Framework for Analysis of Power System Operation in Smart Cities

The unprecedented urbanization of the past decades has not only led to the introduction of the concept of smart cities, but has simultaneously made them a necessity. By converting our cities into smart ones, we enable future generations to live in a friendly and sustainable environment. Within smart cities, the wide deployment of sensors allows the interaction of citizens with city infrastructures. While smart cities are aiming towards more efficient resource management via smart grids, smart vehicles etc, another approach can also be made. The wide deployment of sensors in smart cities can be used to provide citizens with better medical services. In this work, we illustrate how this can be achieved by allowing patients to interact with city sensors. Patients with respiration problems use their smart phones to find the route to their destination with the minimal effect on their health.

The paper presents a mathematical model of a power system (PS) consisting of a generating unit (with a synchronous generator) connected by a high voltage (transmission) power line to a bus. The state and output equations of the generator are expressed in the coordinate system d, q, 0 and with the use of phase quantities of the generator stator, the bus and the power line, which is especially useful in the analysis of asymmetrical states. A disturbance of the steady state in the form of a two-phase short-circuit in the transmission line was taken into account in the made calculations. The influence of the excitation system and angular speed control system of the generator as well as the impact of selected generator model parameters on the waveforms were investigated.

Energy is one of the primary sources of economic and technological development in any area. Energy is a leading requirement like food, cloth, and shelter just like illumination, electrical appliances like fan, television, air-conditioning and other things. So, as the demand of this all box of tricks the planning must be there on various strategies of energy management systems. To conserve energy, the investigation of energy supplied where it uses, conserves, and wastes. The audits improve the performance of activities from generation to the receiving end. This chapter is not only to pioneer the management but also to preserve. The preservation squanders the energy where and when it will be. Sundry action is planned for organizing state of the art policies for plants and also energy security. The planning is smart energy management and the smart city, including smart town planning, smart security, smart transportation/mobility, smart governance, smart building/home, smart energy, and smart grid. The propound creep up on the impact of deputy applications and high-power rating loads in magnitude hours to energy expending expenditure of consumers. Replica results show that the propound creep up on the efficiency in reducing vertex load demand and electricity spending charges with a rising in the comfort level of patrons. In the case of the smart grid, the main application is a smart city; the features are taking under the topic, i.e. need to enhance for consumers for their benefits are developing the nature of IoT in electrical appliances, reducing the maintenance cost, improve public safety via all-time surveillance, aid economic development, enhancing consumers service and obvious conservation. IoT can play a vital role in energy management strategy in smart city and grid networks; it helps to contribute to various applications in which the consumers can benefit from economics and audit. The benefits are smart metering networks, smart city lighting, smart grid automation, ecological monitoring solutions, efficient public service tracking. The main sub-assistant benefit to smart energy is a microgrid. A microgrid is a standalone structure. The Microgrid is a widely founded research in the current curriculum that has propounded the centralized and distributed scheme application. In this research, we are concentrating on energy security. The main concept about energy security is to, before expansion and delivery; we must go through the queries that why we need security, on which ultimatum, from whom, and security on which merit. Energy security is a global confusion issue for the general public, policymakers, or legislators. Strategies must be planned to increase and improve the individual renewable type of energy to use in the industrial premises to reduce consumption. Planning is to strengthen the renewable energy source, which is the only way to reduce greenhouse emissions—a blueprint for the Microgrid at an individual level in domestic and commercial consumers. Blueprint to replace the running energy infrastructure so advance new better consumption free structures develops for consumers. Strategies to reduce fuel squander. So, it will directly reduce consumption and indirectly greenhouse emissions and air pollution. This chapter is a case study of different energy management proposals to conserve energy investments via organizing online, offline training programs and evaluating energy performances, action planning, and economics.

Guest Editorial: Situational awareness of integrated energy systems

This chapter presents the concept and definition of the security region, and introduces major methods used in steady-state security region analysis of power system operation: the security corridor, the traditional expansion method, the enhanced expansion method, linear programming, and the fuzzy set theory. The main idea of security regions is to obtain a set of security injections explicitly so that for security assessment one need only check whether a given injection vector lies within the security region. To enhance the calculation speed of the regions, the following measures: adoption of calculation step, constraints are divided into two groups based on the threshold value shown in the equation, are adopted in the new expanding method. The chapter presents a new approach to construct the steady-state security regions of power systems, that is, the maximal security regions are directly computed using the optimization method.

