From "Localized" to "Networked": A transformation in community structures

Structural phase transformation in crystalline gallium arsenide is studied with the isothermal-isobaric molecular-dynamics method. The pair-distribution functions and bond-angle distributions indicate that the fourfold-coordinated zinc-blende structure transforms into a sixfold-coordinated orthorhombic structure under a pressure of 22 GPa. The reverse transformation, from an orthorhombic to a zinc-blende structure, shows hysteresis, and is observed at a pressure of \ensuremath{\cong}10 GPa. Molecular-dynamics results are in good agreement with experiments. The energy barrier associated with this structural transformation is estimated to be \ensuremath{\sim}0.06 eV.

Tanzania’s average annual growth rate of GDP of 6.4% between 2005 and 2017 has had limited impact on jobs and poverty reduction. The current government’s mantra, ‘Tanzania ya Viwanda’, is meant to tackle these two problems. The objectives of thepaper are fourfold: first, to gain clear understanding of the Tanzanian context and why it is imperative to industrialize; second, to examine to what extent Tanzania has structurally transformed, and how that has been responsible for poverty and growthwithout jobs; third, to examine how industrial development could enhance agricultural production; and fourth, to assess the opportunities and challenges that exist in Tanzania’s industrialization drive and draw some policy implications. The paper uses labour market, macro and trade data from secondary sources, and employs the exploratory analytical approach. It concludes that the imperative to industrialize in Tanzania cannot be overemphasized due to the following gains: structural transformation, job creation, higher agricultural productivity, and poverty reduction. The industrialization drive must focus on Tanzania’s comparative advantage and ensure that some of the challenges identified—i.e., poor infrastructure, weak business environment and regional integration hurdles—are well known, addressed, and given the priority they deserve. JEL Codes: I30, J60, O55

Miki Takasuna describes knowledge transfer between elite communities of scientists, a process by which ideas become structurally transformed in the host culture. By contrast, a process that we have termed knowledge transfer by deelitization occurs when (a) participatory action researchers work with a community to identify a problem involving oppression or exploitation. Then (b) community members suggest solutions and acquire the tools of analysis and action to pursue social actions. (c) Disadvantaged persons thereby become more aware of their own abilities and resources, and persons with special expertise become more effective. (d) Rather than detachment and value neutrality, this joint process involves advocacy and structural transformation. In the examples of participatory action research documented here, Third World social scientists collaborated with indigenous populations to solve problems of literacy, community-building, land ownership, and political voice. Western social scientists, inspired by these non-Western scientists, then joined in promoting PAR both in the Third World and in Europe and the Americas, e.g., adapting it for solving problems of people with disabilities or disenfranchised women. Emancipatory goals such as these may even help North American psychologists to break free of some methodological chains and to bring about social and political change.

Migration has been a constant force in human history, impacting the establishment of communities, states, and political institutions from antiquity to the present day.This study investigates how various migration patterns internal and international, voluntary and forced have historically influenced community structures and political institutions.Using a historical analytical perspective, the study examines migration-induced changes in social organization, identity, governance, and power relations throughout time.According to the article, migration has served as both a catalyst for social integration and political restructuring, as well as a cause of conflict and state creation, depending on historical circumstances and institutional responses.

In the article are analyzed theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept "scientific community". The author examines the socio-cultural changes in the social structure of the Russian scientific community. Among them, are identified on the basis of separation of transformation of power structures, material separation, stratification based on involvement in international cooperation. Prospects of development of the scientific community in modern Russian conditions are considered, and ways of overcoming of negative consequences of sociocultural changes in the scientific community are outlined. Sociocultural changes of the Russian scientific community testify to transformational processes in its social structure. The intensive stratification of this social and professional group initiating stratification as in the structure of the scientific power, and allocation in scientific community of the special group - "new Russian scientists" possessing the considerable material and reputation capital, and which is actively involved in the international cooperation results. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s6p313

In 2004 the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) embarked on a large-scale research project on the ‘Impact of Globalization on the World’s Poor’ co-directed by Machiko Nissanke and Erik Thorbecke. The first conference was essentially conceptual in nature, meant to understand better the various mechanisms and channels through which globalization affects the poor either directly or indirectly. The other three conferences focused on each of the major regions of the developing world: Asia, Africa and Latin America. Theobjectivesofthisintroductionarethreefold:first,toreviewbrieflyhow the forces of globalization influence poverty in general; second, to describe and discuss the main transmission channels and mechanisms; and third to analyze the impact of globalization on Africa and present an overview of the six Africa case studies included in this issue. 1. The Impact of Globalization on the World’s Poor Globalization provides a strong potential for a major reduction in poverty in the developing world because it creates an environment conducive to fastereconomicgrowthandtransmissionofknowledge. 1 However,structural factors and policies within the world economy and national economies have impeded the full transmission of the benefits of the various channels of globalization for poverty reduction. In particular sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) hasbeenrelativelylessaffectedbytheforcesofglobalizationthanotherparts of the world. World income distribution continues to be very unequal and many poor countries particularly in Africa are stagnating. Moreover, there is much empirical evidence that openness contributes to more within-country

The detailed symmetry analysis of models transformations of structures of perovskite of crystalline formations of type ABC 3 is conducted ABC 3 recognition defects types I ( ABCC * ) but ІІ ( AB**C ) (where * is vacancy) during possible transformation a cube phase is a tetragonal phase; dispersion dependences of phonon spectrums are expected to the crystal BaTiO 3 and derivates from him crystalline educations from (2a x 2a x 2c')- superlattice recognition defects types I and ІІ, and also their features are investigational.

Lola Dare: creating African solutions for better health

The classic opening scene of 2001, A Space Odyssey shows an ape-man wreaking havoc with humanity’s first invention--a bone used as a weapon to kill a rival. It’s an image that fits well with popular notions of our species as inherently violent, with the idea that humans are--and always have been--warlike by nature. But as Douglas P. Fry convincingly argues in Beyond War, the facts show that our ancient ancestors were not innately warlike--and neither are we. Fry points out that, for perhaps ninety-nine percent of our history, for well over a million years, humans lived in nomadic hunter-and-gatherer groups, egalitarian bands where generosity was highly valued and warfare was a rarity. Drawing on archaeology and fascinating fieldwork on hunter-gatherer bands from around the world, Fry debunks the idea that war is ancient and inevitable. For instance, among Aboriginal Australians--who numbered some 750,000 individuals before the arrival of Europeans, all living in hunter-gathering groups--warfare was an extreme anomaly. There was individual violence and aggression, of course, but the Aborigines had sophisticated methods of resolving disputes, controlling individual outbursts, and preventing loss of life. Fry shows that, far from being natural, warfare actually appeared quite recently along with changes in social organization and especially the rise of states. But Fry also points out that even today, when war seems ever present (at least on television), the vast majority of us live peaceful, nonviolent lives. We are not as warlike as it might seem, and if we can learn from our ancestors, we may be able to move beyond war to provide real justice and security for the people of the world. A profoundly heartening view of human nature, Beyond War offers a hopeful perspective on our species and a positive prognosis for a future without war.

The Bronze Age in Europe is a dynamic time characterised by an increase in long-distance mobility and interaction, changes in social organisation, technological advancements and evolving agricultural practices. In particular, we see an increase in the range of crops grown from the middle Bronze Age, including the introduction of new crops, such as broomcorn millet and broad bean. However, evidence of agricultural practices in Croatia is limited. This paper presents new archaeobotanical data collected from ten Bronze Age settlements and cemeteries in continental Croatia. Overall, the density of plant remains was low and consisted of either cereal grains or wild taxa, with the majority coming from Mačkovac-Crišnjevi. Oats (Avena sp.) and broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) are the most dominant cereals, followed by small numbers of barley (Hordeum vulgare), emmer (Triticum dicoccum) and free-threshing wheat (Triticum aestivum/durum). The composition of the botanical remains are comparable to neighbouring regions, although the occurrence of millet and especially oats are not seen in any significance until the Iron Age.

