Fungicides alternatives for pre-flowering linseed

Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) remote sensing and vegetation index have great potential in the field of Chinese herbal medicine planting. In this study, the visible light image of Polygonatum odoratum planting area in Changyi district of Jilin province were acquired by UAV, and the real-time monitoring of P. odoratum planting area was realized. The green leaf index(GLI) was established, and GLI values of P. odoratum were collected used the spatial sampling points. To compare the GLI values in different periods, it was found that the GLI values of P. odoratum have three stages changing rule of rising-gentle-falling related to the germination, vigorous growth and withered of P. odoratum growth. Meanwhile, the GLI values were compared with four biomass data of P. odoratum, including plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content in leaves, and it was found that the GLI value was related to the growth potential of P. odoratum. The GLI value with a rapid increase in rising stage or at a high level in the gentle stage means the P. odoratum was in a better growth potential. GLI value has a same change trend with plant height, and has certain correlation with plant height and leaf area. However, there is no obvious relationship between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents in leaves and GLI value. The study clarified the change rule of GLI value of P. odoratum, explained the reason for the change of GLI value, and expanded the application range of GLI. The research shows that UAV and vegetation index can be applied to monitoring the Chinese herbal medicines planting, and provides a new idea for exploring more effective information extraction methods of Chinese herbal medicines.

Recently Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology offers new opportunities for assessing crop growth condition using UAV imagery. The objective of this study was to select optimal vegetation indices and regression model for estimating of rice growth using UAV images. This study was conducted using a fixed- wing UAV (Model : Ebee) with Cannon S110 and Cannon IXUS camera during farming season in 2016 on the experiment field of National Institute of Crop Science. Before heading stage of rice, there were strong relationships between rice growth parameters (plant height, dry weight and LAI (Leaf Area Index)) and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) using natural exponential function (R≥0.97). After heading stage, there were strong relationships between rice dry weight and NDVI, gNDVI (green NDVI), RVI (Ratio Vegetation Index), CI-G (Chlorophyll Index-Green) using quadratic function (R≤-0.98). There were no apparent relationships between rice growth parameters and vegetation indices using only Red-Green-Blue band images. RVI (Ratio vegetation index), NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index), CVI (Chlorophyll vegetation index), gNDVI (Greent normalized difference vegetation index, CI-G (Chlorophyll Index- Geen), NGRDI (Normalized green red difference index), GLI (Green leaf index), VARI (Visible atmospherically resistant index). Relationship between vegetation indices and rice growth parameter (LAI).

Assessing winter wheat foliage disease severity using aerial imagery acquired from small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

The current assays to confirm herbicide resistance can be time- and labor-intensive (dose–response) or require a skill set/technical equipment (genetic sequencing). Stakeholders could benefit from a rapid assay to confirm herbicide-resistant weeds to ensure sustainable crop production. Because protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides rapidly interfere with chlorophyll production/integrity; we propose a new, rapid assay utilizing spectral reflectance to confirm resistance. Leaf disks were excised from two PPO-inhibiting herbicide-resistant (target-site [TSR] and non–target site [NTSR]) and herbicide-susceptible redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) populations and placed into a 24-well plate containing different concentrations (0 to 10 mM) of fomesafen for 48 h. A multispectral sensor captured images from the red (668 nm), green (560 nm), blue (475 nm), and red edge (717 nm) wavebands after a 48-h incubation period. The green leaf index (GLI) was utilized to determine spectral reflectance ratios of the treated leaf disks. Clear differences of spectral reflectance were observed in the red edge waveband for all populations treated with the 10 mM concentration in the dose–response assays. Differences of spectral reflectance were observed for the NTSR population compared with the TSR and susceptible populations treated with the 10 mM concentration in the green waveband and the GLI in the dose–response assay. Leaf disks from the aforementioned A. retroflexus populations and two additional susceptible populations were subjected to a similar assay with the discriminating concentration (10 mM). Spectral reflectance was different between the PPO-inhibiting herbicide-resistant and herbicide-susceptible populations in the red, blue, and green wavebands. Spectral reflectance was not distinctive between the populations in the red edge waveband and the GLI. The results provide a basis for rapidly (∼48 h) detecting PPO-inhibiting herbicide-resistant A. retroflexus via spectral reflectance. Discrimination between TSR and NTSR populations was possible only in the dose–response assay, but the assay still has utility in distinguishing herbicide-resistant plants from herbicide-susceptible plants.

