From OO to FPGA :

The pulp and paper industry accounts for over 12% of total manufacturing energy use in the US (US EIA 1997a), contributing 9% to total manufacturing carbon dioxide emissions. In the last twenty-five years primary energy intensity in the pulp and paper industry has declined by an average of 1% per year. However, opportunities still exist to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the manufacture of paper in the US This report analyzes the pulp and paper industry (Standard Industrial Code (SIC) 26) and includes a detailed description of the processes involved in the production of paper, providing typical energy use in each process step. We identify over 45 commercially available state-of-the-art technologies and measures to reduce energy use and calculate potential energy savings and carbon dioxide emissions reductions. Given the importance of paper recycling, our analysis examines two cases. Case A identifies potential primary energy savings without accounting for an increase in recycling, while Case B includes increasing paper recycling. In Case B the production volume of pulp is reduced to account for additional pulp recovered from recycling. We use a discount rate of 30% throughout our analysis to reflect the investment decisions taken in a business context. Our Case A results indicate that a total technical potential primary energy savings of 31% (1013 PJ) exists. For case A we identified a cost-effective savings potential of 16% (533 PJ). Carbon dioxide emission reductions from the energy savings in Case A are 25% (7.6 MtC) and 14% (4.4 MtC) for technical and cost-effective potential, respectively. When recycling is included in Case B, overall technical potential energy savings increase to 37% (1215 PJ) while cost-effective energy savings potential is 16%. Increasing paper recycling to high levels (Case B) is nearly cost-effective assuming a cut-off for cost-effectiveness of a simple payback period of 3 years. If this measure is included, then the cost-effective energy savings potential in case B increases to 22%.

There are currently many discussions on sustainability emphasizing the needs of infrastructure, lower energy consumption, durability, and recyclability. In the United States, residential buildings consume 22% of the country’s total energy and also are responsible for 22% of carbon dioxide emitted to the environment. The main objective of this research is determining the potential energy savings in residential buildings in the U.S. To find energy savings potential, the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) was used. This dataset provides general information on condition of appliances and buildings components as well as energy consumption in residential buildings. Based on RECS, this study took a broad look at energy savings potential for space heating, air conditioning, refrigerators, freezers, and lighting in residential buildings. Results of this study indicate that 29% and 19% of energy used for space heating, space cooling can respectively be saved by improving building components such as glasses and thermal insulation. In addition, results of this study show that 5% of total electricity used in residential buildings is delivered to nonefficient refrigerators, freezers, and light bulbs. By realizing the aforementioned energy savings in buildings, not only will consumers pay less money for their energy bills, but also greenhouse gas emissions from buildings can be reduced. Also, results of this study can help decision makers allocate tax credits for different products in such a way as to encourage actions targeting higher energy savings.

Oversized boilers in in-house heat stations are relatively common. This study demonstrates the effect of installed overcapacity in heat stations with regard to the buildings heat load. Potential energy savings are calculated on basis of a heat station containing both fuel oil boiler and electric boiler. Correct installed capacity is defined as the capacity of a boiler designed to meet the design outdoor temperature, DOT. The baseline for normal consumption has been defined by utilization of correct designed boilers operated under various climatic conditions for a normal year. This baseline has then been compared to consumption calculation done with oversized boiler capacity. The energy consumption calculation is done on an hourly basis for one year. The results show a clear connection between the boiler size, boiler efficiency and potential savings in energy and cost.