With the rapid development of national economy, our demand for power resources has also increased rapidly. The traditional power grid can not be achieved operational status of equipment for effective monitoring and control, we will not be able to ensure the quality and quality of electricity service. Cloudbased build smart grid information platform enables gathering the parameter of grid operation state, greatly increasing the economic efficiency of power enterprises. Firstly, cloud computing and smart grid briefly described, and then pointed out that cloud computing applications in the smart grid information platform, and specialized of cloud-based smart grid information platform, in order for the power grid enterprises to enhance their level of service and provide effective reference. KEYWORD: cloud computing; smart power grids; information platform; Application 4th International Conference on Mechanical Materials and Manufacturing Engineering (MMME 2016) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 202 3 THE MAIN PROBLEM IS STILL THE SMART GRID INFORMATION PLATFORM FACING The transition to a cloud computing data center. Our data center because of the different regions and the degree of information presents different characteristics, some data centers already have a basic cloud computing capabilities, but most data centers still remain in the initial level, to ensure the normal operation of the existing data center power under the premise, gradual transition to cloud computing data center in order to meet future requirements of the development of smart grid. Restricting data transmission problem. State Grid Corporation between provincial branches and there are a lot of data needs to be transmitted, will bring massive data transmission efficiency decreases, taking into account the load balancing device between the cloud node, thus building a wide area network channels to resolve data transmission problem. Security of data transmission. Data Center for Cloud Computing power companies to build internal private cloud, capable of self-maintenance and management, system wide area network data transmission services, according to the third security zone defined security partition, and install proprietary equipment production area and external public network isolation . 4 CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS IN THE SMART GRID INFORMATION POLICY PLATFORM Integrate and optimize the management of heterogeneous resources. Among the smart grid systems, data resources, information systems between various platforms and mutually dispersed, severe heterogeneity, thus leading to the integration of the quality of information sharing to increase difficulty, unable to effectively improve network management efficiency for the power distribution system electrical work quality management and marketing operations system maintenance upgrade will not be able to effectively meet demand (Jie Yang, 2014). Cloud computing technology enables the power system to effectively integrate the various business data and computing resources on the basis of information for business collaboration platform built on effective, able to satisfy the huge demand for smart grid information resource sharing. Cloud computing network virtualization and application virtualization technology, the server virtualization technology and other resources to achieve each service abstraction, and then realize the difference between the system and the software effectively eliminated by the appropriate method to achieve the effective integration of information resources, and then to optimize the management, greatly improving the efficiency of heterogeneous resources management applications. Distributed storage and management of large volume of data. After application of smart grid information platform construction, customer service requests varied, huge data volume information brought it to the storage and management of data provides a great challenge. Cloud computing technology in general face amount of data each smart grid system and unit collected using forms distributed storage of data to achieve the effective storage, greatly to ensure the security and reliability of data storage. GFS effective use of technology with each node, the master server is responsible for the effective management of the whole file system, the file system and complete the work of the metadata stored in the data block is the main server for data storage block sliced, and by saving three or more redundant backup storage. At the same time, client access and complete access to the main block server information. Fast Power System Parallel Computation and Treatment. Smart grids and information platform for the large volume of data to provide stable operation of the power grid data base, but more critical is the analysis and design of each system operating data, planning and decision-making, and even failures and transient stability, state estimation and intelligent a variety of computing and content analysis and decision-making process, its huge computing needs, general computing system can not reach its goal (Wang, Mengxue, 2015). Cloud computing technology through parallel computing technology has greatly enhanced parallel processing capability of the power system, which provides parallel programming model makes more simple and efficient parallel algorithms. MapReduce as Google made an important parallel programming model, and its role in large data sets in parallel computing plays a very prominent. Parallel processing job results by the client to achieve effective user submitted, via decomposition automated master role, the corresponding task scheduling to working nodes and nodes work completed by the specific calculations and perform the appropriate task. 5 SMART GRID INFORMATION PLATFORM CLOUD COMPUTING ANALYSIS Cloud Computing Smart Grid Information Platform Architecture. Smart grid technology information platform architecture cloud computing include the following several levels and aspects (Yan Cui, 2015): First, that the platform infrastructure layer is the integration of the various hardware resources and related management capabilities of virtualized using virtual technology to achieve the corresponding hardware devices such as computers and network storage devices abstraction, and then complete the automation and optimization of resource data and load management; secondly, the main platform for the integration of the various layers of software

