From the Ligurian HIV Network to an European Framework for HIV Surveillance and Control.

Messaging standards, and specifically HL7 v2, are heavily used for the communication and interoperability of Health Information Systems. HL7 FHIR was created as an evolution of the messaging standards to achieve semantic interoperability. FHIR is somehow similar to other approaches like the dual model methodology as both are based on the precise modeling of clinical information. In this paper, we demonstrate how we can apply the dual model methodology to standards like FHIR. We show the usefulness of this approach for data transformation between FHIR and other specifications such as HL7 CDA, EN ISO 13606, and openEHR. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of defining archetypes over FHIR, and the consequences and outcomes of this approach. Finally, we exemplify this approach by creating a testing data server that supports both FHIR resources and archetypes.

Innovation in cancer therapy has increased childhood cancer survival rates. However, survivors are still at risk of developing late effects. In the digital transformation of the health sector, the Survivorship Passport (SurPass) can support long-term follow-up care plans. Gaps in seamless connectivity among hospital departments, primary care, combined with the time of health professionals required to collect and fill-in health data in SurPass, are barriers to its adoption in daily clinical practice. The PanCareSurPass (PCSP) project was motivated to address these gaps by a new version of SurPass (v2.0) that supports semi-automatic assembly from organizational Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems of the treatment summary data using HL7 FHIR, to create SurPass, and to link it to regional or national digital health infrastructures in six European countries. In this paper we present the methodology used to develop the SurPass technical implementation strategy with special focus on the European Health Data Space (EHDS). The recently provisionally approved EHDS regulation instruments a digital health data ecosystem with opportunities for cost-effective SurPass implementation across Europe. Moving forward, a European HL7 FHIR SurPass Implementation Guide along with synthetic data sets, and validation tools can enrich the European Electronic Health Record Exchange Format (EEHRxF) with use cases on health & wellness of childhood cancer survivors.

Objective – To examine Serbia's deployment of Chinese-supplied surveillance technologies and assess the implications for democracy, privacy, and civil liberties in the context of Serbia's deteriorating freedom indices and EU accession aspirations. Goal – To analyse the technological cooperation between China and Serbia in surveillance infrastructure, evaluate the transparency and accountability of Serbian institutions in implementing these systems, review the legal framework governing digital surveillance, and assess local and international responses to this deployment. Methodology – This study employs a qualitative research approach based on document analysis from diverse, highly reliable sources. The methodology prioritises relevance, reliability, and diversity, integrating academic publications, reports from established human rights organisations, investigative journalism, and official government documents. The 41 sources were selected to ensure comprehensive coverage of technological, legal, political, and social dimensions of surveillance deployment in Serbia. Findings – The research reveals that Serbia has significantly expanded its state surveillance capabilities through a strategic partnership with China, particularly with Huawei, deploying thousands of cameras equipped with facial and license plate recognition across major cities. The findings demonstrate a troubling lack of transparency and accountability, with agreements classified as confidential and explicit references to Chinese involvement deliberately obscured. Serbia's legal framework for digital surveillance remains underdeveloped, lacking adequate oversight mechanisms and privacy protections. Locally, concerns persist about the political misuse of surveillance for control rather than public safety. Internationally, the EU has expressed alarm over Chinese technological penetration and its implications for Serbia's EU accession goals.

Measurement of machinery safety level: European framework for product control: Particular case: Spanish framework for market surveillance

This paper discusses the C4I Support Plan (C4ISP) recently drafted for the CVNX program as a part of its Milestone I documentation requirements. The C4ISP provides insights into the requirements on the DoD command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) infrastructure needed for the operational success of the aircraft carrier battle group (CVBG) in future Joint and coalition warfare. The paper discusses the C4ISPs contents, the work that must be done in future versions, and the potential impacts on naval and Joint C4ISR organizations and their activities. The case is made that the CVNX C4ISP, and similar plans for other platforms of the battle group, should form a foundation for Navy leadership to proactively manage the process of building cross-Navy and Joint end-to-end capabilities that exploit information and networking in warfare.

