Framing intellectual capital for elite athletes

Purpose The increasing importance of the circular economy has highlighted the need to incorporate circular practices into companies’ intangible assets. However, academic literature has not yet fully explored the integration of circular economy principles within intellectual capital (IC) frameworks. This study aims to fill this gap by introducing a novel construct – Circular Intellectual Capital (CIC) – that integrates circular economy principles into the broader IC framework. Specifically, it seeks to explore the extent of CIC disclosure (CICD) in non-financial reports and identify the factors influencing the level of such disclosure. Design/methodology/approach This study develops a novel CIC framework that integrates circular economy principles into traditional IC. It then conducts a manual content analysis to assess the level of CIC information disclosed by 86 Italian listed companies from the MF Italy100 – Large and Mid Cap index through their non-financial reports. Finally, a regression model is employed to examine the determinants of CICD. Findings The empirical results indicate that Italian companies exhibit a low level of CICD. Moreover, the findings show that firm size and firm profitability positively influence the amount of CIC information disclosed, while financial leverage has no significant impact on CICD. Practical implications This study provides practical guidance for companies on how to strengthen their CIC by integrating circular economy principles into human, organizational, and relational capital. Doing so enables firms to enhance sustainability performance, embed circularity into their strategic processes, and build capabilities for long-term value creation. Moreover, companies should actively communicate their CIC to improve transparency, reinforce stakeholder trust, and strengthen their competitive positioning in the transition to circular business models. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in the development of CIC, a novel construct that integrates circular economy principles into traditional IC. This innovative approach bridges two key fields – IC and the circular economy – offering new insights into how companies can align their intangible resources with sustainable and circular practices. Additionally, this study contributes to the literature by analyzing the extent of CICD and its determinants, thereby offering a fresh perspective on corporate transparency in the context of IC and circular economy initiatives.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a structured literature review of the public sector intellectual capital (IC) literature. It is, in part, motivated by a recent review of the IC literature by Guthrie et al. (2012, p. 74), who found that the public sector is one of the least addressed areas of IC research. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a structured literature review of public sector IC articles that is as up to date as possible. The authors use and update the dataset from Guthrie et al. (2012) to include another five plus years of data, including seven articles appearing in this special issue. Findings – The public sector IC has a primary research focus on central government and central government agencies, education (especially universities), Europe (especially Italy and Spain) and empirical research using case studies mainly investigating management control and strategy. It appears public sector IC researchers are firmly entrenched in performative third-stage research, investigating “how” IC works in organisations rather than offering normative solutions. Research limitations/implications – Three areas offered as a way of forwarding public sector IC research. First, there is a need to expand public sector IC research from beyond the confines of education (university) research. There is also an opportunity for a study to synthesise the findings. Second, there is also a need for more longitudinal research in public sector IC because IC is not an event, but a journey. Third, there is an opportunity for researchers to undertake empirical research with organisations to develop and test IC frameworks and models in specific public sector contexts. Practical implications – The authors call for researchers to consider helping public sector practitioners implement IC frameworks and models through interventionist research. In keeping with the performative third-stage IC research agenda, interventionist research makes it possible for academic researchers to act as a catalyst for implementing IC frameworks and models in practice. Originality/value – This paper is a must read for IC researchers wanting to embark on public sector research. The paper outlines how public sector IC research has developed, offers critique and outlines future opportunities for research that has potential impact, rather than concentrating on already well-researched contexts.