This study evaluates the urban green spaces at Harran University's Osmanbey Campus using UAV technology and the Green Leaf Index (GLI). By employing Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, a highly detailed orthophoto of the campus was generated, while the GLI helped to identify and measure the green areas accurately. The analysis revealed that the Total Green Space Area on the campus is 8.8 hectares, within a Total Urban Area of 46.4 hectares. This results in a Green Space Ratio (GSR) of 18.97%. This percentage indicates that nearly 19% of the campus' urban area is covered by green spaces, which represents a moderate yet meaningful level of vegetation that enhances the environmental quality and overall well-being of the campus community. The findings underscore the value of incorporating UAV-based metrics into urban green space assessments and suggest that increasing the GSR to around or above 20% could provide even greater ecological and social benefits.

Maize is a vital source of carbohydrates and livestock feed in Indonesia, where domestic demand is rising despite inconsistent productivity. Innovative cultivation methods, such as paclobutrazol (PBZ) application, are being explored to boost maize productivity. PBZ affects maize's growth, with its effectiveness depending on the timing of application. This study was to figure out the optimal timing of PBZ application to improve the synchronization of cob and female flower emergence, thereby maximizing plant growth and yield. The experiment utilized a randomized complete block design (RCBD) comprising five treatments: a control and four intervals for the second PBZ application (3, 6, 9, and 12 days after the first application), each replicated three times. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significant threshold, succeeded by Tukey’s test. Results showed that the timing of the second PBZ application significantly influenced maize growth and yield. A three-day interval after the first PBZ application produced the highest values in key morphological variables, such as green leaf index and total dry weight. This timing also optimized plant growth metrics, leading to higher maize yield. In conclusion, a three-day interval is recommended for maximizing maize productivity.

Purpose: The aim of the article is to analyze the results of research on the interdependencies between cooperation, trust, as well as norms and values, as key elements of social capital in high-tech enterprises in Wielkopolska Region. Design/methodology/approach: The analyzes carried out covered 51 enterprises belonging to advanced technology industries, including 41 small and 10 medium-sized ones. The research was conducted using the interview method, using a questionnaire and supported by the CATI technique. The obtained data were subject to further analysis and statistical inference. They consisted in determining the mutual dependencies for the three resources of social capital, i.e. trust, norms and values as well as cooperation (jointly creating the social capital of these enterprises) and their components. The relationships were determined based on the calculated Pearson's linear correlation coefficients. Findings: Based on the conducted analyzes, it is legitimate to conclude that the designated level of cooperation, norms, values and trust are closely related. For all combinations of the indicated resources, the determined Pearson's linear correlation coefficients are statistically significant with a probability of 0.05. Also, many combinations of the components of these resources are correlated with each other. Practical implications: The application dimension of the article is perceived in at least two possibilities. Firstly, for business representatives, it can be a valuable source of information on the key factors in the appreciation of social capital in a company. Secondly, on the basis of the calculated correlations, the article gives the opportunity to review the most important relationships between these components, which may also be useful from the point of view of the appreciation of social capital in the enterprise. It is also worth emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature by combining the scientific and application aspect, which can be used at the level of company management. Originality/value: This work deals with an original approach to social capital, both due to the conceptualization of the concept of social capital and its components, as well as the interrelationships between its components. It is also worth emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of the work, combining the scientific and application aspects that can be used at the level of company management. Moreover, the methodology described in the research process may be used in enterprises operating in industries other than high-tech.

This study examined secondary school learners' academic achievement in physics in the Wakiso district of Uganda. A cross-sectional correlational design was used with 217 participants. This comprised 121 male and 96 female learners from two government-aided secondary schools in Kira Municipality, Wakiso district. Data were collected using a Self-Administered Questionnaire (SAQ) and analysed using descriptive statistics such as percentages and mean scores. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson's linear correlation coefficient were applied for inferential statistics. The results show a positive relationship between learners' aptitude, learning environment, and academic achievement, while a negative relationship was between teachers' instruction and academic achievement in physics. These results have far-reaching implications for improving academic achievements in physics. The study recommended investing in a more friendly learning environment by upskilling in-service teachers through professional development programs to enhance their pedagogy and conduct parent meetings to sensitise them to create a conducive home learning environment.

