANET acts as peer node. The communication is MANET is based on routing methods and hence since from last 2 decade there are number of routing methods designed with objective of improving the Quality of Service (QoS) performance of MANET. As the mobile nodes in MANET are moving randomly with varying mobility speed, this can leads the challenging tasks to achieve the guaranteed QoS performance. Therefore it is required to have efficient routing protocol with load balancing and dynamic behaviour of mobile nodes handling in MANET. In this paper, our goal first is to present the study on different QoS aware routing methods and non-routing methods designed by various research groups for MANET. Second objective is to design novel QoS Aware routing protocol for improving the QoS performance in MANET. Additionally, we are presenting the current research gap based on analysis of all recent methods of QoS improvement. The outcome of this paper is the current research problems and efficient QAODV routing method.

The mobility and resource limitation of nodes are the critical factors that affect the performance of Mobile AD hoc network (MANET). The mobility of nodes will affect the stability of links, and the limitation of node resources will lead to congestion, so it is very difficult to design a routing protocol that supports quality of service (QoS) in MANET. Especially in the scenario of high-speed node movement, frequent link interruption will damages QoS performance, so it is necessary to design MANET routing protocol that can adapt to network topology changes to support QoS. In this paper, we propose a Topological change Adaptive Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (TA-AOMDV) routing protocol, which can adapt to high-speed node movement to support QoS. In this protocol, a stable path selection algorithm is designed, which not only takes node resources (residual energy, available bandwidth and queue length) as the path selection parameters, but also considers the link stability probability between nodes. Furthermore, in order to adapt to the rapid change of topology, link interrupt prediction mechanism is integrated into the protocol, which updates the routing strategy based on periodic probabilistic estimates of link stability. Different scenarios with node speed in the range of 10-50m/s, data rate in the range of 4-40kbps and number of nodes in the range of 10-100 are simulated on NS2 platform. Our results show that the QoS metrics (packet delivery rate, end-to-end delay, and throughput) of the proposed protocol are significantly improved when the node speed is higher than 30m/s although it is slightly better when the node speed is lower than 30m/s. Our on-demand multipath routing protocol demonstrates high potential to support QoS for high-speed MANET.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises of self-organizing autonomous mobile nodes. MANETs are open and decentralized. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. MANETs are multi-hop wireless network where all nodes supportively maintain network connectivity without a centralized infrastructure. Since MANETs are infrastructure less and independent, the secure communication is the main issue. Therefore they are vulnerable to malicious entities. Here the location identity and traffic can be traced out by an outside observer. Anonymity means secure communications by hiding node identities and preventing traffic analysis attacks by outside observers. This paper proposes Position based Anonymous Routing Scheme in MANETs (PARS).Here the routing is based on Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol. The objective is an anonymous routing protocol for the network. The proposed one is a zone based anonymous GPSR based protocol that can provide source, destination and route anonymity. Performance of the proposed system is compared with that of GPSR and AODV using Network Simulator. Index Terms: Anonymous routing, position-based routing, random forwarder, zone partition. I. Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Networks are collection of independent mobile nodes that can communicate by radio waves. It is an infrastructure less self-organizing network. The nodes that are in radio range can communicate by single hop or by multi hop with the help of intermediate nodes. The network is open and decentralized and fully distributed. So they are perfect choice for communication and information sharing. MANETs are susceptible to malicious entities that aim to alter and analyzed the traffic analysis by communication eaves dropping or attacking routing protocols. MANETs are characterized by their distributed operation, multi hop routing, dynamic topology and shared physical medium. Nodes in a MANET are independently free to move in any direction. Due to the lack of a centralized coordinator security is the major concern here. Wireless communication can endure interferences or malicious interceptions; whereas multi-hop communication assumes that each node will perform properly its functions to support network services. Further, self-organization increases the complexity of security management operations as access control, node authentication, secure routing and cryptographic key distribution. There is no fixed infrastructure and the topology is frequently changing due to node mobility or environmental changes. Therefore, it is very hard to maintain a stable and efficient end-to-end route in an ad-hoc network. Each node in MANET is energy constrained. There is verylimited physical security in MANET. The type of attacks can be Active attacks or Passive attacks. The common security issues are Passive attacks which include eaves dropping and information disclosure. Active attacks include Do Sand Data modification. There are other more specific problems with mobile ad hoc network such as vulnerability of channels and nodes, Byzantine black hole and Byzantine wormhole attack. The security issue also includes attacks that may inject erroneous routing information and diverting network traffic thus making routing inefficient. There are many methods to reduce the impact of these attacks, which include a secure routing using public and private key s to get a certification authority and use of digital signatures and prior it rust relationships. Routing is the process of communication from one node to the other host in a network. Routing is the process off or warding packet towards its destination using most efficient path. Routing efficiency is measured in terms of Number of hops, traffic, security, etc. Routing protocols in MANETs are divided as reactive proactive and hybrid. Reactive Protocol maintains the routes in on demand manner. In route discovery phase it floods the route request (RREQ) packets throughout the network. Dynamic source Routing (DSR), ad hoc on- demand distance vector routing (AODV) are some of the examples of reactive protocols. In proactive approach every node in the MANET continuously maintains the complete routing information of the entire network. This is accomplished by flooding network periodically with network status information. Global State Routing (GSR), Hierarchical State Routing (HSR) and Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) are some of the examples of proactive

Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). MANET is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. There are two types of MANET, homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. An architecture has been designed in previous work to model these two types of MANET. Three scenarios have been defined from this architecture: scenario I (communication entirely within MANET, homogeneous MANET), scenario II (communication between MANET and wireless LAN, heterogeneous MANET) and scenario III (communication between MANET with wireless LAN and wired LAN, heterogeneous MANET). MANET has its own routing protocols which can compromised with frequent route exchange, dynamic topology, bandwidth constraint and multi-hop routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET. The aim of this research is to assess the effects of different packet size with the implementation of AODV routing protocols in homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The three scenarios above have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned, throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that the increase of throughput and PDR performance was parallel with the increase of packet size. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance due to the packet size effect in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Distributed hash tables (DHTs) have proven to be a novel and efficient platform for building a variety of scalable and robust distributed applications like content sharing and location in the Internet. Similar to those in the Internet, distributed applications and network services in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can potentially benefit from the deployment of a DHT. However, bandwidth limitations, node mobility, and multi access interference pose unique challenges to deploying such DHTs in MANETs. In this paper, we first study how to efficiently implement DHTs in MANETs. We explore two disparate design options: the simple approach of directly overlaying a DHT on top of a MANET multi-hop routing protocol, and Ekta which integrates a DHT with a multi-hop routing protocol at the network layer. Second, we examine the efficiency of DHT substrates in supporting applications in MANETs by examining the performance of a resource discovery application built on top of Ekta with one that directly uses physical layer broadcast. Such a study answers the fundamental question of whether a DHT substrate can be more efficient in supporting applications than a physical layer broadcast-based protocol, since in MANETs, DHT protocols effectively rely on physical layer broadcast to discover and maintain routes.

Energy and mobility conscious multipath routing scheme for route stability and load balancing in MANETs

Mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) is a short range network which enables various mobile nodes to communicate with each other. The range of mobile node for communication is limited in the MANET so two nodes of different network which are placed in long distance are unable to communicate between them. Utility of MANET can be enhanced by providing Internet connectivity to the mobile nodes. MANET is infrastructureless and Internet is infrastructure type network so they require an interface to connect with each other. So in this situation, Gateway, a device which acts as an interface and a router, provides the MANET nodes connectivity to fixed networks. A mobile node in MANET has to find a route to a gateway first to communicate with the Internet host. It requires an efficient gateway discovery mechanism for improve the overall performance of network. For this process various approaches have been proposed in the past. The popular approaches are reactive, proactive and hybrid gateway discovery mechanisms. This paper focuses on various issues for MANET-Internet integration and their proposed technical solutions by various proposals for different Internet gateway discovery mechanisms to improve the performance.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) comprise of independent ambulant nodes with no any stable infrastructure. All mobile nodes are co-operatively transfer their data packets to different mobile nodes in the network. Mobile nodes are depends on intermediate nodes when transmission range beyond limit i.e. multi hop network. As MANET is a highly dynamic network, mobile nodes can leave and join a network at anytime. Security is the biggest issue in MANET as MANET is infrastructure-less and autonomous. In MANET, correspondence between two mobile nodes is performed by routing protocols wherein every versatile node can make directly communication with other versatile node. In the event that both portable nodes are inside a transmission range of each other, then they can straightforwardly make communication with each other. Otherwise, transmission is done through the intermediate node. The nature of its wireless nature is also additionally turns into the purpose of its greatest vulnerability. In this manner, diminishing the confidence level of the system as it appropriate to availability, integrity, reliability and privacy concerns. There are different routing protocols for providing security that are designed based on various cryptographic techniques. To obtain a rapid knowledge of security design, we are giving a review on different cryptographic techniques to secure MANET. In this review, we presents security techniques and protocols related to cryptographic techniques.