In the development of Ukraine’s financial market, banks play a crucial role — performing not only traditional credit and financial functions but also actively engaging in stock market operations. They conduct transactions with securities, invest in corporate bonds, government debt instruments, derivatives, and investment funds. Such activities generate additional tax obligations and require specialized approaches to taxation. However, the current tax system does not adequately reflect the specifics of these operations, resulting in several challenges: the absence of unified rules for accounting income and expenses from financial instruments, legal uncertainty regarding derivative transactions, the complexity of tax reporting, and the risks of double taxation in cross-border operations. Transfer pricing within groups of related financial institutions also poses significant fiscal threats. The insufficient adaptation of tax legislation to modern capital market practices reduces the investment attractiveness of the banking sector and hinders its integration into the European financial framework. Given the dynamic transformation of Ukraine’s financial market and the expanding role of banks as key participants in the stock market, the effective taxation of banking operations has become particularly relevant. The purpose of this study is to identify the main problems and fiscal risks in this area and to develop recommendations for improving tax regulation in line with European standards. The primary challenges include: the lack of a unified tax accounting methodology; excessive bureaucratization and the absence of digitalized reporting; double taxation in international transactions; insufficient control over transfer pricing; and volatility of tax bases due to currency fluctuations. To improve regulation, it is proposed to:  develop a unified tax accounting methodology for securities and derivatives;  harmonize Ukrainian legislation with EU directives (including BEPS standards);  automate reporting through electronic tax platforms;  enhance risk-oriented control of transfer pricing;  introduce tax incentives for long-term and innovative banking investments. Harmonization of tax legislation with EU norms, digitalization of reporting, and strengthened control over transfer pricing will reduce fiscal risks, enhance transparency, and improve budgetary stability — thereby fostering the development of Ukraine’s capital market and advancing its European integration. Overall, the comprehensive alignment of Ukraine’s tax policy with European standards will contribute to the establishment of a transparent, stable, and competitive financial environment, supporting sustainable economic growth and facilitating the country’s integration into the EU’s financial and economic system.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) poses a major threat to global swine production, with substantial economic losses and serious animal welfare concerns. Although PRRSV is not considered a zoonotic agent, its control exemplifies the necessity of a One Health approach, incorporating virological, ecological, immunological, and agricultural dimensions. This article contends that the impact of PRRSV extends beyond porcine populations, significantly contributing to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) via secondary bacterial infections and the consequent misuse of antibiotics. Moreover, the environmental persistence of the virus and its potential for indirect transmission raise critical ecological questions that remain unresolved. By synthesizing current evidence, this review delineates the complex interrelationships among PRRSV outbreaks, patterns of antimicrobial use, and environmental contamination. This study propose an integrated One Health framework for PRRSV surveillance and control, emphasizing the implementation of genomic tools, systematic environmental monitoring, and enhanced collaboration among public health, veterinary, and environmental sectors. Integrating these disciplines is crucial to alleviating the multidimensional challenges posed by PRRSV, thereby protecting animal welfare, supporting sustainable agriculture, and strengthening global public health.

Fungi play essential roles in human health, agriculture, and ecosystems, yet their diversity has long been underestimated due to reliance on morphology and culture. Molecular innovations—DNA barcoding, multilocus and whole-genome sequencing, NGS, and rapid nucleic acid diagnostics (qPCR, LAMP, CRISPR/Cas)—have revolutionized fungal taxonomy and detection. The ITS region now serves as a universal barcode, often complemented by other loci or genomic data. High-throughput and portable tools enable near real-time identification, supported by AI-driven bioinformatics for species recognition and resistance prediction. Despite progress, challenges remain in database accuracy, primer design, and standardization. Integrating molecular taxonomy, AI, and global collaboration promises scalable, reliable frameworks for fungal surveillance and control across clinical, agricultural, and environmental domains.

