Functionalism in translation studies

When the translator translate idioms from source language into target language sometimes they have difficulties, because they must choose the right translation procedure and ensure that the meaning in source and target text is equivalent. The aim of this article is to find the idiom’s equivalence in the source text (ST) and target text (TT), and to know what translation procedures used in idiom’s translation. The Newmark’s translation procedure was used as theory in this article. The analytical part is based on a Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s novel Rumah Kacaand its translation in German. The author found 115 idioms in this novel, consist of 107 (93%) expression datas and 8 proverb datas (7%), then analyzed them based on Newmark’s translation procedures. It was found that the most translation procedure used by the translator to translate expression is synonymy: 74 datas (64.4%), paraphrase: 18 datas (15.7%), cultural equivalent: 10 datas (8.7%), reduction: 3 datas (2.6%), and modulation: 2 datas (1.7%). While to translate proverbs used three translation procedures, synonymy: 4 datas (3.5%), literal: 2 datas (1.7%), and paraphrase: 2 datas (1.7%).

Some changes always take place in the process of transferring the meaning embedded in the source text into the target text. The present paper aims at investigating the formal dissimilarities between the source and target texts through the examination of all optional shifts made at word, phrase and clause/sentence levels. To this end, Pekkanen’s (2010) model was applied to the English translation of a Persian novel ‘Journey to Heading 270 Degrees’ into English. Optional shifts were identified and analyzed through a comparative linguistic analysis between the source and target texts. 926 instances of optional shifts were identified in translation of the novel into English, amongst which shifts of expansion-addition (203 instances) were the most dominant type. Moreover, it was revealed that optional shifts at a clause/sentence level with a total of 554 instances were more frequent than optional shifts at a phrase level (161instances) and word level (220 instances).

Investigating 'Unfaithful' Translations Via the Appraisal Theory: A Case Study of Public Notices

In translation, an equivalent communicative effect will be more difficult to attain, as the cultural distance between the receivers of the source and target text is greater. This may lead into what is termed as a problem of untranslatability. Cultural distance between the receivers of the source and the target text can cause some problems in translating. Sometimes is necessary to omit some features having a little or no textual relevance in a given source text. It means sacrificing less relevant textual details and maintaining more relevant ones to attain a maximum equivalent communicative effect. The paper discusses some issues related to the problems in translation, especially the phenomena that appear in the German translation from Indonesian and English expressions. Keywords: problem in translation, Indonesian translation, German translation

Introduction. There are many theories of translation study. The Skopos theoryis a newbranch, which can explain and instruct many translation activities. It was established bythe German linguists H.Vermeer and K. Reib, who comprised the idea that translating andinterpreting should primarily take into account the function of the target text. This functionis specified by the addressee. This theory is based on the functional approach, whose aimis to dethrone the source text (ST). This is done by emphasizing the role of the translatoras a creator of the target text (TT) and giving priority to purpose of producing TT.Purpose. The paper aims at analysis of such basic concepts of the Skopos theoryas “functional principle”, “loyalty principle”, “coherence”, “translation types”, “intratextual andnon-textual factors”, “translation brief”, “translation problems”.Methods. The research is grounded on the following methods: the descriptive method,deductive and inductive methods, the method of generalization and grammatical transformations.Results. According to Skopos theory, the prime principle determining any translationprocess is the purpose of the overall translational action. The basic underlying “rules” of thetheory are the following: the brief translation, a term suggested by Skopos theory, a trunslatum(or TT) is determined by its Skopos; a TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL(target language) concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL (source language);а TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way; а TT must be internallycoherent; а TT must be coherent with the ST. There are also some criticisms of Skopos theory by other scholars. These include: not all actions have an intention; not every translation can beinterpreted as purposeful, having such a purpose would limit the possible translation proceduresand thus the interpretations of the TT; what is to be a “general” theory is in fact that only validfor nonliterary textsConclusion. Skopos theory claims to be general or universal model of translation.The main idea of skopos theory could be paraphrased as the translation purpose justifiesthe translation procedures. Like any other theories, Skopos theory is also not perfect, but itsknowledge is a essential component of the translators background knowledge.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2015v35nesp2p289Este texto centra-se nas questões do trabalho do Intérprete de Língua de Sinais na condição de segundo enunciador da produção discursiva. Esses profissionais, no momento da interpretação, buscam recriar [atualizar] os conceitos emanados da língua fonte para a língua alvo, instaurando, assim, uma segunda instância enunciativa. O quadro teórico mobilizado situa-se na perspectiva da Linguística Enunciativa (BENVENISTE, 1989; FLORES, 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2010) e no estudo dos modais em línguas orais e na LIBRAS. Tem-se, por objetivos, buscar as marcas deixadas pelo segundo sujeito enunciador do texto, neste caso, o intérprete, quanto ao uso de modais especificamente e analisar as escolhas desse segundo sujeito enunciador por utilizar um ou outro tipo de modal (no texto alvo), que esteja explícito ou implícito na primeira situação de enunciação (no texto fonte). Para análise, a fala de uma pessoa surda, com tempo total de 40' (quarenta minutos), que estava sendo interpretada para o Português oral, foi transcrita. Após a transcrição, 6 (seis) excertos da fala total, com ocorrências de modais na língua fonte ou alvo, foram analisados. Em função das análises empreendidas, pontua-se: 1. a tendência de que a modalidade deôntica seja quase sempre interpretada como na língua fonte; 2. as escolhas interpretativas são sempre guiadas por pistas enunciativas deixadas na fala do primeiro enunciador, para as quais o intérprete deve revelar domínio de aspectos pertinentes tanto à língua fonte quanto à língua alvo; 3. na ausência de marcas modais explícitas, os intérpretes são sensíveis às noções modais extravasadas por toda a superfície textual; 4. a omissão temporal na interpretação de modais epistêmicos de grande valor de aderência podendo funcionar como uma estratégia interpretativa e não como um falseamento da informação original; 5. a noção de “tempo de checagem”, sendo proposta para recobrir o tempo (não cronológico) no qual o intérprete, após receber a informação da língua fonte, realizasua interpretação.