Intellectual capital is a unique resource, categorized in intangible assets, so that not all companies can replicate it. Then the intellectual capital is a key resource for the company to create value added which will further creating a competitive advantage. Intellectual capital can be used as an indicator of the success of the company's financial performance. The company is able to manage and utilize the available resources, to create added value for the company so that the company's financial performance will increase. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of intellectual capital consists of Human Capital, Structural Capital and Customer Capital on the company's financial performance is measured by using the approach of return on assets (ROA). Sample is the banking industry, which is listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2008 - 2012 there were 22 companies. Data is the banking industry's financial statements in the period 2008-20012 are listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Using multiple regression analysis, intellectual Capital measurement model is using a model Pulic (1998) i.e. Value Added Intellectual Co-efficiency (VAICTM) as well as elements of Human Capital Value Added (VAHU), Customer Value added Capital (VACA), and Structural Capital Value Added (STVA). The results showed, partially (1) Human Capital (HC) effect on the financial performance of +2.085 regression coefficient, that means the higher Human Capital (HC), the better the financial performance. (2) Customer Capital (CC) effect on financial performance of + 3.568 regression coefficient. It means the higher Customer Capital, the better financial performance. (3) Structure Capital (SC) effect on the financial performance of positive regression coefficient 2.064. This means that the higher the Capital Structure, the higher the company's financial performance. Simultaneously measured by the Intellectual Capital Value added efficiency (VAICTM) consists of Human Capital (HC), Customer Capital (CC) and Structure Capital (SC) significant effect on financial performance as measured by return on assets (ROA) of: ROA = 0.089 + 0.112 (HC) + 1.501 (CC) + 0.708 (SC). The Intellectual Capital component Human Capital, Customer Capital and Structural Capital affect the company's financial performance 72.20 %, while the rest is influenced by other factors.

The intellectual capital (IC) theory is a whole new one booming in present academic society , and it provides a new view for organization development and region development. The (agriculture, rural land, farmers) problems has been the hotspot and crux in Chinese socialist construction. We innovate in bringing the IC theory into the study of the ARF problems, and draw practical and dominant conclusions thereby. We hold that different strategies may be brought out when analysing the problems from different angels. From the prospect of human capital, we should implement rural human capital engineering(RHCE) to improve the farmer' diathesis. From the prospect of structure capital, we should start systematic reformation, mechanism construction, and institution construction in rural lands. From the prospect of relational dimension of intellectual capital, we need to induce some new growth variables for economy development and promote investment. Based on above considerations, we bring forward an IC-framework model for the problems, and further optimize and re-formulate our 4D model of rural human capital engineering (hereafter referred to as RHCE) which was brought forth two years ago, and also give birth to a new 3D systematic model of RHCE based on the IC theory. In this way, we provide a new view and practical guidance for implementing RHCE.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore whether and how the intellectual capital (IC) approach and concepts could be fruitfully adapted to study the smart city phenomenon from a managerial point of view.Design/methodology/approach– This study is based on a long-term, in-depth ethnographic exploration of the vast global community, which is created around the smart city movement.Findings– The analysis suggests that, in order to effectively analyse a smart city context through the IC lens, the traditional IC framework needs to be extended for: expected outcomes, which should also include sustainability, resilience and quality of life; categories of key resources, which should also include institutional capital and environmental capital; units of analysis, which should also include territorial systems, such as transportation or waste; and key managerial challenges implied. As a final result, a smart city intellectual capital (SC-IC) framework is proposed.Research limitations/implications– Most of the cases analysed in this study are European; further studies are advisable to better investigate non-European smart city contexts.Practical implications– The paper suggests that the knowledge management, project portfolio management and network management approaches are crucial to better support managerial practices in smart city organizations.Originality/value– The SC-IC framework allows for a clear definition of the smart city organization, as a new knowledge-based, project-oriented, network-shaped type of organization. Therefore, the SC-IC framework provides smart city research with a consistent rooting in management studies. Further, this paper contributes to the fourth stage of IC research.