Energy consumption in buildings relies primarily on their purpose, as opposed to the type of occupants. Representatively, land-based indoor fish farms are one of the most energy-consuming buildings which people do not live in Korea. Further, as the global demand for seafood increase continuously, indoor fish farms are expected to show continued growth to meet the increased demand. Therefore, it is critical to identify the status of energy consumption in indoor fish farms and reduce energy demand by analyzing consumption patterns. Typical control in indoor fish farms relies heavily on the experience of the manager, leading to limited optimization and energy inefficiency. As a result, optimal control can offer significant energy savings and efficient cost reduction. However, only a few studies have focused on energy analysis and reduction measures for indoor fish farms that involve relatively high-power consumption. Therefore, this study aims to develop an energy model for indoor fish farms and analyze energy-saving potential during the operational phase was analyzed using optimization tool. Recirculating aquaculture system(RAS) as the target facilities. This is because the energy consumption of RAS has increased due to the use of advanced water treatment systems with water circulation. These systems can be employed to use water more efficiently and increase the productivity. An energy model simulating various equipment in RAS, such as circulation pumps and water heating tanks, was developed using EnergyPlus. The model was validated by measuring the indoor environment and energy consumption. The validation results show that the model demonstrated representative predictive performance, satisfying the hourly ASHRAE measurement and validation guidelines with an MBE of -0.37% and a Cv(RMSE) of 11.9%. Additionally, to improve predictive performance, the model was calibrated by deriving and applying water setpoints and operational scenarios that can be implemented in the field. The calibrated model was used to derive optimal control strategies for heating setpoints of boilers and heat pumps, which are the largest energy consumers in aquaculture facilities, using the Genopt optimization tool. The setpoints were limited to the same ranges as in the field: 60-70°C for boilers and 50-60°C for heat pumps. The optimal control results showed an 8.9% reduction compared to the measured energy consumption. This study provides foundational data on the potential for energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the aquaculture industry through the integration of model based optimal control.

Modern assembly lines are usually optimized towards output and tact time as well as process capability and quality. Yet, approaches for energy saving are hardly used in assembly presses. Therefore, assembly lines are using more electric power and compressed air than necessary. Especially at high load, during handling phases and in different idle modes there is a huge potential for energy savings. Current research is focusing on high-power consuming turning and milling machines as well as laser welding. Energy saving projects usually focus on whole factory halls instead of manufacturing lines and single assembly machines. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology using a top-down-approach and data mining analysis regarding a conventional assembly press as well as a whole assembly line. Here, relevant information types like process data, quality factors, expenditure of energy per produced part and power consumption are used to generate more insight into chained assembly processes. Various tools like energy analysis, process flow and correlation analysis are used to identify focus stations of a whole assembly line for energy saving projects and quality improvements. This novel holistic approach regards the electrical power and compressed air consumption of each relevant station and its machine components during different operating states as well as its correlations between process data, quality factors and energy consumption. Besides tact-time-analysis of the process, the scheduled and unplanned downtimes of the machine are also regarded. Furthermore, it enables predictions of tool wear and breakdown, quality impacts of supplied parts, as well as energy savings on process and machine level. Due to an increased quality, the material efficiency may rise as well.

Street and public area lighting is a key service provided by municipal government. The public lighting sector is playing an important role in providing convenience, enhancing safety and security, promoting economic development, creation of friendly environment, as well as increasing the aesthetic appeal of surrounding property. The energy consumption in the street lighting sector, whether in public lighting or private users, constitutes a high percentage of the total energy used. Lighting conditions in streets of city of Tirana are currently at a level, which in many cases does not satisfy the requirements set out by legislation and standards. The study is undertaken with the request of Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy with goal to identify the possibility of applying new street lighting systems in Tirana, in order to draft concrete strategies for the future of street lighting in Albania. The study was focus on the opportunities and recommendations for the development and installation of LED technologies in the street lighting of Tirana. The study presented in this paper is completely based on the detailed analysis of the current state of the street lighting system in the Municipality of Tirana by visits and measurements, full information taken by municipality, interviews with responsible people of street lights system, different simulations based on DIALux software for new technology proposed. The study has estimated a great potential electrical energy savings by replacing existing street lighting lamps retrofits with LED in municipality of Tirana, around 33%, which is 4.6 million kWh/year, effecting a reduction of 1.85 million kg CO2 emission. The findings presented in the paper provide information on energy savings opportunities, which can be readily adopted by Municipalities of Albania, in their pursuit of energy and financial savings in street lighting sector.