Transformations in an early agricultural society: Feasting in the southern Levantine Pre-Pottery Neolithic

House mouse plagues in the grain-growing areas of eastern Australia are a graphic illustration of the failure of social mechanisms of population control that are postulated by the self-regulation hypothesis to prevent unlimited increase in numbers. Yet house mice are well known for the strength and variety of social interactions and are clearly capable of regulating their own numbers through social mortality. Most of the research on house mouse plagues has assumed that extrinsic agencies predators, diseases, food supplies, and weather determine when and where mouse plagues will occur. Some aspects of these plagues cannot, however, be explained that easily, among them the low phase, which may persist for 1-3 years. We focus here on the low phase of plagues and the trigger that flips a population from the low into the increase phase of a plague. Can social factors in house mouse populations explain the low phase, and is a change in social organization a necessary condition for generating a plague? Two possible models are presented to suggest predictions to be tested by further studies of social mechanisms of population limitation in feral house mice.

We highlight the complexity of land-use/cover change and propose a framework for a more general understanding of the issue, with emphasis on tropical regions. The review summarizes recent estimates on changes in cropland, agricultural intensification, tropical deforestation, pasture expansion, and urbanization and identifies the still unmeasured land-cover changes. Climate-driven land-cover modifications interact with land-use changes. Land-use change is driven by synergetic factor combinations of resource scarcity leading to an increase in the pressure of production on resources, changing opportunities created by markets, outside policy intervention, loss of adaptive capacity, and changes in social organization and attitudes. The changes in ecosystem goods and services that result from land-use change feed back on the drivers of land-use change. A restricted set of dominant pathways of land-use change is identified. Land-use change can be understood using the concepts of complex adaptive systems and transitions. Integrated, place-based research on land-use/land-cover change requires a combination of the agent-based systems and narrative perspectives of understanding. We argue in this paper that a systematic analysis of local-scale land-use change studies, conducted over a range of timescales, helps to uncover general principles that provide an explanation and prediction of new land-use changes.

FUNDAMENTALLY, the sociological study of atomic power is only a special case of the sociological study of innovation. The history of any one novel idea has, of course, no determinative value so far as any other new configuration of ideas goes. There are nevertheless some general principles of innovation, based on an analysis of innovation as a mental process and on consideration of the experience of prior inventions among diverse social groups.1 The application of certain of these principles to atomic power can serve two purposes. First, it can replace the aura of mystery and glamour which in the last few years has too frequently substituted for a more rigorous frame of analysis. Second, it can prevent the kind of unwarranted speculations about the far-reaching changes in social organization which are likely to be logical derivations of any consideration of nuclear development based principally on unbridled imagination and wishful thinking.

In many species, females' behavior appears to be influenced by that of other females, particularly regarding mate choice. Females theoretically can reduce the costs associated with independent male assessment by observing conspecifics. Studies of brown-headed cowbirds suggest that females pay attention to other females' behavior. Group-housed females modify their song preferences, whereas females housed in pairs do not. What information is available to females in a group environment? To address this question, we studied two groups of juvenile (i.e. hatch-year birds) and adult female cowbirds in a naturalistic group setting. We used a longitudinal ABA design, consecutively introducing and removing males that differed in age, amount of song production and stage of song development, to isolate the male characteristics that related to changes in female behavior. Juvenile and adult females assorted by age class when singing adult males were in the aviary, but not when singing juveniles or silent males of any age class were in the aviary. Results from playback tests confirmed that adult male song alone influenced female age class assortment. Videotape analysis from playback tests revealed that females also wing stroked in response to male song. Other females sometimes approached females who wing stroked and observed them. We hypothesize that group-level changes in social organization and individual females' responses can serve as visual signals for other individuals.