PurposeThe current research proposes a model that integrates certain psychological and demographic factors in developing and strengthening young Saudi women's perceptions of entrepreneurial resourcefulness, which eventually may lead to the development and enhancement of their entrepreneurial intentions. The study also examines the ways in which changing socio-cultural norms and values may augment investments and/or efforts to enhance cognitive enablers, including entrepreneurial resourcefulness, and thereby build and strengthen entrepreneurial intentions among female entrepreneurs (i.e. human capital) in a transitioning society. Saudi Arabia is a relevant research context because the Saudi government has invested enormous resources to develop the country's human capital, particularly Saudi government intends to enhance Saudi women's participation in entrepreneurial spheres to be enhanced significantly. Saudi Arabia is undergoing a radical socio-cultural transition, and the kingdom seeks to capitalise on this ongoing transformation to further encourage women to tap into their under-utilised potential. This study seeks to corroborate such moderation effects.Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilise the intellectual capital (IC) framework and theory of planned behaviour (TBP) to propose the conceptual model in this study. Using a sample of 628 young female respondents – potential entrepreneurs studying at various universities in Saudi Arabia, the authors test the hypothesised associations through partial least squares (PLS)-based path modelling.FindingsThe authors found a significant positive impact of psychological factors, such as perceived behavioural control, attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms and entrepreneurial self-efficacy, on the development and enhancement of perceived entrepreneurial resourcefulness. In addition, demographic factors, including family income, family background, family business experience and entrepreneurship education, play a significant positive role in enhancing individuals' entrepreneurial resourcefulness perceptions. The authors further found that enhanced perceptions of perceived entrepreneurial resourcefulness develop and enhance entrepreneurial intentions among female entrepreneurs. However, the transformation in social and cultural norms significantly moderates this cause and effect relationship.Originality/valueThis study is among the first of its kind to investigate the moderating effects of social and cultural transformation on efforts and/or investments to enhance intellectual capital (more specifically, human capital) and thereby promote entrepreneurship. The study is also valuable for its focus on a unique context, i.e. female entrepreneurship in the Middle East and, more specifically, Saudi Arabia. The study offers useful insights and implications both for theory and practice, particularly for policymakers seeking to augment their intellectual capital formation efforts through an effective orchestration of socio-cultural transformation, which seeks to empower female entrepreneurs to succeed in the face of significant socio-cultural impediments.

This study aims to analyze and examine the effectof intellectual capitalon firm value through financial performance as an intervening variable . The value of the company as the dependent variable was measured using a Price to Book Value ( PBV), the financial performance as measured by proxy intervening variavel return on equity ( ROE) andearnings per share ( EPS). While intellectual capital is measured using value added intelctual capitalco efficient ( VAIC TM ) , which consists of three components : human capital, organizational capital , and relational or customer capital . The objectof the research is the entire banking companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange ( IDX) according to defined criteria. Thenumber of samples that meet the criteria of only 29 banks with the financial reporting period from 2010 to2013. Based on the analysis and hypothesis testing , this study showed the following results : (a) Intellectual capital has an influence on the financial performance proxied by return on equity (ROE ) and earnings per share( EPS), (b) the financial performance proxied by ROE and EPS positive effecton firm value( PBV), (c) Intellectual capital has no direct influenceon the value ofthe company , and(d) Intellectual capital effectindi rectlyon firm value( PBV) throughfinancial performancereturn on equity(ROE) andearnings per share(EPS). It explains that , intellectual capital owned perusahaa n , which include; human capital , organizational capital and relational capital o r integrated customer will result inbetter financial performance , will further enhance the company's overall value .

Since its inception, the intellectual capital (IC) framework, which developed from accounting and financial perspectives, focused primarily on firm-level analysis. There have been several important attempts in the literature to take IC to the macroeconomic level. The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between national intellectual capital, proxied with modified National Intellectual Capital Index (NICI) introduced by Bontis [7], and the Human Development Index (HDI), which became an important alternative to the traditional single dimensional measure of a country's development, like the gross domestic product [42]. The paper proposes a modified NICI suggested by Užienė [52]. The analysis includes panel data regression analysis for 12 countries. The dataset incorporated longitudinal data for weighted components of the NICI index for the period of 21 years (2000-2021). The results revealed that each of the elements of NICI, namely National Human Capital (NHC), National Market Capital (NMC), National Process Capital (NPC), and National Renewal Capital (NRC), exhibits significant impact on the levels of HDI in the said period. However, all elements, apart from NRC, show significant positive impact on HDI, pointing to the conclusion that these factors represent an important foundation for achieving and maintaining national competitiveness. Contrariwise, NRC was revealed to have the significant negative impact on HDI, opening the door to the question whether NRC is a real driver of national development, or just the effect of already reached development level.

