Fruit Leaf Diseases Classification: A Hierarchical Deep Learning Framework

Plant diseases are the main factor in plant mortality and destruction, especially in trees. Early discovery, however, can assist to manage and treat this issue efficiently. To increase output, crop and plant lesions are detected and stopped as soon as feasible. Because it relies solely on visual observation, manual inspection of plant leaf diseases is time-consuming and expensive. The authors offer methods for identifying and categorizing plant leaf diseases using computer vision. Pre-processing original images to visualize contaminated areas, feature extraction from unprocessed or segmented images, feature fusion, feature selection, and classification are a few examples of computer vision approaches. The fusion technique is used to combine the target's numerical data features, which go beyond the picture, with the extracted image features to increase the target's feature representation. The following are the principal issues that researchers found in the literature: Low-contrast infected regions. Extract redundant and irrelevant information, which degrades classification accuracy; Redundant and irrelevant information may lengthen computation times and the targeted models performance will suffer as a result. This study proposed a framework for classifying plant leaf diseases based on the best feature selection and a deep learning fusion model. In the suggested approach, contrast is first enhanced using a pre-processing model, and then the issue of an unbalanced dataset is resolved via data augmentation. The proposed Deep Fusion Learning Model (DFLM) shows an accuracy of 98.8% in comparison with other models.

Identification of high-risk genes and classification of acute myocardial infarction patients utilizing deep learning in a restricted cohort.

Feature selection (FS) plays a crucial role in medical imaging by reducing dimensionality, improving computational efficiency, and enhancing diagnostic accuracy. Traditional FS techniques, including filter, wrapper, and embedded methods, have been widely used but often struggle with high-dimensional and heterogeneous medical imaging data. Deep learning-based FS methods, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and autoencoders, have demonstrated superior performance but lack interpretability. Hybrid approaches that combine classical and deep learning techniques have emerged as a promising solution, offering improved accuracy and explainability. Furthermore, integrating multi-modal imaging data (e.g., Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Ultrasound (US)) poses additional challenges in FS, necessitating advanced feature fusion strategies. Multi-modal feature fusion combines information from different imaging modalities to improve diagnostic accuracy. Recently, quantum computing has gained attention as a revolutionary approach for FS, providing the potential to handle high-dimensional medical data more efficiently. This systematic literature review comprehensively examines classical, Deep Learning (DL), hybrid, and quantum-based FS techniques in medical imaging. Key outcomes include a structured taxonomy of FS methods, a critical evaluation of their performance across modalities, and identification of core challenges such as computational burden, interpretability, and ethical considerations. Future research directions—such as explainable AI (XAI), federated learning, and quantum-enhanced FS—are also emphasized to bridge the current gaps. This review provides actionable insights for developing scalable, interpretable, and clinically applicable FS methods in the evolving landscape of medical imaging.

Feature engineering is treated as a crucial step in any intelligent system pipeline and practitioners often spend 70–80% of their time in this phase before modeling. Especially, in machine learning (ML), the performance of the classification systems deteriorates as irrelevant features are added, even when the features presented contain enough information about the problem. ML researchers often use feature selection and feature extraction techniques individually to filter out the redundant information from the data, but would not get desired results or performance due to choosing a single method only. In this article, we take an attempt to combine both feature selection and feature extraction methods that give an improvement in the prediction performance than using a single feature selection or feature extraction method. In the application of the proposed method, we consider the Indian liver disease patient dataset to classify liver disease using machine learning classifiers. In addition, ensemble classifiers also take into account reproducing and robustifying classification accuracy. The performance is evaluated and compared with different metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Using the proposed method, the KNN classifier can diagnosis 76.03% with a precision of 76.69%, recall 96.23%, and 85.36% F1-score which is much better than the individual feature selection and feature extraction approach. The proposed method can also be extended to medical datasets other than liver disease so that these types of deadly diseases can be correctly diagnosed for the betterment of humanity.

Management of software development demands including bug or defect fixes and new feature or change requests is a crucial part of software maintenance. Failure to prioritize demands correctly might result in inefficient planning and use of resources as well as user or customer dissatisfaction. In order to overcome the difficulty and inefficiency of manual processing, many automated prioritization approaches were proposed in the literature. However, existing body of research generally focused on bug report repositories of open-source software, where textual bug descriptions are in English. Additionally, they proposed solutions to the problem using mostly classical text mining methods and machine learning (ML) algorithms. In this study, we first introduce a demand prioritization dataset in Turkish, which is composed of manually labeled demand records taken from the demand management system of a private insurance company in Turkey. Second, we propose several deep learning (DL) architectures to improve software development demand prioritization. Through an extensive experimentation, we compared the effectiveness of our DL architectures trained with several combinations of different optimizers and activation functions in order to reveal the best combination for demand prioritization in Turkish. We empirically show that DL models can achieve much higher accuracy than classical ML models even with a small amount of training data.