ABSTRACTResearchers generally agree that retrieval practice of previously learned material facilitates subsequent recall of same material, a phenomenon known as the testing effect. There is debate, however, about when such benefits transfer to related (though not identical) material. The current study examines the phenomenon of transfer in the domain of analogical problem-solving. In Experiments 1 and 2, learners were presented a source text describing a problem and solution to read which was subsequently either restudied or recalled. Following a short (Experiment 1) or long (Experiment 2) delay, learners were given a new target text and asked to solve a problem. The two texts shared a common structure such that the provided solution for the source text could be applied to solve the problem in the target text. In a combined analysis of both experiments, learners in the retrieval practice condition were more successful at solving the problem than those in the restudy condition. Experiment 3 explored the degree to which retrieval practice promotes cued versus spontaneous transfer by manipulating whether participants were provided with an explicit hint that the source and target texts were related. Results revealed no effect of retrieval practice.

Purpose of the study: Not all languages have a universal concept of the same object, and this creates problems in translation. This paper aims to examine the semiotic model for equivalence or non-equivalence in translation which attempts to define the semiotic model, to use the model for translation, and to offer the benefits of this model to solving translation’s problem in equivalence and non-equivalence. Methodology: The data of this research are derived from the novel Lelaki Harimau, as the source language and L'homme Tigre, as the target language. This model is used in the Indonesian novel which has been translated into 14 languages, one of which is in French. The authors use a semiotic approach to analyze the equivalence and non-equivalence in the translation. Main Findings: This study reveals that the concept of signified in the semiotic theory proposes two models: the first: translation using the same concept in the source text (ST) and target text (TT), which is broadly known as equivalence, the second: translation using different concept between ST and TT, this called non-equivalence. This article not only explores the issue of meaning contextually in translation, but also the use of the semiotic model in translation which shows that the language perspective depends on the relationship between the sign and the object. Applications of this study: The model for this study can be used not only in translation studies at universities but also in providing supporting data for applied linguistic studies. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study provides a novelty in translation research with a semiotic approach. The contribution of this study is that the semiotics perspective suggests that a sign in the concept level (signified) will not be universal due to different cultural backgrounds.

This paper investigates the issue of translating genderisms from Uzbek into English. It investigates and compares the approaches taken by both native and foreign translators to address this issue through a case study based on Uzbek author Abdulhamid Sulaymon o’g’li Cho’lpon’s unfinished dilogy, Night and Day. Originally written between 1933 and 1934 and translated into English by native translators Muminov and Khamidov in 2014 and foreign translator Fort in 2019, Cho’lpon’s work was specifically chosen, because it depicts women's repression in the male hegemonic cultures of Central Asian countries during the nineteenth century, particularly in the Uzbek context during the colonial period. Based on both the content analysis (CA) and critical discourse analysis (CDA), the researchers extracted the genderisms in the source text (ST) and compared them to their representation in the target text (TT). The CDA results revealed that genderisms in the ST manifest themselves in women's reliance on men, the limitations on their independence, their low status and powerlessness, and their abusive treatment and threats by men. Analysis of the translations showed that native translators mostly omitted genderisms in translation, attempting to protect their culture by avoiding the introduction of negative views of their nation. On the other hand, the foreign translator kept the genderisms in the TT, trying to realize the author's original goal of using genderism to encourage independence and self-confidence in women. The results of this study serve to reduce the problems of expressing gender representation in translations from many Turkic languages into English.

This article tests the workability of the principle of relevance at the heart of relevance theory by evaluating a corpus of eighteen English and French translations of verse 33 of the Mu‘allaqa of Imru’ al-Qays. This verse embodies a conventional metaphor reflecting a stereotyped image in Arabic poetry, which communicates its ground to the source language (SL) reader by means of inference. The verse challenges the translator to render the metaphor into an equivalent trope and to reflect the ground of the comparison, either by inference or by reference. By comparing the translations in the corpus to the source text (ST) and to each other, this study draws conclusions as to the translatability of a conventional metaphor. Chronology and mode of discourse are taken into account in the evaluation process so as to categorize the translations and the shifts exercised in them. This evaluative yardstick is used to measure resemblance and relevance by taking into account both the ST and the target text (TT) contexts

The problem of translation and loss is a cardinal concern in translation studies. Conventional wisdom tells us that translation must necessarily entail loss. However, some translation studies scholars have argued that translation can yield significant originality in the target text. Christiane Nord, for one, argues that literary translators can claim authorial presence by actually causing the source text to “grow” in a way that is quantitative and qualitative. Although Nord’s idea applies mainly to literary translation, it raises questions about how this could apply to translations of other types of creative source texts, such as audio/visual translation. The format of interlingual subtitling between two disparate languages, such as English and Japanese, burdens translation with severe constraints and considerable loss text is taken for granted. But what is lost? Meaning? Nuance? This paper argues that these need not be lost in subtitling. In fact, by applying Nord’s model of source text growth to subtitling, we can see how subtitling produces new value to the source text. Through a close analysis of the Japanese subtitles of the 2007 film, There Will Be Blood, this paper will demonstrate that despite the severe constraints placed on the translation found in film subtitling, subtitles can promote “qualitative growth” by transferring the poetic function of the source text into new configurations in the target text, prompting target text viewers to interpret content in new ways.

Equivalence is a central concept in translation theory, but it is also a controversial one. Approaches to the question of equivalence can dier radically: some theorists dene translation in terms of equivalence relations (Catford 1965; Nida and Taber 1969; Toury 1980a; Pym 1992a, 1995a, 2004; Koller 1995) while others reject the theoretical notion of equivalence, claiming it is either irrelevant (Snell-Hornby 1988) or damaging (Gentzler 1993/2001) to translation studies. Yet other theorists steer a middle course: Baker uses the notion of equivalence ‘for the sake of convenience – because most translators are used to it rather than because it has any theoretical status’ (1992: 5-6). us equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition for translation, an obstacle to progress in translation studies, or a useful category for describing translations. Given that the concept has been particularly associated with linguistic theories of translation – which were heavily critiqued in the 1980s and 1990s (see Pym 1995a; Kenny 2001) – and, sometimes unfairly, with the idea that translations could somehow convey the ‘same’, necessarily stable and language-independent meaning as their source texts (as argued, for example, by Rabin 1958), it is not surprising that equivalence has been in and out of fashion in translation studies (Pym 1992a). Yet linguistic approaches to translation have proved tenacious (Malmkjaer 2005), and it is di cult to nd any contemporary theorists who subscribe to the ‘same meaning’ approach to translation (Baker 2004). Under the in uence of post-structuralism and the analytical philosophy of Quine (1960) and Davidson (1973/1984) in particular, meaning is now more likely to be construed as eeting and inherently unstable, highly subjective andcontext-bound, and thus not amenable to replication, whether in the same or another language (Malmkjaer 2005:15). us, when contemporary theorists posit relationships of equivalence between texts, they do so without appeal to language-neutral, objective meanings, and they acknowledge the role of translating subjects, translators, in creating and maintaining these relationships (Pym 1992a, 2004; Teubert 2002; Eco 2003). As already indicated, proponents of equivalence-based theories of translation now dene equivalence as a relationship between two texts: a source text (ST) and a target text (TT). Equivalence relationships are also said to hold between parts of STs and TTs. In many cases, it is this relationship that allows the TT to be considered a translation of the ST in the rst place. is denition of equivalence is not unproblematic, however. Pym (1992a: 37), for one, has pointed to its circularity: equivalence is supposed to dene translation, and translation, in turn, denes equivalence. Unfortunately, few attempts have been made to dene equivalence in translation in a way that avoids this circularity. Earlier theorists interested in equivalence concentrated, for the most part, on developing typologies of equivalence, focusing on the rank (word, sentence or text level) at which equivalence is said to obtain (see, for example, Baker 1992) or on the type of meaning (denotative, connotative, pragmatic, etc.) that is prioritized in particular instances of translation. Investigations of the essential nature of equivalence remain the exception.

This research paper attempts to demonstrate the mediating role the translator is entrusted with and the efforts undertaken by him/her to transcend cultural barriers. Two plays written by the renowned Egyptian dramatist Noamaan Ashour feature high on this research because they are heavily laden with culture-bound expressions that mirror the Egyptian cultural milieu. The present research explores the strategies devised by the translator to come to terms with the problem of culture-specific items. These items pose a challenge to the translator since they are so deeply embedded in the source culture that the translator may find it difficult to render them into the Target Language (TL). Each translation strategy has its merits and demerits: cultural substitution is a reasonable strategy, but it entails that the translator should carefully consider equivalents and the hierarchy of correspondences so as to adapt the values of the Source Language (SL) cultural system to the values of the TL cultural system. Translation by paraphrase is another tenable strategy, but it is sometimes cumbersome for the translator to break up a lexical item into several words and cover all its shades of meaning. The option of paraphrase may reduce the degree of transparency in Target Text (TT) since the addition of a paraphrase alerts the TL readers that the lexical item in question does not exist in their cultural matrix. Further, the strategy of cultural borrowing entails carrying across the meaning of cultural specifics verbatim into the TT. It thus involves the insertion of footnotes having explanatory material, and transliteration. This strategy may break the flow of thoughts of the TL readers since they will have to consult the footnotes while reading. Besides, the translator may run the risk of producing an inadequate definition of the culture-specific item in the footnote. Translation by omission is given due attention in this research as a strategy conducive to creating a smooth and readable Target Text. Translators should pay heed to the fact that this strategy is not a pretext to evade complex and awkward words and expressions; rather this strategy is justifiably adopted to prevent any degree of miscomprehension on the part of the TL readers. The principle of compensation is demonstrated in this study. Translators are recommended to heed this principle since it seeks to create an understandable imitation of the Source Text (ST).

Technical and scientific texts as a form of written communication of scientific discourse have specific characteristic elements that are the subject of this analysis. Their peculiarity lies in their operation and use. The arsenal of these elements determines the choice of translation methods and techniques when processing and reproducing scientific and technical texts in the language of translation. It directly influences the choice of translation strategy and the drafting of the translation text, taking into account the differences between the two translation languages. The difference between the language of the French source text and the language of the translated text motivates the constant and growing need to promote research in the field of translation of technical and scientific texts into Ukrainian. The translation of technical and scientific texts is a complex creative process that aims to convey technical information from the original source into a language known to the user of the information. Therefore, the formation of skills of preliminary analysis of the source text of scientific discourse and its constituent elements contributes to the creation of adequate specialized texts written in Ukrainian. Based on our previous research on the classification system of basic translation transformations, we established a link between the characteristics of the French terminological system and the choice of Ukrainian translation techniques. Methods for translating technical and scientific texts are linked to the principle of functional equivalence, which in turn affects the quality of creation and editing of the translation text. The main indicator of the quality of scientific and technical translation is the adequacy of the original. An adequate translation is one that objectively, fully and accurately translates the meaning of the original text. The questions of definition and delimitation of the scientific and technical text, preliminary analysis of the source text and the system of its basic elements, as well as the question of analysis of the peculiarities of the use of translation transformations in translation Ukrainian language and general revision methods are the focus of our research. The analysis of these issues and the obtained results will be the subject of our further study and will help in the formation of the professional competence of the future translator for students of the first bachelor level of Ukrainian higher education.

Coreference is one essential strategy of coherence and cohesion as it establishes connectivity in texts. This connection is evoked by linguistic devices on the text surface but has to be interpreted mentally as a relation between extralinguistic referents. Since translators are concerned with the reception of connectivity in source texts and the production of the same kind of connectivity in target texts coreference is an important process taking place in translation. The present paper deals with the elaboration of a method for investigating nominal coreference in originals and translations. In order to build parameters for the empirical analysis of coreference in English and German corpora we provide an overview over various mechanisms affecting the creation of coreference relations in source and target texts. We take account of linguistic as well as extralinguistic aspects as interdependent and interacting factors potentially causing shifts in coreference. The model we establish on the basis of these considerations allows us to investigate nominal coreferring expressions as well as analyse the relation of reference identity created between these expressions. Hence, our model facilitates exhaustive research on a very fine-grained scale. It allows us to capture differences on the lexicogrammatical as well as on a semantic and conceptual level and, thus, paves the way for interpretation on a more conceptual level.