This study aims to analyze how intellectual capital affects the value of companies. Intellectual capital is one of the intangible assets that has an important role in creating a competitive advantage and improving the company's performance, as well as the company's value. The variables in this study consist of intellectual capital and company value. There are three components in intellectual capital, namely value added capital employed (VACA), value Added human capital (VAHU), and structural capital value added (STVA). Meanwhile, the value of companies in this study was measured using the Tobin,s Q method. This study uses a quantitative method. The data used is secondary data in the form of annual financial report data for the banking sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2019-2023. The data collection technique uses the purposive sampling method and was obtained from 25 companies with a period of 5 years, so 125 sample data were collected. The analysis in this study uses the Smart PLS version 3.0 program which is used to test the relationship between intellectual capital and company value. The results of the study show that intellectual capital has an effect on the value of the company.

Intellectual capital is a powerful tool that may produce quantifiable commercial outcomes. In today's shifting economic environment, businesses that prioritize utilizing and investing in intellectual capital are more likely to succeed over the long haul. There is a broad and complex relationship between intellectual capital and company performance. It functions similarly to the unseen engine that drives a business's success in the knowledge-based economy of today. Businesses with a lot of intellectual capital are better positioned to innovate, especially those with high levels of structural capital (patents, processes) and human capital (skilled personnel). Operations become more efficient when intellectual capital is managed well, especially when information is shared and organizational learning takes place. This study examines the relationship between intellectual capital and Indian businesses' success. This study aims to investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and corporate performance. The nature of the research investigation is quantitative. The association between company success and intellectual capital was examined using primary data. The results suggest that a company's total financial success and creative potential are significantly influenced by its intellectual capital, particularly its human, structural, and rational capital.

This research aims to investigate the interconnectedness among intellectual capital, human capital, public relation strategy, AI integration, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and company image within organizational settings.The study utilizes purposive sampling to select participants from diverse industries. Data collection involves in-depth interviews and document analysis. Through thematic analysis, the research explores the nuanced relationships among the variables, uncovering how they contribute to shaping company image. The findings shed light on the significance of strategic integration of intellectual and human capital, effective public relation strategies, AI utilization, and CSR initiatives in bolstering company image, offering valuable insights for organizational stakeholders.

Purpose– The intellectual capital (IC) literature argues that introducing the IC concept into a company focusing on measuring can be detrimental and lead to IC “accountingisation”. Using Chaminade and Roberts’ (2003, p. 747) concept of IC accounting “lock-in”, the paper asks “is it possible for an organisation initially to implement and “lock-in” IC accounting practices and subsequently “un-lock” IC through a more strategic managerial approach?” The authors also investigate if and how, after IC has been “un-locked”, can a new IC “locking-in” process occur? The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach– The authors present an interpretive case study of implementing a system for measuring and reporting IC in an Italian public sector utility company. The analysis uses Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to analyse data and discuss findings which is an appropriate theory for case studies using an interpretive approach.Findings– The findings are contrary to Chaminade and Roberts (2003, p. 733) because the authors challenge the notion “that a dominant accounting perspective can lead to an excessive focus on measurement issues and little attention to management processes”. The evidence from the case study shows how at times a dominant focus on accounting for IC is necessary, especially to allow newcomers to take stock, and make sense, of IC. The analogy is much like comparing accounting vs managing IC to the concept of the chicken and the egg: what comes first?Research limitations/implications– Because the study looks at IC over time, it allows the authors to develop different insights into IC “because IC is not an event, but a journey” (Dumayet al., 2015). Thus, the critique of Chaminade and Roberts (2003) and other IC research based on a short time period is that it does not allow researchers to fully follow the IC’s impact on an organisation. Additionally, the authors also highlight the role academic researchers can play in understanding how IC works inside organisations, especially when the authors examine how deeply (or not) a researcher intervenes in implementing solutions (see Dumay, 2010).Practical implications– The research exemplifies how IC can make a difference for public sector organisations because there is a need for studies such as the authors which exemplify how to introduce the IC concept into public sector organisations and at what point should the IC concept “enter” the organisation (see also Secundoet al., 2015). Doing so re-emphasises that IC is not an ostensive concept. Rather, “IC is part of a configuration of knowledge management and actively mobilised to condition effects” (Mouritsen, 2006) and to make a difference (Tull and Dumay, 2007).Originality/value– This paper is a must read for academics and practitioners seeking to understand how to introduce the IC concept into an organisation.