The article discusses the need to reform the social services system and train social workers in Ukraine in the context of European integration. The main emphasis is placed on the importance of implementing European quality standards, in particular the European Quality Framework for Social Services. The study compares approaches to quality assurance with the European Framework, with particular emphasis on inclusivity, collaboration, and safety. An analysis of the implementation of the European framework for the quality of social services was carried out on the example of Ireland, emphasizing the voluntary nature of its use in EU member states and the individual approach of each country to the assessment of the quality of social services. The main focus is devoted to the study of the professional training of future social workers and their ability to provide high-quality social services. The need for future social work professionals to develop key competencies such as communication, empathy, management skills, and cultural competence has been identified. The integration of European standards into social work education remains a problem, so the authors emphasize the importance of adapting educational programs for training specialists using various approaches, such as project-oriented learning, case-based learning, supervision, problem-oriented learning, practical training in field conditions, simulation, and role-playing games, research projects, digital platforms, and interdisciplinary courses. These approaches contribute to the formation of a wide range of competencies that meet modern challenges and requirements of European standards. The importance of a systematic approach to the integration of European standards into educational programs for improving the quality of social services in Ukraine is emphasized.

The HIV epidemic remains a public health challenge in Nigeria, with about 1.9 million people living with the virus in 2020. Despite progress in controlling the epidemic, challenges remain, including inadequate funding and limited access to prevention and treatment services for key populations. This article provides an overview of the HIV control system in Nigeria and the current state of the HIV control system in Nigeria. It provides recommendations for strengthening the response to the epidemic. Contributions of government agencies, international partners, and civil society organizations are required to reduce this epidemic. This article highlights the need to strengthen surveillance systems, increase access to testing and treatment, enhance prevention strategies, address stigma and discrimination, increase funding, and expand research and development. The impact of antiretroviral therapy on HIV management is also discussed. Over the last decade, Nigeria has made significant progress in controlling the HIV epidemic, with a decline in new infections and increased treatment coverage. However, more work is needed to achieve the 95-95-95 targets set by the joint united nations programme on HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for 2030, and a multi-pronged approach is required to address the social and structural determinants of health that drive the epidemic. By implementing the recommendations outlined in this article, Nigeria can make significant progress towards ending the HIV epidemic and improving the quality of life for those living with the virus.

Greek science: hope in crisis

: The Command, Control, Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Architecture Framework, Version 2.0, developed by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) C4ISR Architecture Working Group, provides guidance for describing architectures. It is intended to ensure that architectures developed by the Commands, Services, and defense Agencies are interrelatable between and among the organizations' operational, systems, and technical architecture views, and are comparable and integratable across Joint and multi-national organizational boundaries. The Framework is intended to ensure that a clear audit trail exists from mission operations and effectiveness measures to the characteristics of current and postulated C4ISR systems and their contributions (performance and interoperability metrics) to mission operations. This paper describes the four main components of the Framework, i.e., Architecture Views (Operational, Systems, and Technical) and Linkages, Common Product Templates and Common Data, Universal Guidance, and Common Building Block References. Relationships to other popular and emerging architecture frameworks are described, along with current plans for further evolution of the Framework.

This paper analyzes the main components, ideological features and practices that constitute the (overall) educational and specifically, the higher education policy of the “April” Dictatorship in Greece (1967–1974). The analysis of the relevant research material shows that this policy was characterized by: • the intention to redefine the relations of the Universities with the (“occupied”) State,• the coordinated effort to insert specific ideological authoritarian interpretations in the discourses and policies for higher education and consequently, in the reform efforts of the Dictatorship, • the institutionalization of a new economy of power based on control technologies which favored the formation of (ideologically over-determined) discipline and extended state intervention into every aspect of the Higher Education Institutions, • the construction of a surveillance, punishment, control and discipline framework, strictly demarcated and authoritarian. Simultaneously, the above-mentioned policy aimed a) at the extensive criminalization of behavior, as well as of the “non-nationalistic” and ideologically “un-orthodox” thinking in universities and in other Educational Institutions, b) at the reduction of any degree of teaching staff and students autonomy, and c) at the promotion of some alleged- ostensible, seemingly “liberal”, measures and proposals. The ultimate objective was both these specific measures and the overall (authoritarian) higher education policy to become feasible (legitimizing-permissible strategy) and subsequently implemented. In addition, students’ (persistent, influential and multi-level) resistance (at the level of both discourse and political action) to the higher education “reforms” attempted by the April Dictatorship, as well as against the Dictatorship per se and subsequently against the state and constitutional infringement, will be also analytically examined and contextualized.

As the HIV community attempts to define what is meant by terms like “The End of the AIDS Epidemic,” or the goal of “An AIDS Free Generation,” as articulated by the U.S. Government [1], the relevance of accurate, granular, and precise epidemiologic characterization of HIV prevalence, incidence trends, and other key indicators has only increased. The level or declining resource base for global HIV surveillance, prevention, treatment, and care mandates strategic and much more nuanced use of resources where they will matter most. The current conceptualization of geographic, geospatial, ‘hot spot,’ or high transmission and burden zones of HIV is one approach aimed at focusing resources to where HIV is currently spreading, where high proportions of people living with HIV infection remain untested and untreated, or where sub-epidemics, often among those at risk for both HIV infection and lack of access to services, persist [2]. A sea change in thinking is underway, and is long overdue, in responding to what have long been characterized as concentrated epidemics [3]. As the papers in this issue demonstrate, this understanding is also changing the way we think about the role of concentrated epidemics within generalized ones. We can no longer afford broad and low efficacy or inefficacious campaigns aimed at “youth” or “reproductive aged adults” when relatively small numbers of people, largely excluded from such programs, are those most in need of services, and of services tailored to their actual risks, HIV treatment needs, and lived experiences. The last several years have seen heartening decreases in HIV incidence in many of the world’s (relatively few) generalized epidemic contexts [4]. With a handful of exceptions, these epidemics have been limited to Southern and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, and they have been devastating. Few epidemiologists predicted that we would see the impressive gains in HIV control now being reported from many of these hardest hit regions. Fewer still would have predicted that in 2013 we would be seeing so much success in control of these primarily sexually and perinatally driven epidemics, and so little in the concentrated epidemics. The latter involve many fewer people, are much more likely to be focused in urban areas, and have been primary foci of HIV research, programs, and community efforts since the initial identification of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s. Yet this is what the papers in this issue clearly demonstrate. That over 60% of new HIV infections in the U.S. in 2011 (the year for which we have the most current data from the U.S. CDC) [5] should be occurring among the relatively small percentage of the population who are men who have sex with men [6] is just one example among all too many of the persistence of these concentrated epidemics [7], persistence which has continued despite the development and rollout of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) in much of the world.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Madagascar have primarily been monitored in selected groups of patients attending STI clinics in major cities as part of the HIV surveillance program in Madagascar. The aim of the study was to provide complementary data related to STI prevalence in a general rural population. STIs were investigated in 643 subjects aged 15 to 49 years as part of a cross-sectional morbidity study of urogenital schistosomiasis. Infection rates were reassessed 3 weeks and 6 months after systematic STI treatment at baseline. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng), Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg), Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv), and/or antibodies to Treponema pallidum (Tp) were diagnosed in 125 (37.5%) of 333 women and in 83 (26.8%) of 310 men. In addition, 49% of the women and 28% of the men were infected with herpes simplex virus-2. Six (0.9%) subjects were found HIV-antibody positive. Between the 3-week and 6-month follow-up surveys Ng, Ct, and/or Mg prevalence increased most prominently in women aged 15 to 24 years. Study findings suggest that rural areas in Madagascar should be as closely monitored and assisted in STI and HIV control as their urban counterparts. Following the current consensus, young adults should constitute a priority target group in the control programs.