COVID-19 represents a novel variant of the coronavirus disease, having rapidly disseminated across the globe. In recent studies pertaining to computer vision, image processing, and classification techniques, numerous methodologies have been introduced employing chest X-ray images and computerized tomography (CT) images. This investigation introduces novel fused deep features founded on CT and X-ray image classification, with the aim of detecting COVID-19 disease. The proposed approach encompasses three key phases: deep feature generation, iterative feature selection, and classification. During the feature generation phase, well-known pre-trained deep convolutional neural networks, namely DenseNet201, MobileNetV2, ResNet18, ResNet50, ResNet101, VGG16, and VGG19, were leveraged. Each network model generated 1000 features, which were subsequently fused, culminating in the acquisition of a final feature vector comprising 7000 dimensions. In order to distill the most pertinent information, the ReliefF and iterative maximum relevance minimum redundancy (RFImRMR) feature selection techniques were employed in the generation of the ultimate feature vector. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, publicly available datasets of CT images and X-ray images were employed. Notably, the suggested deep learning approach attained accuracy rates of 99.33% and 93.10% for COVID-19 detection using CT and X-ray images, respectively. These achieved results serve as compelling evidence substantiating the efficacy of the proposed fused deep features and RFImRMR-based COVID-19 detection.

Gene identification has been an increasingly important task due to developments of Human Genome Project. Splice site prediction lies at the heart of identifying human genes, thus development of new methods which detect the splice site accurately is crucial. Machine learning classifiers are utilized to detect the splice sites. Performance of those classifiers mainly depends on DNA encoding methods (feature extraction) and feature selection. The feature extraction methods try to capture as much information as the DNA sequences have, while the feature selection methods provide useful biological knowledge by cleaning out the redundant information. According to the literature, Markovian models are popular encoding methods and the support vector machine (SVM) is known as the best algorithm for classification of splice sites. However, random forest (RF) may outperform the SVM in this domain using those Markovian encoding methods. In this study, performance of RF has been investigated as feature selection and classification in splice site domain. We proposed three methods, namely MM1-RF, MM2-RF and MCM-RF by combining RF with first order Markov Model (MM1), second order Markov model (MM2), and Markov Chain Model (MCM). We compared the performance of the RF with the SVM competitively on HS3D and NN269 benchmark datasets. Also, we evaluated the efficiency of the proposed methods with other current state of arts methods such as Reduced MM1-SVM, SVM-B and LVMM2. The experimental results show that the RF outperforms the SVM when the same Markovian encoding methods are used on both donor and acceptor datasets. Furthermore, the RF classifier performs much faster than the SVM classifier in detecting the splice sites.

Recent years have witnessed the prevalence of networked data in various domains. Among them, a large number of networks are not only topologically structured but also have a rich set of features on nodes. These node features are usually of high dimensionality with noisy, irrelevant and redundant information, which may impede the performance of other learning tasks. Feature selection is useful to alleviate these critical issues. Nonetheless, a vast majority of existing feature selection algorithms are predominantly designed in a static setting. In reality, real-world networks are naturally dynamic, characterized by both topology and content changes. It is desirable to capture these changes to find relevant features tightly hinged with network structure continuously, which is of fundamental importance for many applications such as disaster relief and viral marketing. In this paper, we study a novel problem of time-evolving feature selection for dynamic networks in an unsupervised scenario. Specifically, we propose a TeFS framework by leveraging the temporal evolution property of dynamic networks to update the feature selection results incrementally. Experimental results show the superiority of TeFS over the state-of-the-art batch-mode unsupervised feature selection algorithms.

Drug-Protein Interaction (DPI) identification is crucial in drug discovery. The high dimensionality of drug and protein features poses challenges for accurate interaction prediction, necessitating the use of computational techniques. Docking-based methods rely on 3D structures, while ligand-based methods have limitations such as reliance on known ligands and neglecting protein structure. Therefore, the preferred approach is the chemogenomics-based approach using machine learning, which considers both drug and protein characteristics for DPI prediction. In machine learning, feature selection plays a vital role in improving model performance, reducing overfitting, enhancing interpretability, and making the learning process more efficient. It helps extract meaningful patterns from drug and protein data while eliminating irrelevant or redundant information, resulting in more effective machine-learning models. On the other hand, classification is of great importance as it enables pattern recognition, decision-making, predictive modeling, anomaly detection, data exploration, and automation. It empowers machines to make accurate predictions and facilitates efficient decision-making in DPI prediction. For this research work, protein data was sourced from the KEGG database, while drug data was obtained from the DrugBank data machine-learning base. To address the issue of imbalanced Drug Protein Pairs (DPP), different balancing techniques like Random Over Sampling (ROS), Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), and Adaptive SMOTE were employed. Given the large number of features associated with drugs and proteins, feature selection becomes necessary. Various feature selection methods were evaluated: Correlation, Information Gain (IG), Chi-Square (CS), and Relief. Multiple classification methods, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Adaboost, and Logistic Regression (LR), were used to predict DPI. Finally, this research identifies the best balancing, feature selection, and classification methods for accurate DPI prediction. This comprehensive approach aims to overcome the limitations of existing methods and provide more reliable and efficient predictions in drug-protein interaction studies.

Identification of emotions along with the semantics from the speech signals is still one of the most challenging tasks because of the arising difficulty in the extraction and selection of the appropriate emotion features. The speech emotion recognition (SER) system has become one of the active research topics in recent years. Many researchers proposed various models to enhance the machine responses during the man–machine interactions by identifying the emotional state of the customer. This research work aims to propose a multi-class classification model to extract and classify the emotional state of the speaker into eight classes, namely happy, sad, surprised, disgust, neutral, calm, angry, and fearful. In this research work, two machine learning classifiers, namely k-nearest neighbors and random forest, are used along with the multi-layer perceptron classifier of deep learning for determining the emotional features from speech signals. The dataset for this research is obtained from the RAVDESS. Along with the audio speeches of 24 actors, the audio song dataset is also utilized for the better training of the proposed model. The performance of all three algorithms is compared and evaluated by using the confusion matrix and accuracy plots. The empirical results show that the KNN classification model of ML has performed better than other proposed algorithms with increased accuracy of 76.25%.

Recent advances in image processing and machine learning methods have greatly enhanced the ability of object classification from images and videos in different applications. Classification of human activities is one of the emerging research areas in the field of computer vision. It can be used in several applications including medical informatics, surveillance, human computer interaction, and task monitoring. In the medical and healthcare field, the classification of patients' activities is important for providing the required information to doctors and physicians for medication reactions and diagnosis. Nowadays, some research approaches to recognize human activity from videos and images have been proposed using machine learning (ML) and soft computational algorithms. However, advanced computer vision methods are still considered promising development directions for developing human activity classification approach from a sequence of video frames. This paper proposes an effective automated approach using feature fusion and ML methods. It consists of five steps, which are the preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, feature fusion, and classification steps. Two available public benchmark datasets are utilized to train, validate, and test ML classifiers of the developed approach. The experimental results of this research work show that the accuracies achieved are 99.5% and 99.9% on the first and second datasets, respectively. Compared with many existing related approaches, the proposed approach attained high performance results in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and specificity evaluation metric.

SQL Injection (SQLi) remains one of the most persistent and damaging classes of web application vulnerabilities. As attackers adopt more sophisticated techniques — obfuscation, blind channels, and time-based inference — traditional detection techniques (rule/signature based and shallow ML) show limited robustness. Recently, hybrid approaches that combine feature selection, classical machine learning (ML) for fast filtering, and deep learning (DL) for semantic verification have gained traction. This survey thoroughly analyzes contemporary SQL Injection (SQLi) detection methods, specifically focusing on hybrid architectures capable of identifying obfuscated, blind, and time-based variants. This section details the SQLi attack taxonomy and corresponding defensive mechanisms. It further explores the application of advanced feature engineering techniques, such as Chi-Square ranking, to enhance detection. The analysis concludes with a performance evaluation (benchmarking) of both Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models employed in this security domain.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches are crucial in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for various medical applications. Their ability to quickly and accurately learn from complex data is remarkable. Deep learning (DL) models have shown promising results in accurately classifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its related cognitive states, Early Mild Cognitive Impairment (EMCI) and Late Mild Cognitive Impairment (LMCI), along with the healthy conditions known as Cognitively Normal (CN). This offers valuable insights into disease progression and diagnosis. However, certain traditional machine learning (ML) classifiers perform equally well or even better than DL models, requiring less training data. This is particularly valuable in CAD in situations with limited labeled datasets. In this paper, we propose an ensemble classifier based on ML models for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, which achieved an impressive accuracy of 96.52%. This represents a 3-5% improvement over the best individual classifier. We evaluated popular ML classifiers for AD classification under both data-scarce and data-rich conditions using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and Open Access Series of Imaging Studies datasets. By comparing the results to state-of-the-art CNN-centric DL algorithms, we gain insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. This work will help users to select the most suitable algorithm for AD classification based on data availability.

Multiclass skin lesion localization and classification using deep learning based features fusion and selection framework for smart healthcare

Early diagnosis and treatment is very essential in monitoring Brain tumor using MRI images. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Machine Learning (ML) classifiers have been widely used but there is not much work on how feature selection techniques would affect the performance of the CNN. Secondly, there is a need for investigation concerning small dataset adaptability and ML-CNN comparisons. To improve the classification accuracy, we integrate Univariate, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Recursive Feature Elimination with Cross Validation (RFECV) with CNN in this study. Preprocessing, feature extraction & selection was carried out on the dataset consisting of 253 MRI images and they are classified using CNN and ML models (Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Naïve Bayes). With the results 96%, CNN with Univariate Feature Selection performed better than ML classifiers, and other selection techniques. The results demonstrate that feature selection is necessary to get the best performance out of CNN models operating on small datasets. Future studies should be based on different deep learning architectures to improve classification and application in other datasets.