Smart grid is the primary stakeholder in smart cities integrated with modern technologies as the Internet of Things (IoT), smart healthcare systems, industrial IoT, renewable energy, energy communities, and the 6G network. Smart grids provide bidirectional power and information flow by integrating many IoT devices and software. These advanced IOTs and cyber layers introduced new types of vulnerabilities and could compromise the stability of smart grids. Some anomalous consumers leverage these vulnerabilities, launch theft attacks on the power system, and steal electricity to lower their electricity bills. The recent developments in numerous detection methods have been supported by cutting‐edge machine learning (ML) approaches. Even so, these recent developments are practically not robust enough because of the limitations of single ML approaches employed. This research introduced a stacked ensemble method for electricity theft detection (ETD) in a smart grid. The framework detects anomalous consumers in two stages; in the first stage, four powerful classifiers are stacked and detect suspicious activity, and the output of these consumers is fed to a single classifier for the second‐stage classification to get better results. Furthermore, we incorporate kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) and localized random affine shadow sampling (LoRAS) for feature engineering and data augmentation. We also perform comparative analysis using adaptive synthesis (ADASYN) and independent component analysis (ICA). The simulation findings reveal that the proposed model outperforms with 97% accuracy, 97% AUC score, and 98% precision.

Abstract: As urban populations grow and cities face increasing challenges in traffic congestion, energy management, and environmental sustainability, Quantum Artificial Intelligence (Quantum AI) is emerging as a transformative technology to optimize urban systems. This book, "Quantum AI for Smart Cities: Optimizing Traffic and Urban Sustainability," explores how the convergence of quantum computing and AI-driven analytics can revolutionize traffic flow management, smart grids, and sustainable urban planning. It delves into quantum-enhanced predictive modeling, real-time optimization algorithms, and autonomous mobility solutions, enabling cities to reduce congestion, lower emissions, and improve resource allocation. The book also examines Quantum AI’s role in energy-efficient infrastructure, climate adaptation strategies, and smart governance models, demonstrating its potential to create data-driven, intelligent, and eco-friendly urban environments. Additionally, it addresses ethical, security, and regulatory considerations, providing insights into quantum cybersecurity, AI governance frameworks, and policy recommendations for responsible adoption. Designed for urban planners, AI researchers, policymakers, and technology leaders, this book serves as a comprehensive guide to leveraging Quantum AI for the next-generation evolution of smart, sustainable, and efficient cities. Keywords: Quantum AI, smart cities, traffic optimization, urban sustainability, quantum computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, predictive analytics, smart mobility, autonomous vehicles, intelligent transportation, energy management, smart grids, renewable energy, climate adaptation, IoT, big data analytics, sustainable urban planning, ethical AI, AI governance, cybersecurity, quantum encryption, urban infrastructure, smart governance, environmental sustainability, digital transformation.

