From Microalgal Biomass to Biohydrogen

Climate Change and Health: Strengthening the Evidence Base for Policy

The present volume of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences participates in the 1st 2022 International Conference on Sustainable Environment, Development, and Energy (CONSER 2022) to be held in Sanur, Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia on December 5 - 6, 2022. The conference with the theme of “Energy and Sustainable Environment” was organized by the Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta (ITNY), Indonesia and in cooperation with Naresuan University, Thailand and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Perak Branch, Malaysia as co-organizers.The CONSER 2022 is the first series of conferences that brings together researchers from all over the world to present and discuss the latest research, contribute to sustainable environment, technology and sustainable development and energy resources, and encourage more research cooperation. The will of the authorities, together with the important role of scientists in creating various opportunities is to strengthen the research culture and downstream research outputs, ultimately solving problems in industry and society.The conference technical program includes five keynote speakers, invited speakers, oral, and poster presentations. Session tracks included Urban Studies and Sustainable Environment, Climate Change and Geosciences, Technology and Development, Material Science and Energy. The conference was attended by over 100 scientists and engineers from 20 countries with diverse backgrounds from academia, government, and industry in Asia, Africa, Europe and America. Oral presentations in hybrid format (offline and online) include 84 full papers, 15 abstracts, and 9 posters. All papers presented formed the core of the conference, focusing on the conference theme and providing many opportunities for discussion, ultimately leading to a sustainable environment and energy. Distinguished plenary speakers from five leading experts presented their outstanding research achievements in various areas of Environment and Sustainable Energy. This public lecture was held on the morning of the first day after the opening ceremony. Presentations cover a wide range of conference topics, from disaster management to new materials for energy. The keynote speeches and progress reports on their research build bridges between different subject areas in energy, climate change, economics, and urban development, and provide insight into new areas for non-experts. In addition to the main conference, awards have been given for the best paper, best presenter, and best poster.Papers for this conference have been selected following a rigorous peer review process. All papers were all reviewed by international and national peer reviewers, and a minimum of three reviewers were required to review each full paper. On this occasion, we would like to thank the organizing committee, authors, reviewers, and volunteers for their professionalism, and for always working hard to make the conference a success. Contributions and presentations also make this event a very exciting forum, adding value to learning, discussion and exchange of ideas, and to all speakers and authors meeting and interacting with old and new people from different countries. We would also like to express our sincerest gratitude to our sponsors: PT. Putra Perkasa Abadi for making this conference so worthwhile. We hope that future CONSER conferences will be as exciting as the last one, where the evidence of contribution shown through these proceedings is very promising.List of Wayan Suparta, Proceeding Editor, Member of Editor, Technical Programme Committee are available in this Pdf.

Limited supplies of fossil fuels and concerns about global warming have created a strong desire to solve the resource issue in the age "beyond petroleum". This reference book, from the "Green Chemistry Series", contains the essential areas of green chemistry and sustainability in modern economies. It is the first book to outline the contribution of chemistry, and of renewable chemical or biological resources, to the sustainability concept and to the potential resolution of the world's energy problems. It describes the current status of technical research, and industrial application, as well as the potential of biomass as a renewable resource for energy generation in power stations, as alternative fuels, and for various uses in chemistry. It outlines the historical routes of the sustainability concept and specifies sustainability in metrics, facts and figures. The book is written by European experts from academia, industry and investment banking who are world leaders in research and technology regarding sustainability, alternative energies and renewable resources. The sustainability aspects covered include: * consumer behaviour and demands, lifestyles and mega trends, and their impact on innovation in the industry * consumer industry requirements and their impact on suppliers * emerging paradigm changes in raw material demand, availability, sourcing, and logistics * the contribution of the industry to restore the life support systems of the Earth * socially responsible banking and investment * sustainability metrics The book highlights the potential of the different forms of renewable raw materials including: * natural fats and oils * plant-based biologically active ingredients * industrial starch * sucrose * natural rubber * wood * natural fibres It also covers the actual status of biomass usage for green energy generation, green transportation, green chemistry and sustainable nutrition and consumer goods, and it depicts the potentials of green solvents and white biotechnology for modern synthesis and manufacturing technologies. The book is aimed at technical and marketing people in industry, universities and institutions as well as readers in administrations and NGOs. The book will also be of value to the worldwide public interested in sustainability issues and strategies as well as others interested in the practical means that are being used to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes and products, to further eco-efficiency, and to advance the utilization of renewable resources.

Greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide and non-CO2 gases, are mainly generated by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. These emissions disrupt the natural balance of the global ecosystem and contribute to climate change. However, by investing in renewable energy, we can help mitigate these problems by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting a more sustainable future. This research utilized a panel data model to explore the impact of carbon dioxide and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions on global investments in renewable energy. The study analyzed data from 63 countries over the period from 1990 to 2021. Firstly, the study established a relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and clean energy investments across all countries. The findings indicated that carbon dioxide had a positive effect on clean energy investments, while non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions had a negative impact on all three types of clean energy investments. However, the impact of flood damage as a representative of climate change on renewable energy investment was uncertain. Secondly, the study employed panel data with random effects to examine the relationship between countries with lower or higher average carbon dioxide emissions and their investments in solar, wind, and geothermal energy. The results revealed that non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions had a positive impact on investments only in wind power in less polluted countries. On the other hand, flood damage and carbon dioxide emissions were the primary deciding factors for investments in each type of clean energy in more polluted countries.

Water vapour plays a key role in the Earth's energy balance. Almost 50% of the absorbed solar radiation at the surface is used to cool the surface, through evaporation, and warm the atmosphere, through release of latent heat. Latent heat is the single largest factor in warming the atmosphere and in transporting heat from low to high latitudes. Water vapour is also the dominant greenhouse gas and contributes to a warming of the climate system by some 24°C (Kondratev 1972). However, water vapour is a passive component in the troposphere as it is uniquely determined by temperature and should therefore be seen as a part of the climate feedback system. In this short overview, we will first describe the water on planet Earth and the role of the hydrological cycle: the way water vapour is transported between oceans and continents and the return of water via rivers to the oceans. Generally water vapour is well observed and analysed; however, there are considerable obstacles to observing precipitation, in particular over the oceans. The response of the hydrological cycle to global warming is far reaching. Because different physical processes control the change in water vapour and evaporation/precipitation, this leads to a more extreme distribution of precipitation making, in general, wet areas wetter and dry areas dryer. Another consequence is a transition towards more intense precipitation. It is to be expected that the changes in the hydrological cycle as a consequence of climate warming may be more severe that the temperature changes.

Conventional energy resources are not climate sustainable. Currently, engineers and scientists are looking for sustainable energy solutions influenced by climate change. A wide variety of sustainable natural energy resources are available, but they require technical solutions for their implementation. The general trend in energy research is based on renewable resources, amongst which solar energy stands out, being the most mature and widely accepted. In this paper, the current state of the sustainable energy system has been analysed. The main purpose is to provide additional context to assess future scenarios. The study of past contributions allows sustainability planning and increasing the welfare of future society. The aim is to highlight global trends in research on sustainable solar energy from 1995 to 2020 through a bibliometric analysis of 4260 publications. According to their linkages, the analysed articles are distributed in nine clusters: Sustainability assessment, Sustainable energy solutions, Environmental payback time analysis, Sustainability of solar energy in different scenarios, Environmental sustainability, Solar energy applications, Sustainable energy optimisation, Energy transition and Energy and sustainable scenarios. The most repeated keywords are Sustainability, Renewable energy, and Solar energy. Energy research and the exploration of new renewable solar resources are still necessary to meet sustainable energy’s future challenges.

Managing carbon emissions is a pivotal challenge in Indonesia due to its significant impact on climate change and environmental sustainability. This study aims to examine the dynamic relationships between economic growth, primary energy consumption, and carbon emissions in Indonesia, employing the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach. Using annual data from 1996 to 2023 sourced from the World Bank, the analysis investigates both short-term and long-term effects of the independent variables on carbon emissions. The findings reveal that primary energy consumption exerts a substantial and consistent impact on increasing carbon emissions across both time horizons, whereas the influence of economic growth appears more variable and less pronounced. The Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis demonstrates a persistent upward trend in carbon emissions following shocks from primary energy consumption. Moreover, the Variance Decomposition analysis highlights that by the 25th period, primary energy consumption accounts for 23.79% of the variance in carbon emissions, whereas economic growth contributes only 4.09%. These results underscore the urgent need for Indonesia to prioritize energy transition policies that promote the adoption of renewable energy sources and improve energy efficiency. Such measures are essential to mitigate carbon emissions and support the country’s commitment to sustainable development and environmental preservation.

In May of this year, the governor of Maryland, the state where I live, announced his support for a new nuclear power plant to join the two existing plants on the Chesapeake Bay. is a huge moral challenge and it is a moral imperative, Governor O'Malley said, given what massive new burning of coal will do to the planet if we don't develop better and cleaner technology, including safer and cleaner nuclear, which is what is ... planned and talked about in terms of the third reactor. (1) Governor O'Malley is right that current energy policy presents a huge moral challenge: the combustion of fossil fuels is measurably harming the world's climate, threatening species and low-lying island nations, and facilitating the spread of diseases such as malaria into ecosystems formerly inhospitable to the carrier mosquito. There are vast disparities in the use of the world's finite energy resources. Those of us in the world's richest countries consume sixty times more per capita of the world's nonrenewable energy resources --oil, coal, natural gas, uranium--than do people in the poorest countries. (2) Oil production at the expense of human rights in countries such as Nigeria contributes to regional and global insecurity. Coal mining in Appalachia and in other regions of the world has devastated the landscape, polluted watersheds, and literally undermined communities whose homes and infrastructures collapse into sinkholes caused by mine subsidence. The increase in renewable energy production, particularly the shift of corn from a food crop to the raw material for a fifteen billion gallon fuel mandate in the 2007 U.S. federal energy bill, has contributed to a new global food crisis and to conversion of more and more arable land to monocrops, leading to the exhaustion of soil fertility and increasing reliance on expensive and hazardous synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides. Although high energy costs are changing behaviors across almost all socioeconomic groups these days, the biggest losers are those without the economic and political power to insulate themselves from the negative consequences of the world's energy production and consumption--not just in higher energy and food costs, but in ecosystem damage and the adverse health effects of water, air, and soil pollution. While the immediate and most acute consequences are felt by the poor, there are long-term implications for future generations of human and nonhuman species, and the earth systems on which all life depends--a moral challenge if there ever was one. I agree with Governor O'Malley that there is a moral imperative for something better and cleaner. The question is whether nuclear power is that alternative. Policy deliberation about the proposed renaissance of nuclear power must take into consideration the disproportionate health risks associated with uranium extraction, processing, enrichment, waste storage, and nuclear accidents, not to mention repurposing for weapons. The history of nuclear power is intimately tied to the history of nuclear arms. It is no coincidence that in the game of cat and mouse that is international nuclear inspection, whether uranium is being used for power generation or military purposes is always a question. In the United States, research on the development of the atomic bomb led, in the post--World War II years, to the establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission, the predecessor of today's Department of Energy. In 1954, the Atomic Energy Act Amendments created a licensing system for private nuclear power operators, and in 1957, Congress passed the Price-Anderson Act, which indemnifies private operators in the event of a nuclear accident. This act, currently extended until 2025, limits a nuclear utility's liability to $10 billion, with the remainder of the liability borne by U.S. taxpayers. Critics, liberal and conservative alike, have criticized the act as an inappropriate government subsidy that externalizes (and thus leads to underrepresentation of) the real cost of nuclear power. …

The World Heritage Convention could emerge as a crucial tool in the fight against climate change. Therefore, it is important to understand to what extent the regulatory framework established under the Convention provides means and sets up obligations for States to act against it. This chapter explores this question by considering how the World Heritage Convention interacts with the existing international instruments specifically targeting climate change, in particular the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and the foreseeable post-Kyoto regime. The language of the World Heritage Convention permits climate change to be characterized as a threat to World Heritage against which States Parties have to fight. the World Heritage Convention is not the only convention likely to be invoked in order to reinforce mitigation measures against greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; suffice it to think of the Convention on Biological Diversity or the Antarctic Treaty. Keywords:climate change; greenhouse gas (GHG); Kyoto Protocol; UNFCCC; World Heritage Convention