As technology progresses, networking undergoes continuous evolution to align with contemporary trends. Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) have emerged as a pivotal technology facilitating communication among mobile nodes sans a central administering node. MANETs find diverse applications spanning communication networks to battlefield scenarios. Nonetheless, MANETs encounter various challenges, including load balancing, energy efficiency, packet loss, and connection failures. Routing, among these challenges, assumes a pivotal role in defining network performance and connectivity capacity within MANETs. Moreover, the energy consumption of mobile nodes, often reliant on batteries with limited rechargeability, presents a significant concern in MANETs. This paper delves into diverse techniques devised to tackle the issues of energy efficiency and load balancing in MANETs. Additionally, it offers a comparative analysis to consolidate the survey findings. The outcomes of this study enrich our comprehension of energy-efficient and load-balanced routing protocols in MANETs, thereby facilitating the design and deployment of efficient networking solutions.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic network without fixed infrastructure due to their wireless nature and can be deployed as multi-hop packet networks. It is a wireless network and has dynamic topology due to its node mobility. Networks are being used in various areas and the demand of users nowadays has motivated the emergence of the heterogeneous MANET. Compared to homogeneous MANET, heterogeneous MANET is more open to other types of network for example wireless LAN, cellular network and fixed network. In MANET, the concern is more to configuration and one of the important elements in configuration is routing. Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the routing protocols in MANET which can compromise with MANET characteristics. The aim of this research is to assess the performance of AODV in different mobility speed for homogeneous MANET and heterogeneous MANET through the simulation method. The simulation scenarios derived from the HetMAN architecture (as been discussed in previous work) have been developed in the OMNeT++ network simulator. The results achieved from the test have been evaluated using the metrics assigned; throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The tests show that, as the speed increase, the throughput and PDR decrease for both homogeneous and heterogeneous MANET. From the test also, we can conclude that the performance in homogeneous MANET is better than in heterogeneous MANET.

Security in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has been an actively researched topic for the several years. As opposed to wired networks, MANETs have dynamic topology, limited resources, limited bandwidth and are usually deployed in emergency scenarios outside, where landscape plays important role. MANETs are susceptible to insider and outsider attacks and bring new security challenges which were not present in the wired networks. The most important difference is that every node in MANET acts as a router and routes traffic throughout the network. Compromising one node can hugely affect network performance. In this paper, we present our security architecture for MANETs which secures important aspects of the network. We bring trust model into the network and nodes are secured by different mechanisms tailored specifically for the use in distributed environment. We use Omnet++for network simulations. Simulations use delays measured on the real hardware and we analyze performance of the network during different data plane and control plane loads

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is wireless ad hoc network that includes a collection of mobile nodes sometimes called mobiles connected by wireless links. The nodes in a MANET have limited resources and restricted transmission range. The infrastructure of a MANET is not fixed but is easy and quick to setup. Application areas of MANETs include, but not limited to; emergency services, disaster recovery, environment monitoring, home networking, personal area networking, search and rescue operations, etc. The inherent nature of MANETs brings many operational limitations. This paper mainly discusses the operational limitations of MANETs, which raise various challenges in transforming it into the commercial world viable. These limitations include bandwidth constraints, energy constraints, storage limitations, mobility issues, variation in link capabilities, etc. This study starts with the evolution of the mobile ad hoc networks, later provides an insight into more pragmatic applications and finally on the operational limitations of MANETs. To make a transition of MANET to the commercial world viable, the operational limitations of MANETs need to overcome.

A Review on Cooperative Bait Based Intrusion Detection in MANET

The communication between mobile node and fixed node is achieved through the Integrated Internet MANET (IIM) with the help of the gateway by increasing the application domain of mobile ad hoc network. The wireless channel and dynamic nature of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) experiences integrated MANETs to suffer from security susceptibility. Methods/Analysis: An untrustworthy mobile node can harm the data and adversely affect the communication between a mobile node and a fixed node in IIM. In this manner, examining the trust level impacts the certainty with which an element may decide for information transmission. In order to provide a secure data transmission we are proposing an Effective Trusted Knowledge Algorithm (ETKA) that calculates the nodes trust. Findings: The proposed algorithm has two phases for finding the trusted node. In the first phase, observing the nodes in promiscuous mode, in the second phase, the effective trust value is calculated by hybrid method. Improvement: Through extensive simulation analysis, we can come to an end that the developed mechanism leads to a successful methodology towards security and protection of data from untrusted nodes in integrated internet and MANET.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructureless and distributed communication systems that require sophisticated approaches to routing to cope with node mobility and heterogeneous application requirements. In the past few years, distributed hash table (DHT) has come forth as a useful additional technique to the design and specification of spontaneous and self-organized networks. Researchers have exploited its advantages by implementing it at the network layer and developing scalable routing protocols for MANETs. The implementation of DHT-based routing in a MANET requires different algorithms and specifications compared to routing in the Internet because a MANET has its unique characteristics, such as node mobility, spontaneous networking, decentralized architecture, limited transmission range, dynamic topology, and frequent network partitioning/merging. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of research related to DHT-based routing that aims at enhancing the scalability of MANETs. We present a vivid taxonomy of DHT-based routing protocols and the guidelines to design such protocols for MANETs. We compare the features, strengths, and weaknesses of existing DHT-based routing protocols and highlight key research challenges that are vital to address. The outcome of the analysis serves as a guide for anyone willing to delve into research on DHT-based routing in MANETs.