The organisational ability to utilise its knowledge is inseparably linked to its innovation performance. Knowledge is characterized as valuable, rare, inimitable and non-substitutable (VRIN) resources. Those characteristics are key resources to achieve organisational performance (Ferreira & Hamilton, 2010; Wang, 2014; Hussinki, Ritala, Vanhala, and Kianto, 2017). Within literature, there are two streams of academics discussion relating to knowledge in organisation. Those are intellectual capital (IC) literature, and knowledge management (KM) literature (Ramadan, Dahiyat, Bontis, & Al-dalahmeh, 2017; Kianto, Ritala, Spender, & Vanhala, 2014). The first stream considers IC as static resources or materials for organisational value creation. While the later sees KM as processes to create organisational value. Even though many studies have considers the important role of IC and KM Processes (KMPs) in creating values, however there are only limited studies examine IC and KMPs interaction to support innovation performance (IP) (Hsu & Sabherwal, 2012; Cabrilo and Dahms, 2018). Most of the existing studies have contented themselves with assessing IC or KM value level, and then correlating those two to IP. There are far less studies examining to what extent KMPs are consciously implemented within organisations, and furthermore, how the implementation of KMPs impacts the quality of IC leading to the success of IP. To bridge these gaps in the existing knowledge, the current paper examines how KMPs impacts on organisational IC and IP. This study suggested that IC as static resources could be examined as a mediation of KMPs influence on IP. The idea is that KMPs have the abilities to renew IC, leading to support organisational IP. Accordingly, the rationale for this study is to develop a conceptual model of KMPs-IC-IP causal relationship, and provide empirical evidence on the model. This study is expected to contribute to a broader knowledge of the extent IC that can mediate KMPs and IP relationship. Keywords: Knowledge Management Process, Intellectual Capital, Innovation Performance

The article provides a comprehensive study of the theoretical and applied aspects of assessing the intellectual capital of enterprises in the current conditions of the knowledge economy. It is determined that intellectual capital plays a key role in the formation of long-term competitive advantages, as it encompasses not only the knowledge, skills and competencies of employees, but also organisational culture, databases, management systems, technologies, customer relations, brand reputation and other intangible assets. Methods for assessing intellectual capital, including quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches, are considered and systematised. The advantages and limitations of such methods as Skandia Navigator, Intangible Assets Monitor, Balanced Scorecard, VAIC, the intangible assets method, market multipliers and market value added models are highlighted. The feasibility of combining financial indicators with non-financial characteristics is justified, which allows for a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of intellectual resource use in the context of strategic management. The author proposes an approach to adapting foreign methods to the realities of Ukrainian enterprises, which face a lack of statistical data, an unstable market environment, limited access to capital, and high levels of risk. The advantages of this method include the simplicity of calculations and the availability of financial statements for a number of companies. In addition, this method allows determining the impact of each element of intellectual capital on the results of the enterprise's activities. The main disadvantage of the method under consideration is the abstraction from time factors that can reduce the value of intellectual capital. Intellectual capital valuation is seen not only as an analytical tool, but also as a basis for making management decisions, optimising the cost structure, forming an innovation development policy and increasing the intangible assets of the enterprise. The results obtained can be useful for managers, analysts, investors, scientists and consultants in the field of strategic development of enterprises.

This research aims to apply the value-added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) model to test the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on market value of the Jordanian industrial firms. The research increases the awareness of the need for firms of all sizes to communicate and value their business beyond capturing numbers alone. The sample for this study is 73 Jordanian manufacturing shareholders companies during the period 2005–2017. The sample employed consists of 648 firm-year observations. Market value is measured using the market capitalization over the total assets. Valuation approaches are a challenging area created to enable the stakeholders, or outside parties, to put an economic value on a firm.The IC and its components: capital employed (CEE), structural capital (SCE), and human capital (HCE) of industrial firms have been analyzed, and their impact on market value has been estimated using regression models. The results show that there is no relationship between IC and the market value; HCE is associated with the market value, and SCE and CEE are not associated with the market value. This could be explained by the increase in employees’ training, as a regular training program is an essential factor in managers’ and employees’ performance. Practically, investors have a positive view of a firm that has higher employee expenditure than its investment in physical capital. Future research should be made on the empirical analysis of other sectors to determine whether different results and explanations can be obtained.