Formulation and Evaluation of Fenugreek powder as Nutraceutical from seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum

Abstract: The effect of different grinding methods and packaging materials on qualities of fenugreek and black pepper powders was evaluated. Various parameters and their evaluation methods are as follows: change in colour determined using Chroma meter calorimeter, aroma and odour measured by sensory evaluation, and change in moisture measured using oven drying method. Packaging materials such as glass jar, steel jar, plastic jar, aluminum bag and poly bags were used for keeping ambient and cryogenically ground fenugreek and black pepper powders. Packed powders were stored in dry and cool places under ambient condition. Sensory evaluation revealed quality reduction in terms of colour, odour, flavour, aroma and acceptability for fenugreek and black pepper powder stored for a long term (6 months). However, glass jar and steel jar were found to be better containers for storing powders for longer storage period than other options. For practical applications, the present investigation on the deterioration behaviour of fenugreek and black pepper powder contributes to the design of a suitable grinder out of ball, hammer, rotor, and pin mill for spice grinding. The study also helps select a suitable packaging material or container to store spice powders. A method to assess the quality of stored powder and its deterioration with the storage time is provided. Keywords: quality deterioration, behaviour; aroma; cryogenic; ambient; packaging DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20140704.012 Citation: Meghwal M, Goswami T K. Effect of different grinding methods and packaging materials on fenugreek and black pepper powder quality and quantity under normal storage conditions. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2014; 7(4): 106－113.

The objective of this study is to investigate the chemical composition of biologically active extracts from Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds. A variety of in vitro models such as β-carotene-linoleic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) were used to measure the antioxidant activity. Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity was evaluated by enzyme inhibition using in vitro assay. The hexane extract with a potent inhibition ability against linoleic acid (95.4%) as well as a powerful α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 26.9 µg/mL) was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 20 compounds were identified, some of them being reported for the first time in fenugreek seeds [e.g. β-thujone (10.8%), (2E, 4E)-decadienal (7.8%), heptanal (6.7%), and (2E, 4E)-heptadienal (5.3%)]. On the other hand, methanol extract exhibited a strong DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 19.0 µg/mL) compared to that of BHT as well as the highest alpha-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 52.1 μg/mL). HPLC technique coupled with negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and diode array detection (HPLC-DAD–ESI/MS) was employed to identify polyphenols in the methanol extract. The obtained results allowed the detection of 3 flavonoids glycosides and one amino acid identified on the basis of their UV and MS spectra, and comparisons with standards when available, as well as with literature data. A systematic study of the obtained MS spectra and the observed fragmentation allowed identifying for known compounds: vicenin-2, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, isoschaftoside and isoorientin. These two last compounds were identified for the first time in Fenugreek Seeds.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a medicinal plant having a range of therapeutic, anti-microbial and growth promoting effects. Objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fenugreek seed powder on growth performance, visceral organ weight, serum cholesterol levels and the nitrogen (N) retention of broiler chicken. In a Complete Randomized Design with six replicates, 108 chicks in 36 pens received one of the six experimental diets containing either 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5% fenugreek powder from day 21-38. The weight gain of the birds that were fed with 4 and 5% fenugreek was significantly lower (p 0.05) altered by dietary fenugreek. It was concluded that 1 % dietary fenugreek has some growth promoting effects in broiler chicken. Tropical Agricultural Research Vol.24 (3): 289-295 (2013)

Exploiting Underutilised crops

Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some plant extracts and their application to ground beef patties

BackgroundTrigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds are known to exhibit potent antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and nephroprotective activities, as well as serve as excellent membrane stabilizers especially because of their content of novel furostanolic saponins. Our previous studies exhibited the broad spectrum safety and efficacy of Fenfuro, a novel T. foenum-graecum seed extract enriched in furostanolic saponins, in type 2 diabetes (T2D) in rats.DesignThis multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, add-on clinical study evaluated over a period of 90 consecutive days the efficacy of Fenfuro (daily dosage: 500 mg bid) in 154 subjects (male: 108; female: 46; age: 25–60 years) with T2D.MethodsThis study examined the body weight, blood pressure, and pulse rate, as well as the efficacy of Fenfuro on fasting and post-prandial plasma sugar (mg/dL), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting and post-prandial C-peptide levels.ResultsFenfuro caused significant reduction in both fasting plasma and post-prandial blood sugar levels. Approximately 83% of the subjects reported decreases in fasting plasma sugar levels in the Fenfuro-treated group as compared to 62% in the placebo group, while 89% of the subjects demonstrated reduction in post-prandial plasma sugar levels in the Fenfuro-treated group as compared to 72% in the placebo group. HbA1c levels were reduced in both placebo and treatment groups. The decrease in HbA1c levels was significant in both groups as compared to respective baseline values. A significant increase in fasting and post-prandial C-peptide levels compared to the respective baseline values was observed, while no significant changes in fasting and post-prandial C-peptide levels were observed between the two groups. No significant adverse effects were observed by blood chemistry analyses. Furthermore, 48.8% of the subjects reported reduced dosage of anti-diabetic therapy in the Fenfuro-treated group, whereas 18.05% reported reduced dosage of anti-diabetic therapy in the placebo group.ConclusionIn summary, Fenfuro proved safe and efficacious in ameliorating the symptoms of T2D in humans.

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) seeds are widely used in the preparation of various meals and in traditional health care to treat various disorders and diseases, especially Diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to investigate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the fenugreek seed extract on fructose-induced diabetic wistar rats. Indeed, 5 groups of rats were formed; the first and second groups were composed of normal rats treated with distilled water and fenugreek seed extract, respectively. The third, fourth, and fifth groups composed of diabetic rats were administered distilled water, 500mg/kg of fenugreek seed extract, and 25µg/kg. bw of a standard antidiabetic drug consecutively for 28 days. The repeated ingestion of fenugreek seed generated a significant rise (p < 0.05) of food and water consumption in diabetic rats as compared to the rats treated with distilled water. Furthermore, fenugreek seed extract caused a remarkable elevation of the body weights of diabetic rats in comparison with other groups. Additionally, chronic treatment of rats with fenugreek seed extract improved fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels in diabetic rats. Fenugreek seed extract has significant anti-diabetic activity by reducing the fasting blood sugar and ameliorating the lipid parameters of diabetic rats. However, more studies are required to isolate the phytochemical constituents that possess these activities and elucidate their mechanisms of action.

The new method was prepared for the extraction of 4-hydroxy isoleucine from fenugreek seeds. Similarly semi-synthetic derivatives were prepared with acceptable degree of purity and confirmed by spectral analysis. The anti-diabetic activity of semi synthetic derivatives was compared with the parent 4-hydroxy isoleucine and they showed increased activity than the parent compound.

Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) fruit and its products are consumed by humans all over the world. Tomatoes are rich source of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Tomato is a good dietary source of vitamin C and other vitamins found in tomato are vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B, (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9) and vitamin K. It has high vitamin C content. Tomato fruit is source of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, proteins, fats, fibers, terpenoids, and minerals (potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, sodium, phosphate). Tomato fruit is rich in phytochemicals comprising of numerous bioactive compounds. Secondary metabolites include carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and steroidal glycoalkaloids. Nutritional value, flavor, and color of tomato fruit and their products depends on carotenoids (lycopene, (3-carotene), vitamin C, glutamic acid, sugars, and flavonoids (naringenin chalcone, quercetin). Tomato fruit and its products have high antioxidant activity due to variety of bioactive compounds it possesses. The antioxidant activity of tomato cultivars is 48-118 [’mot TEAC/100g. High antioxidant capacity of tomato is ascribed to vitamin C, vitamin E, lycopene, beta-carotene, polyphenols, flavonoids, and other bioactive phytochemicals present in it. In general, quantum of antioxidant activity depends on concentration of antioxidant compounds. During various ripening stages in tomato, antioxidant activity was correlated with bioactive 254compounds in the following order phenols&gt;carotenes&gt;flavonoids. Vitamin C contributed more to antioxidant activity than phenolic compounds. Different antioxidants act synergetically. In tomatoes, antioxidants scavenge peroxy radical and singlet molecular oxygen. All parts of tomato fruit have antioxidant activity and the antioxidant activity of skin and seeds together is almost equal to antioxidant activity of pulp. Consumption of tomato products relieves oxidative stress; prevents many chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes, respiratory disorder, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorder in humans. It stimulates immune system and has chemopreventive potential. The tomato is considered as a functional healthy food.