• Introducing a novel feature value substitution methodology to simulate potential energy consumption savings for specific retrofit options. • Quantifying energy-savings on large-scale real-world data and solving data scarcity issues by introducing a feature value substitution methodology. • Providing a retrofit index to the research community that combines energy savings, carbon emission reduction, retrofit costs, and local subsidies into a comprehensible measurand. • Mitigating the uncertainty of homeowners and energy auditors in the decision-making process to identify the most suitable retrofit option for individual residential buildings. • Scenario analysis for different retrofit budgets and energy prices to identify the retrofit measure with the highest energy saving potential. The global building sector is one of the main contributors to annual global greenhouse gas emissions, yet homeowners remain hesitant regarding specific retrofit measures to reduce carbon emissions. This is unsurprising as the link between retrofits that reduce energy consumption and corresponding economic and ecological benefits remains elusive. Therefore, this study addresses the intersection of building energy performance, carbon emission reduction, and financial subsidies by quantifying expected energy savings based on specific energy-related retrofits with a real-world dataset containing 25,000 German residential buildings. The simulated energy savings for specific retrofit measures are based on a novel feature value substitution methodology and three sophisticated machine learning models, namely XGBoost, CatBoost, and LightGBM. This study then combines potential ecological gains, household investment budgets, and expected local governmental subsidies into a single informative yet comprehensible retrofit index to overcome the uncertainty regarding retrofits. The results show that glazing is the most impactful feature for potential energy savings of residential buildings, followed by heating system changes from oil to electric heating pumps. In contrast to the neglectable impact of better facade conditions on building energy performance, roof and wall insulation improvements lead to significantly lower energy consumption. This study underscores potential ecological savings of targeted retrofit measures and enables practitioners to cut expenses and reduce the associated financial risks.

China's cement industry, which produced 1,388 million metric tons (Mt) of cement in 2008, accounts for almost half of the world's total cement production. Nearly 40% of China's cement production is from relatively obsolete vertical shaft kiln (VSK) cement plants, with the remainder from more modern rotary kiln cement plants, including plants equipped with new suspension pre-heater and pre-calciner (NSP) kilns. Shandong Province is the largest cement-producing Province in China, producing 10% of China's total cement output in 2008. This report documents an analysis of the potential to improve the energy efficiency of NSP kiln cement plants in Shandong Province. Sixteen NSP kiln cement plants were surveyed regarding their cement production, energy consumption, and current adoption of 34 energy-efficient technologies and measures. Plant energy use was compared to both domestic (Chinese) and international best practice using the Benchmarking and Energy Saving Tool for Cement (BEST-Cement). This benchmarking exercise indicated an average technical potential primary energy savings of 12% would be possible if the surveyed plants operated at domestic best practice levels in terms of energy use per ton of cement produced. Average technical potential primary energy savings of 23% would be realized if the plants operated at international best practice levels. Energy conservation supply curves for both fuel and electricity savings were then constructed for the 16 surveyed plants. Using the bottom-up electricity conservation supply curve model, the cost-effective electricity efficiency potential for the studied cement plants in 2008 is estimated to be 373 gigawatt hours (GWh), which accounts for 16% of total electricity use in the 16 surveyed cement plants in 2008. Total technical electricity-saving potential is 915 GWh, which accounts for 40% of total electricity use in the studied plants in 2008. The fuel conservation supply curve model shows the total technical fuel efficiency potential equal to 7,949 terajoules (TJ), accounting for 8% of total fuel used in the studied cement plants in 2008. All the fuel efficiency potential is shown to be cost effective. Carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) emission reduction potential associated with cost-effective electricity saving is 383 kiloton (kt) CO{sub 2}, while total technical potential for CO{sub 2} emission reduction from electricity-saving is 940 ktCO{sub 2}. The CO{sub 2} emission reduction potentials associated with fuel-saving potentials is 950 ktCO{sub 2}.

The residential sector accounts for over 20% of U.S. primary energy consumption and offers numerous opportunities for conservation and efficiency. Chief among these is retrofitting existing homes, which can reduce annual household energy consumption while also improving indoor air quality and thermal comfort and supporting local economic development. Many U.S. localities identify residential retrofits as a major priority in their Climate Action Plans, but lack information on the extent of energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction that they can achieve. We present a methodology used in Blacksburg, Virginia, to estimate potential energy and GHG savings from a residential retrofit program, which we find could reduce projected year 2050 residential energy use by as much as 36%. We conclude with a discussion of the obstacles that communities face in implementing retrofit programs and steps being taken in Blacksburg to overcome those obstacles.

Future growth of the Internet is likely to be constrained by its own energy consumption. As shown in recent studies, by adopting burst switching technologies, energy consumption of the core network could be reduced. In this study we first analyse the relationship between burst size, arrival rate, and energy consumption of a core router port in a burst switching (BS) network. A novel mechanism is then introduced to offer energy savings in BS networks. Simulation results indicate the potential energy savings from the new scheme.

The International Maritime Organization adopted a strategy to reduce the total annual GHG emissions from international shipping by at least 50% by 2050, compared to 2008 levels. The European Union proposed an even farther reaching transformation: the European Commission adopted a set of proposals to make the EU’s transport policies fit for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. Therefore, all industrial actions in line and consistent with these strategies are essential. One of such activities may be a gradual transition from the most common independent controls of transport ships’ thrusters, propellers, and rudders to an integrated, power optimized, 3 degrees of freedom joystick control. In this paper, the full mission bridge simulator (FMBS) research on potential energy savings and, consequently, a GHG emission reduction, while steering a RoPax twin-screw ferry equipped with bow thrusters by a joystick control, is presented. The task of navigators engaged in the research was to steer the vessel either via classic engine, rudder, and thruster levers or via a joystick while (1) following the predefined straight track, (2) rotating at the turning area, and (3), finally, crabbing (moving sideways) until stopping at the quay fenders. The conclusions are that energy savings of approximately 10% can be expected for berthing manoeuvres controlled by a joystick, compared to independent actuators’ controls. These conclusions have been drawn from a statistical analysis of the ship’s energy consumption during typical manoeuvring phases of 18 berthing operations performed in FMBS.

Comprehensive Energy studies entices in identifying potential energy savings in gas processing industry. The approach is to study, measure, analyze and quantify: Current energy situations with regards to processes and equipment operations;Sources or areas of energy losses in processes and equipment;Productive use of waste heat/energy;Alternative (cost-effective) energy substitutes;Modalities for augmenting energy losses and energy wastage in processes and plant equipmentMeasures which do not require large investments, but can lead to 8 to 10 percent savings in energy consumption. The Comprehensive Energy study has resulted in the identification of 31 potential energy saving opportunities, which could allow the company to achieve expected savings of up to 20%. Out of thirty one savings opportunities, seven were identified as potential quick wins with 10% saving potential, eight opportunities would require further analysis and investigation and sixteen opportunities were kept in abeyance due to economic factors. Quick wins, such as: Review of Advanced Process Control (APC), Sniffer Valve Leakage Survey, Plant wide control tuning, Efficiency check on LP and Residue gas Compressors, HP Feed gas discharge pressure control and Propane compressors Desuper heater Fan Controls which contributed to 10% energy savings were identified during the study. Payback periods are very attractive, in the range of 3 months, for these quick wins.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study business models (BMs) for smart meters (SMs) and discuss related issues in the French institutional context. Because SM introduce deregulation on both the demand and supply sides, the authors argue that they represent an opportunity to “unlock” the system by enabling feedback to consumers. The authors discuss the empirical findings from the TICELEC (Technologies de l’Information pour une Consommation Electrique – Information Technology for Sustainable Electricity Consumption Behaviors) project which is an experimental initiative to measure potential energy savings through the implementation of SM, and to test behavioral change. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical data are from the TICELEC project and refer to a municipality in southern France. The project was designed to show the qualitative changes deriving from a new technology, and the quantitative changes in the form of real reductions in residential electricity consumption in the short and medium terms. The authors discuss these changes and their potential replication, and examine the nature of the feedback provided to users and the implications for SM BMs for France and for smart cities more generally. Findings – The authors suggest that the opportunities provided by SM have to be compared with other kinds of intervention such as self-monitoring procedures. The results show that any intervention is important for moderating the sole impact of SM. The findings on the importance of changes to “energy habits” relate mainly to “curtailment” and “low efficiency” behaviors, which represent less costly changes. The lessons learned for BM developments linked to SM include incentive systems, smart tariffs, and technologies to increase potential behavior changes and energy savings in this field. Research limitations/implications – The authors’ analysis of the content of behavioral change shows that curtailment behavior and low-efficiency behavior remain dominant when SMs are implemented. Promoting high-efficiency behaviors is always difficult for reasons of cost. Thus, SM should be combined with other measures such as incentives systems, e.g. “smart tariffication,” and new services to increase their impact. Practical implications – A proper combination of smart tariffs and SMs to reduce peaks in demand would appear to be critical to boost SM development. It will also be important to integrate SMs with smart grids to improve energy efficiency and exploit renewables and energy storage in electricity networks. Social implications – SMs are important but any interventions that motivate households to change their energy habits also help in the French context. SMs enable households to try to reduce their energy consumption but they are not the solution. Originality/value – There are no detailed results published for France. Utilities such as Electricite Reseau Distribution France, have introduced R & D programs oriented to the deployment of SM which have been tested since 2009 (e.g. see the local LINKY meter projects in Lyon and Touraine). The empirical data are from the TICELEC project and refer to a municipality in southern France. The project was designed to show the qualitative changes deriving from a new technology, and the quantitative changes in the form of real reductions in residential electricity consumption in the short and medium terms. The authors discuss these changes and their potential replication, and examine the nature of the feedback provided to users and the implications for SM BMs for France and for smart cities more generally.

The central aim of this project is to provide knowledge and tools for increasing the energy efficiency and performance of new and existing laboratory-type facilities in California. We approach the task along three avenues: (1) identification of current energy use and savings potential, (2) development of a {ital Design guide for energy- Efficient Research Laboratories}, and (3) development of a research agenda for focused technology development and improving out understanding of the market. Laboratory-type facilities use a considerable amount of energy resources. They are also important to the local and state economy, and energy costs are a factor in the overall competitiveness of industries utilizing laboratory-type facilities. Although the potential for energy savings is considerable, improving energy efficiency in laboratory-type facilities is no easy task, and there are many formidable barriers to improving energy efficiency in these specialized facilities. Insufficient motivation for individual stake holders to invest in improving energy efficiency using existing technologies as well as conducting related R&D is indicative of the ``public goods`` nature of the opportunity to achieve energy savings in this sector. Due to demanding environmental control requirements and specialized processes, laboratory-type facilities epitomize the important intersection between energy demands in the buildings sector and the industrial sector. Moreover, given the high importance and value of the activities conducted in laboratory-type facilities, they represent one of the most powerful contexts in which energy efficiency improvements stand to yield abundant non-energy benefits if properly applied.

Heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems in hospital operating theatres consume high amounts of energy, operate for long periods of time and provide high performance. For this reason, it is necessary to study their energy consumption and determine sustainable solutions that optimize their operation and improve their performance. In this paper, annual thermal energy consumption of a conventional operating theatre is evaluated. Potential energy savings is evaluated by maintaining an adequate indoor environmental quality for these rooms. In addition, how to minimize energy consumption depending on the air renewal flow rate used and installing a sensible heat recovery system was studied. Results show that energy demand of an operating room is reduced by 24.1% by recirculating 25% of air flow extracted from the room. Energy cost decreases 44.31% by increasing the recirculated air flow rate to 50% of the air flow extracted from the room.