This study aimed to evaluate the growth and corn yield as a function of row spacing and tillage system. The experiment was performed in an Alfisol typical eutrophic, moderate, heavy clay, in the municipality of IEPE (SP) in November 2010. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications in a split lot, with plots consisting of three tillage systems (tillage, subsoiling and disc harrow) and the subplots comprised two row spacing’s (0.40 m and 0.80 m). The cultivar tested was the CD 384 HX. We evaluated the mass of 100 seeds, stem diameter, plant height and productivity of corn. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mean values were compared by Tukey test at 5% level of probability. The decreasing in row spacing from 0.80 m to 0.40 m, keeping the spacing between plants in the row, increased the grain yield in systems with more traditional soil structure, increasing the density of plants per area. On the other hand, plant height was maintained and stem diameter was reduced in preparation system with disk harrow.

Pumpkin is one of the ten most produced vegetables in Brazil, with few studies related to the use of different fertilizers in its cultivation. Due to predominance of families formation with small numbers of children and the increasing demand for foods that are easier to prepare, and then reduced size, products with different characteristics have been developed, such as the mini pumpkin. The objective of this work was to evaluate development and productivity of mini pumpkins cultivated as a result of the application of different fertilizers. The experiment was developed in the experimental area of the Fronteira Sul Federal University, ChapecA³-SC. Treatments used were Chicken manure (8,000 kg ha-1), Mushroom humus (12,000 kg ha-1), Mineral fertilizer (Urea: 90 kg ha-1, Triple superphosphate: 430 kg ha-1; Potassium: 125 kg ha-¹), and control (without fertilization). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with six replicates. Each plot was composed of 4 mini pumpkin plants, spaced 1.0 x 1.0 m, which represented the useful plot. The variables evaluated were: main branch length; number of branches per plant, number of leaves per stem; leaf area; number and weight of fruits per harvest, with multiple harvests. Data were submitted to normality analysis and Cochran's test (homogeneity of variances) and Tukey Test (5%). When there was no homogeneity of variances and normal distribution, data transformations were carried out and again the tests of normality and homogeneity. Data that did not present normal distribution and homogeneity of variances, even after transformation, were analyzed by the Kruskal Wallis test (non-parametric analysis) using the statistical software ASSISTAT®. The results showed that there were no significant differences between treatments for the variables length of branch, leaf area, number of branches, leaves and fruits, for diameter and height of the fruits of the mini pumpkin plants. There is no influence on mini pumpkin plants growth using chicken manure, mushroom humus or mineral fertilization (NPK) as fertilizers. Production of mini pumpkin fruits is greater with use of organic fertilization as chicken manure. Organic fertilization with chicken manure, stands out in terms of productivity and is indicated for the mini pumpkin cultivar as precursor of satisfactory results

Kalabati(Oriza Sativia L.) is a black or forbidden rice variety with rich medicinal and nutrient values. Traditionally, several studies acknowledged the unlimited potential of black rice and intensive research conducted in the laboratory environment to determine its benefits. The presence of anthocyanin(anth) content in Kalbati rice plants turns leaves into black or purple. Several studies identified rice canopy using remote sensing technologies, but none attempted to distinguish black rice areas. Understanding the existence and yield of black rice helps governments or policyholders to take appropriate decisions to promote its benefits in society for broader consumption. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using satellite imagery to identify the anth content of Kalabati plant leaves using leaf optical properties. Sentinel2 based indices help to identify Anth content in the leaves using its multi-spectral(MSI) instrument. A combination of Modified Anthocyanin Index(mARI), Chlorophyll Vegetation Index(CVI) and Green Leaf Index(GLI) is used to determine the complex rice canopy of the black rice that exists at a negligible percentage among other crops. The correlation of mARI with CVI has an RMSE value of 0.11314, and the same RMSE value of mARI with GLI is at 0.66441. Finally, the study concluded anth content in Kalabati rice could be interpreted using multi-spectral data from Sentinel-2.c

The accurate estimation of the key growth indicators of rice is conducive to rice production, and the rapid monitoring of these indicators can be achieved through remote sensing using the commercial RGB cameras of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). However, the method of using UAV RGB images lacks an optimized model to achieve accurate qualifications of rice growth indicators. In this study, we established a correlation between the multi-stage vegetation indices (VIs) extracted from UAV imagery and the leaf dry biomass, leaf area index, and leaf total nitrogen for each growth stage of rice. Then, we used the optimal VI (OVI) method and object-oriented segmentation (OS) method to remove the noncanopy area of the image to improve the estimation accuracy. We selected the OVI and the models with the best correlation for each growth stage to establish a simple estimation model database. The results showed that the OVI and OS methods to remove the noncanopy area can improve the correlation between the key growth indicators and VI of rice. At the tillering stage and early jointing stage, the correlations between leaf dry biomass (LDB) and the Green Leaf Index (GLI) and Red Green Ratio Index (RGRI) were 0.829 and 0.881, respectively; at the early jointing stage and late jointing stage, the coefficient of determination (R2) between the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Modified Green Red Vegetation Index (MGRVI) was 0.803 and 0.875, respectively; at the early stage and the filling stage, the correlations between the leaf total nitrogen (LTN) and UAV vegetation index and the Excess Red Vegetation Index (ExR) were 0.861 and 0.931, respectively. By using the simple estimation model database established using the UAV-based VI and the measured indicators at different growth stages, the rice growth indicators can be estimated for each stage. The proposed estimation model database for monitoring rice at the different growth stages is helpful for improving the estimation accuracy of the key rice growth indicators and accurately managing rice production.

Urban gardens play a vital role in enhancing the quality of the environment and biodiversity. However, irregular rainfall and poor soil drainage due to climate change have increased the exposure of garden plants to waterlogging stress. Pseudolysimachion linariifolium (Pall. ex Link) Holub, a perennial herbaceous plant native to Northeast Asia, is widely used for its ornamental value in urban landscaping. However, its physiological responses to excess moisture conditions remain understudied. In our study, we evaluated the stress responses of P. linariifolium to waterlogging by using non-destructive analysis with drone-based multispectral imagery. We used R (ver. 4.3.2) and the Quantum Geographical Information System (QGIS ver. 3.42.1) to calculate vegetation indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI), Green Leaf Index (GLI), Normalized Green Red Difference Index (NGRDI), Blue Green Pigment Index (BGI), and Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI). We analyzed the indices combined with the Cumulative volumetric Soil Moisture content (SM_Cum) measured by sensors. With waterlogging treatment, NDVI decreased by 21% and GNDVI by over 34% to indicate reduced photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical clustering clearly distinguished stress responses over time. Regression models using NDVI and GNDVI explained 89.7% of the variance in SM_Cum. Our results demonstrate that drone-based vegetation index analysis can effectively quantify waterlogging stress in garden plants and can contribute to improved moisture management and growth monitoring in urban gardens.

Poulista and Xera are the most important snap bean cultivars growingunder El- Fayoum conditions, for both local market and export. Antioxidantsubstances are organic compounds, i.e., organic acid or hormones. Recentstudies concentrated on the beneficial effects of these antioxidant substances toimprove plants performance. Therefore, an experiment was carried out duringthe fall seasons of 2016 and 2017 in a private farm at El-Fayoum Governorate,Egypt to study the effect of 7 antioxidant substances, i.e., indole -3- acetic acid,indole -3- butyric acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid andoxalic acid as a foliar application, each at the rate of 500 ppm, on growthcharacters, green pods yield and pod qualities of Poulista and Xera plants.Seeds of both cultivars were sown in September; experimental design was spiltplot. Antioxidant applications were done after 20, 30 and 40 days from plantingand plant samples were taken after 50 and 70 days for growth characters and forgreen pods yield and quality parameters, respectively. Results showed that Xeravariety was the higher in pod length, pods weight/ plant

This study aims to determine the best dose of mycorrhizal biological fertilizer for palm oil seedling growth of DxP Simalungun and DxP Sriwijaya 2 varieties in the pre-nursery stage. This research was carried out by the shade house of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir, from October 2020 to January 2021. The study used the Completely Randomized Design method consisting of eight treatments and four replications, in which there were three plants in each experimental unit. The treatment provided consists of A (Simalungun without mycorrhizal), B (Simalungun given 5 g of mycorrhizal), C (Simalungun given 10 g of mycorrhizal), D (Simalungun given 15 g of mycorrhizal), E (Sriwijaya 2 without mycorrhizal), F (Sriwijaya 2 given 5 g of mycorrhizal), G (Sriwijaya 2 given 10 g of mycorrhizal), and H (Sriwijaya 2 was given 15 g of mycorrhizal). The results showed that the treatment of mycorrhizal biofertilizer with a dose of 5 g is the best treatment to the height of seedlings, the number of leaves, the leaf greenness index, the total leaf area, the diameter of the seedlings, the number of roots, the length of roots, and the dry weight of seedlings. The Sriwijaya 2 variety is more responsive to the provision of mycorrhizal biofertilizers.