The study aimed to study, the chemical composition of lupine (bitter and sweet) seeds and fenugreek seeds and their content of active chemicals that have a hypoglycemic effect and also the effect of lupine (bitter and sweet) seeds powdere and fenugreek seeds powder and the combination of bitter lupine (10%) and fenugreek (10%) on the increase of glucose level, enzymes, indications (liver, kidneys, lipid and antioxidants activity) and liver tissues in diabetic rats induced-alloxan. The addition of 20% of lupine (bitter and sweet) seeds powder, fenugreek seeds powder, and the combination of bitter lupine (10%) and fenugreek (10%) with a diet meal for diabetic rats led to decrease of glucose level, enzymes and indications of (liver, kidneys, total colesterole, triglyceride levels, LDL-c and antioxidants activity) also led to an increase in HDL-c, in diabetic rats compared with diabetic control. The addition of 20% lupine (bitter and sweet) seeds powder and fenugreek seeds powder and the combination of bitter lupine seeds (10%) and fenugreek seeds (10%) improved oxidative stress and kept liver cells from damage compared to diabetic control

Chapter 47 - Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Oils

Avocado seeds, a common waste in the avocado processing industry, have been found to have several bioactivities, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities, among others. Nowadays, this wastage is causing an environmental problem, so the use of new technologies to take advantage of it is a novel field of research. In this study, the submerged fermentation by lactic acid bacteria was used as a novel tool for improving the bioactive compound extraction from avocado seeds. Avocado seeds were fermented by different strains, their polar compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS, the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and FRAP assays, and the antidiabetic activity was analyzed by the alpha-amylase assay. A total of 32 polar compounds were identified, with 13 of them being described in avocado seeds for the first time. Avocado seeds fermented by Pentosaceus acidilactici showed the highest sum of polar compounds (6279.63 ± 67.74 µg/g d.w.), and by extension, of hydroxytyrosol glucoside (2989.76 ± 3.64 µg/g d.w.). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 9567 showed the highest antioxidant activity measured by both DPPH and FRAP assays (6294.67 ± 19.44 and 6846.91 ± 2.13 µg TE/g d.w., respectively). Furthermore, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CECT 748T had the highest antidiabetic activity (52.15% ± 0.67% inhibition of alpha-amylase activity), attributable to the polyphenols. According to the results, submerged fermentation by lactic acid bacteria led to an interesting increase of the polar compounds’ extractability of avocado seeds, consequently improving the bioactivities of the extracts, which could then be used for food nutraceutical or cosmetic purposes.