This paper introduces Smart Grid and associated technical, environmental and socio-economic, and other non-tangible benefits to society, and articulates the need for the concept and the fact that it is a dynamic interactive, real-time infrastructure that responds to the challenges of designing and building the power system of the future, rather than being simply a marketing term. To illustrate the diversity of terminology, the paper compares an Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) definition with that suggested by a study group of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Next, a paper sponsored by the Canadian Electricity Association (CEA) that cites three example definitions to highlight the diversity of views of Smart Grid is briefly reviewed. Early misconceptions and characterizations of Smart Grid are discussed as a prelude to addressing challenging issues that motivate developing and implementing related innovative technologies, products and services. The paper then discusses the potential promise of the Smart Grid, which is embedded in its often-cited attributes of efficiency, accommodating, quality focus, enabling and self-healing to name some. The paper then addresses some of the often-cited impediments to accepting Smart Grid which are based on concerns and issues confronting its forward progress, adoption and acceptance. Distribution Automation (DA) and embedded intelligence are discussed emphasising self-healing, optimizing operation and facilitating recreation and recovery from abnormal events. Functional and integration requirements of Distributed Energy Resources (DER,) are detailed. Smart Consumption Infrastructure elements of Distribution Management Systems (DMS,) Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI,) Smart Homes (SH), and Smart Appliances (SA,) are discussed. Following the introductory section, this paper summarizes contributions included in the double issue 42(3–4) of the Electric Power Components and Systems Journal. To begin, papers are offered discussing smart grid activities in China, India, and the development of a Smart Grid roadmap for the US State of Kentucky. The approaches of each of these cases reflect the diversity of policy initiatives in these jurisdictions. Two state of the art reviews are given next. The first considers distribution network active management and future development trends in technologies and methods, where centralized and decentralized management frameworks and applying agent-based coordination are discussed. The second offers a review of smart home technologies and the goals of an energy management system (SHEMS). This section is concluded by a letter providing an overview of recent and expected advances nanotechnology applications in Smart Grid. Following the state of the art review section, ten papers offering new and innovative research approaches and results are included. These papers cover Smart Grid topics such as real-time energy control approach for smart home energy management systems, optimal operation of energy- efficient buildings with Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems, energy management and control of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations, voltage-frequency control of a voltage source inverter (VSI) in a smart islanded microgrid, smart generation scheduling for wind-thermal-pumped storage systems, optimized power system restoration, robust data transmission upon compressive sensing, data fusion for wide-area oscillation monitoring, satellite based GPS synchronized monitoring systems, stability in Smart Grid with emerging renewable energy techno- logies.

Smart city and cyber-security; technologies used, leading challenges and future recommendations

Nowadays electricity is one of the most significant requirements and base of life facilities. Any interruption in supplying and providing power, like widespread blackouts will cause irreparable effects on different aspects of a society. Technology increasing progress provides remote control and monitoring of power grid through the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and substation automation which decreases the costs of power transition and control, increases the efficiency and motivates to smart grid. These kinds of technologies create new opportunities to remote monitoring and control of the power substations and equipment for the regional electricity companies. Some of these achievements have been used before but modern systems provide more facilities in operation and maintenance of power system. It is noticeable that this opportunity may convert to threat if cyber security encounters with lack of attention in the smart grid. Therefore, providing sensitive and secure equipment is one of most significant and vital problems to increase the cyber safety and decrease cyber-attack risk in the smart grid. Therefore the facilities equipment, their risks and vulnerabilities should be detected and appropriate methods should be propounded to encounter with these problems. In this paper, substructures of smart grids are firstly discussed. After this introduction, threats, risks and security requirements will be considered in the smart grid. In the following, different types of cyber-attacks and the best architectural and security strategies will be offered.

Summary form only given. The smart grids are electricity networks that can intelligently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. One of the reasons why smart grid is generating so much interest right now is its ability to enable the integration of renewable energy into the electric power network, leading to a broader generation portfolio and potentially beneficial carbon implications. In this presentation, a general overview of the current power electronic technology that permits the integration of renewable energies into the smart grid will be analyzed. In particular, it will be described the "Smart City" project aims to develop a demonstrator of a smart grid in Malaga city in which customers and distribution companies work together to achieve sustainable energy consumption, by increased use of renewable energy sources, bringing generation closer to customers and making a commitment to rational and efficient consumption. A network of this type is essential in order to deploy electric vehicles.

Blackout risk prevention in a smart grid based flexible optimal strategy using Grey Wolf-pattern search algorithms

Chapter 17 - Smart city vision and practices across the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—a review

In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in critical infrastructures, such as energy grids and communication infrastructures. Smart grids, smart cities, including novel power and energy systems, etc. are current ICT developments that are becoming more complex by the day. It is foreseeable that the future of power and energy systems will be different from today's situation due to much more decentralization, enhanced communication, monitoring capabilities, big data, and cyber-security threat. Although various machine learning and deep learning models have been applied to the related tasks, there is still a lack of powerful techniques to equip power and energy systems for a more complex future. Recent advances in artificial intelligence techniques have led Google to develop a new technique, federated deep learning. The use of this new technique would have many advantages, such as the ability to present a global server, cover difficulties in data collection, privacy preservation, high-performance computing, and practical data adaptation. This technique has been used in various fields recently and has attracted much attention and interest. However, it has rarely been applied in power and energy systems. In this chapter, we propose to introduce the federated algorithm in detail, present its most interesting features, and summarize recent applications of this technique in power and energy systems.