Greenhouse Gases and Human Well-Being: China in a Global Perspective

The problem of global climate change is one of the most important problems of society. Such relevance is due to the fact that the change in climatic parameters has a significant impact on the economic sphere, the ecological situation, social and political life, and the construction industry. The change in the parameters of climate systems has long been beyond doubt. In recent years, due to the perceived threat of global climate warming, interest in long-term interannual climate fluctuations has increased significantly. Therefore, one of the unquestionably relevant tasks is the monitoring of trends in changes in climatic indicators at the local (regional) level. It is these observations on a regional scale that allow us to detect cyclical fluctuations in meteorological values and further judge the change in the Earth's climate in general. When building urban quarters in difficult natural and climatic conditions, along with urban planning and architectural and planning methods of organizing residential structures, one of the key points is the correct selection of fencing materials and structures. Special attention should be paid to their physical properties, thermal conductivity, specific resistance, optical reflectivity, etc. It is also necessary to take into account the location of the construction site, because due to macro- and micro-scale climate-forming factors (radiation conditions, wind regime, form of meso- and microrelief, vegetation, soil, close proximity to the sea, surrounding buildings, etc.) and their due to joint influence in different areas of the city, the difference in temperature and humidity can be significant. The article examines the peculiarities of the manifestation of climatic changes for the city of Kyiv in the context of engineering and construction adaptation and the selection of building materials to create more comfortable living conditions for the residents of the metropolis. It was established that during the last decades in the city the average annual air temperature increased by 0.7–1.2°С, compared to the climatic norm. The most significant increase in the average monthly air temperature in the modern period in the city is observed in the winter and summer months. According to calculations, the average annual temperature will rise gradually and increase by an average of 2.0–2.5°С. On the basis of this, the necessity of conducting further research, creating scientific and practical recommendations, especially in the conditions of modern megacities, which are a factor in climate formation, has been proven. The article analyzes the impact of changes in climatic factors on the life cycle of buildings.

Climate change caused by increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) levels released in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels is threatening our ecosystem. A radical change in the behavior of humanity is thus needed urgently. One of the major challenges is to replace our current energy systems with sustainable systems in the face of environmental degradation. For this purpose, and as part of the European initiatives, the Covenant of Mayors is enabling municipalities, cities and regions to carry out actions in the fields of energy and climate. In this framework, a newly-developed tool, the SECAP-SSP or Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan–Self Sufficient Program, is applied by the Municipality of Hammana-Lebanon (standard process) in order to design its Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) and ensure compliance with the Covenant of Mayors. This case study has resulted in a broad understanding of how to use this tool, or even to show that SECAP-SSP has greatly simplified the task compared to the conventional tools that have been used before. It should be noted that SECAP-SSP can be applied by any municipality in Lebanon and can be extended to suit the South-Mediterranean context. Every authority could create its “SECAP” space online. The various human activities in all sectors (residential, tertiary, industry, transportation, agriculture, electricity generation, etc.) involving energy consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions are the specific data that the user must enter. The structure of the software facilitates the work to be done in each sector. Other data on climate, the availability of renewable energy and the current price of fossil fuels are provided by the tool. Indicators (economic, environmental and potential) to achieve optimization are calculated by the tool. In the end, SECAP-SSP established a Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) for the authority as well as it suggested the SECAP, feasible and profitable both economically and environmentally.

Urban residential energy switching in China between 1980 and 2014 prevents 2.2 million premature deaths

Fifty years ago, humans harboured the hubristic idea that they could alter the weather and climate to their advantage, perhaps to prevent future ice ages or to induce rainfall in drought‐stricken regions. These high‐flying hopes were eventually doused by reality; today, we have the more humble objective of merely keeping the climate stable—in particular, mitigating the impact of greenhouse gases (GHGs). But this is an equally daunting task and one that necessitates political action and widespread cultural change, as well as scientific progress. Although progress on the political front is stalling—US President George W. Bush announced in April 2008 that he would postpone any measures to reduce the release of CO2 into the atmosphere until 2025 (Stolberg, 2008)—there is some optimism about using nature itself to achieve this goal. > …there has been increasing interest in biological methods of sequestering GHGs, especially because these techniques have the potential to produce large amounts of carbon‐neutral fuel… The challenge is twofold: to stabilize and reduce emissions, and to mop up excess GHGs released from the burning of fossil fuels. The aim is to return to the pre‐industrial—pre‐late‐eighteenth century—levels of the main anthropogenic GHGs: CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). However, this does not mean completely removing them from the atmosphere. In the absence of any GHGs, the mean global surface temperature would be about −18 °C, instead of the current 15 °C. In fact, natural GHGs make a considerable contribution to keeping the earth warm enough for life, with water vapour being responsible for around 50% of this extra warmth—although estimates vary from 35% to 66%. As human industrial and agricultural activities have a negligible impact on the levels of atmospheric water vapour, debates about how to mitigate climate change concentrate on the components that we can influence: …

GI multisociety strategic plan on environmental sustainability.