BackgroundThe spices based dietary interventions are in lime light among the scientific community owing to their promising therapeutic perspective. The bioactive components in spices can be used to exert various health promoting functions in human body such as prompting weight loss, inhibit diet-induced obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, allergies and various other maladies. In current study extraction and in vitro characterization of coriander seed (CS), black cumin seed (BCS) and fenugreek seed (FS) polyphenols was conducted for further development of dietary intervention against lipid and glycemia related abnormalities in experimental Sprague Dowley rats fed with control and different spice powder supplemented diets.MethodsPurposely, extraction of Coriander (CS), Black cumin (BCS) and Fenugreek seeds (FS) were carried out by using water and aqueous methanol (70:30 v/v). Afterwards, the resultant extracts were thoroughly investigated for their antioxidant potential through different indices like TPC, TFC, FRAP and β Carotene Bleaching Assay and ABTS. Furthermore, HPLC quantification were also conducted with special reference to thymoquinone, disogenin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and kaempferol alongside in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity estimation. Bio-evaluation trial was consisting of three modules i.e. study-I (normal diet), study-II (high cholesterol diet) and study-III (high sucrose diet). Furthermore, rats were sub-divided in five groups in each module on the basis of diet provision including T0 (control), T1 (Diet containing CS), T2 (Diet containing BCS), T3 (Diet containing FS) and T4 (Diet containing CSP + BCSP + FSP). At the beginning of trial, some rats were dissected to evaluate the baseline values whilst rest of the rats was killed at the termination (56th day). Feed and drink intakes were quantified on daily bases whereas, body weight was calculated weekly. Cholesterol level, serum low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides, glucose concentration and insulin level of collected sera was measured by standard procedures.ResultsThe in vitro characterization showed better extraction of spices antioxidant through aqueous methanol as compared to water. Among the spices, Black cumin seed alone or in combination revealed highest antioxidant activity in T2 (BCS) followed by T4 (CS + BCS), T7 (CS + BCS + FS), T1 (CS), T6 (BCS + FS), T5 (CS + FS) and lowest in T3 (FS). Likewise, the HPLC characterization showed the presence of thymoquinone in BCS, Dosignienin FGS and chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and kaempferol in the other treatments. Furthermore, all the treatments showed dose dependent inhibition in Pancreatic lipase activity and order of inhibition was BCS > CS + BCS > CS + BCS + FS > CS > BCS + FC > CS + FS > FS. The maximum feed intake, drink intake and weight gain was observed in T0 (control) trailed by T1, T2, T3 and T4 group in experimental study I, II and III, respectively. The resultant diet T4 enhanced the high density lipoprotein from T0 (58.58 ± 2.51) to 61.71 ± 1.62 (T4) in hypercholesterolemia rats whereas in hyperglycaemia rats the HDL was varied from 38.77 ± 1.2 to 40.02 ± 0.99 in T0 and T4, respectively. Similarly, T2 significantly lowered the low density lipoprotein from 62.53 ± 1.22 (T1) & 46.53 ± 0.99 to 54.88 ± 0.52 & 40.94 ± 1.99 (T2) in hypercholesteraemic and diabetic rats. Moreover, T4 treatment showed maximum reduction as 10.01 & 11.53% in respective studies.ConclusionsThe diet prepared from the different combination of spices has been proven effective against Oxidative stress related physiological malfunctioning.

Narrow study has been effectuated with concerning the biological synthesis of nanoparticles. This review focus on the comparison of the Iron nanoparticles sewed up by the way of biosynthesis routes with Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum (TFG) seeds. The particles size and morphology were obtained using XRD and TEM, which exhibit amorphous nature of the Nanoparticles. Absorbtion spectrum was witnessed with the help of UV-Visible spectroscopy and bond assignments from FTIR. All the above studies shows the beguiling properties of Iron nanoparticles with the biological agent.

Standardization of polyherbal formulation is mandatory to evaluate the best quality of drugs for therapeutic value. The main objective of this study was to develop a standardized, safe and effective polyherbal juice with significant anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity. Methods: Polyherbal juice was formulated using cold maceration method and was evaluated for Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, Antioxidant activity, Particle size, IR, HPTLC and Heavy metal analysis. Results: Total phenolic content was found to be 139.23 ± 0.072 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and Total flavonoid content was 62.01± 0.063 mg/g Catechin equivalent. In DPPH scavenging assay the RC50 value of polyherbal formulation was found to be 6.0 µg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical tests and HPTLC was performed for Quantitative Analysis of Phytoconstituents in formulation. Conclusion: In-vivo study shows significant anti-diabetic activity as compared with marketed formulations. Thus polyherbal formulation possesses good anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity.