Further Sources of Information

Following various national HIV and AIDS awareness campaign activities under the auspices of the Ministries of Health and Education, Zimbabwe, an AIDS KABP survey was undertaken. The study sample comprised 478 high school students randomly selected and stratified to represent sex and Forms 1 through to 6. The study instrument was a 31-item questionnaire designed to assess the students' knowledge, attitudes, practices and sources of information in relation to HIV syndrome. This report reviews only that part of the study dealing with sources of information. Newspapers, television, radio and magazine were the most frequently cited sources of first information. Classmates were cited by 20% to over 30% of respondents as first sources of information. Authority figures like health workers, parents, teachers, the Church did not emerge as significant sources of first information. Doctors were identified as the most preferred source of information in future. Sources of first information were related to age, form level, sex and location of school attended. There were notable differences between boarding school respondents and day scholars. No regional differences were noted.

Students from several rural, Southwestern schools rated family, television, teachers and doctors as the most important of 11 sources of information about various health topics. However, doctors were only the fifth-ranked source of information about sex and reproduction and the seventh-ranked source of information about drugs, with friends being the fourth- and third-ranked sources of information about these two more personal and sensitive topics. American Indians reported even stronger reliance on doctors than did Hispanic and Anglo students, and rated clinic nurses as much more important sources of health information than did the other two ethnic groups. Females showed greater reliance on social sources and less on electronic media than did male students, and high school students relied more on print media and less on television, nurses and family than did younger children. Students felt more knowledgeable about smoking, alcohol and exercise than about diet, the heart-blood system and cancer; however, American Indians felt less informed about smoking and alcohol than did Anglos or Hispanics. These findings (especially when compared to previous results) suggest that effective health education programs must be tailored to particular populations and based on specific knowledge of their attitudes, behavior and environment.

A qualitative study was designed to investigate the use of women's groups as sources of family information for women residing in three rural villages in Botswana. The objectives of the study were to investigate situations that lead to information seeking, awareness of women's groups, the use of women's groups as sources of family information and the sources of information on women's groups. The study also captured the reasons for use and non-use of such organizations. A snow ball effect sampling procedure was used in selecting the participants of the study. The instruments of the study were focus groups and interview schedule. Descriptive statistics was used generated using SPSS for close ended questions. Responses from open-ended questions were analysed by grouping the data into themes. The results show that the respondents were aware of the existence of the various women groups both locally and nationally. However, they were not aware of the types of information and help that one could get from such organizations. Women were more familiar with the activities of the community-based women's groups as compared to the national women groups.

To assess the prevalence, authorship, and reliability of educational fertility-related information shared on Brazilian Instagram, measured by the DISCERN instrument. This cross-sectional study analyzed public fertility-related educational Instagram posts published in March 2021 related to the following hashtags: #infertility, #ivf, #endometriosis, #tryingtoconceive, #maternity, #humanreproduction, #pregnancy, #invitrofertilization, #assistedreproduction, #pregnant, #difficulttogetpregnant. Educational posts were evaluated using the DISCERN tool. Authorship was categorized as either healthcare professional (HCP) or layperson (LP). The majority of the 37 analyzed posts were authored by HCP (n = 33; 89.2%), with 24 of these being physicians, five fertility clinics, four allied HCP, one magazine, and three LP. Most posts (n = 15) focused on fertility treatments; other topics included information about diseases, exams, and diagnosis. The mean Discern analysis scores for each question were: (1) Are the aims clear? 4.86; (2) Does it achieve its aims? 4.75; (3) Is it relevant? 4.47; (4) Is it clear what sources of information were used to compile the publication (other than the author or producer)? 1.58; (5) Is it clear when the information used or reported in the publication was produced? 1.59; (6) Is it balanced and unbiased? 1.59; (7) Does it provide details of additional sources of support and information? 1.04; (8) Does it refer to areas of uncertainty? 1.39. Although physicians authored most posts that clearly stated the aim and relevance, important issues such as the source of information used and details about additional sources of support and information were not available. The posts analyzed here failed to be balanced and unbiased and did not inform about potential areas of uncertainty.

Hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) is unlike any other immunization series because it can be initiated in the hospital nursery. The objective of this study was to describe how hospital nurseries develop HBV policies and to describe the sources of information used for learning about national HBV recommendations. A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted on a national random sample of nursery medical directors of 290 hospital nurseries representing all 50 states. The outcomes measured were methods used by hospital nurseries to develop HBV policy and sources of information used by nursery directors to learn about national HBV recommendations. Directors at 207 (71%) of 290 eligible nurseries responded. Of the 184 nurseries that have considered developing an HBV policy, the most common method was through a formal committee (43%). In 104 (57%) of these nurseries a nurse was involved in policy development, and in 15 (8%) the nurse manager initiated the process. The most common source of initial information about the July 1999 announcement to suspend the nursery dose of HBV was the American Academy of Pediatrics. The most common initial source of information about the availability of thimerosal-free HBV was pharmaceutical companies. Physician, nurse, and pharmacist colleagues were cited as sources of information with similar frequency (12, 11, and 20 cases, respectively). Physicians are not the sole initiators and developers of HBV policy in the newborn nursery. Although almost all nurseries designate a physician as a nursery director, in many cases (55% of cases) the position is "rotating" or as part of another administrative position (63% of cases). Many hospital nurseries involve nurses and pharmacists in key roles to stay current with HBV recommendations and to develop subsequent policy. Using nonphysician national organizations as additional channels of information might expedite dissemination about changes in HBV recommendations and, as a result, improve nursery awareness and adoption of national HBV guidelines.

North Americans have a great interest in health and nutrition. However, because sources of nutrition information are vast, the quality of the information varies. We explored the potential benefit of segmenting the Canadian population by geographical location and age in determining the principal sources of nutrition information and level of confidence in these sources. A survey was posted on the Dietitians of Canada website: subjects indicated how frequently they used different healthy eating sources and their level of confidence in the various sources. A total of 870 questionnaires were retained. Magazines, books, the Internet, food labels, and brochures were the most frequently used sources of information. Analyses indicated differences between geographic areas in the use of the media (radio, newspaper, television), dietitians, and naturopaths as sources of nutrition information (p<0.05), and between seven age groups (<18 to 65+ years) in the use of the media (p<0.05). Respondents reported being very confident about nutrition information received from dietitians, physicians, books, the government, and nurses, with some differences occurring between geographic areas (p<0.05).

Introduction Awareness of health information needs, sources of health information, and barriers to accessing health information among pregnant women is critical for the development of health interventions and provides high-quality prenatal care for them. Hence, the aim of this review study was to summarize evidence from studies evaluating health information needs, sources of information and barriers to accessing health information of women during pregnancy. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for relevant studies published between 1 January 2000 and 24 May 2018. The methodological quality of cross-sectional studies was assessed using the STROBE checklist. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP, 2018) was used to appraise the qualitative studies. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results Thirty-one studies from 14 countries met criteria for inclusion in this review. The majority of articles focused on information needs and sources of information used by women during pregnancy. The most common information needs among women during pregnancy were information about unborn child, nutrition, and labor/delivery. The most frequent information source used by women during pregnancy was health professionals followed by informal source (family and friends), and Internet. The most prominent barriers to information access included the following: feeling ashamed or embarrassed to talk about pregnancy-related issues, long waiting times at clinic to see a health provider, and lack of adequate information resources. Conclusions Due to the limited number of studies examining barriers to health information seeking among pregnant women, further research is warranted. Further qualitative research is also recommended to explore pregnant women’s perceptions of, and satisfaction with the use of health information sources.

Basic concussion symptom knowledge is fundamental to concussion identification; however, racial disparities in concussion knowledge exist in high school and youth sports. It is unknown whether similar differences exist in collegiate-athletes. Identifying racial disparities in concussion knowledge and sources of concussion information is essential to inform equitable approaches to knowledge translation and educational interventions. This study examined how Black and White collegiate-athletes differed in their knowledge of concussion symptoms and use of concussion information sources. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions. Collegiate-athletes. Cross-sectional. Collegiate-athletes completed a questionnaire that assessed personal and sports demographics, concussion symptom knowledge, and use of concussion information sources. Fisher's exact tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests examined differences in outcome measures between Black and White collegiate-athletes. A multivariable Poisson regression model examined the association between race and concussion symptom knowledge scores while accounting for sex, sports contact level, NCAA division, concussion history, and specific concussion information sources. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% CIs excluding 1.00 were deemed significant. A total of 768 (82.6% White, 17.4% Black) collegiate-athletes completed the questionnaire. Black athletes were more likely to have lower concussion symptom knowledge scores than White athletes (P < .001). In the multivariable Poisson regression model controlling for covariates, this finding was retained (IRR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-0.997). White athletes were more likely to report school-based professional (P < .001), online medical sources (P = .02), and the NCAA (P = .008) as sources of concussion information. Black athletes were more likely to report referees (P = .03) as a source of concussion knowledge. Despite NCAA concussion education requirements for athletes, Black collegiate-athletes were found to have lower concussion knowledge than White collegiate-athletes. The findings highlight the need for equitable strategies to disseminate concussion information to diverse populations by improving the physician-patient relationship and investing in culturally appropriate educational materials.

The authors consider the sources of evidentiary information that allow us to form a full-fledged idea of the mechanism of committing traffic crimes in the process of transporting passengers by buses. The article focuses on the need for the subjects of the investigation to operate on the legal and technical aspects of the organization of passenger transportation, the regulations of which are subject to strict compliance and reflected in the relevant accompanying documentation of transport companies. Special attention is paid to the evidentiary value of information obtained from the results of studying the testimony of participants in criminal proceedings, as well as physical evidence (objects and documents). The possibility of creating, on the basis of a set of information obtained from various sources of information, a model of committing a traffic crime, including both elements of the organization of transportation of a particular company, and the direct mechanism of illegal act.

BackgroundSeasonal influenza vaccine can reduce the risk of influenza-associated hospitalizations and deaths among children. Given that parents are the primary decision makers, this study examined the parental attitude toward childhood influenza vaccine and identified determinants of vaccine hesitancy (VH) in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using an anonymous online survey in 14 EMR countries. Parents of children aged 6 months to 18 years were included. The Parent Attitude about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) was used to assess VH. Chi square test and independent t-test were used to test for association of qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. A structural equations model (SEM) was used to identify direct and indirect determinants of parental VH.ResultsAlmost half of the parents were hesitant about vaccinating their children against influenza (50.8%). Parental VH was significantly higher among older mothers (37.06 ± 8.8 years, p = 0.006), rural residents (53.6%, p < 0.001), high-income countries residents (50.6%, p < 0.001), and mothers with higher educational levels (52.1%, p < 0.001). Parents of school-aged children (5–9 years) (55.6%, p < 0.001), children free from any comorbidities (52.5%, p < 0.001), children who did not receive routine vaccination at all (51.5%, p = 0.03), children who were not vaccinated against COVID-19 (54.3%, p < 0.001), in addition to parents who were not vaccinated against influenza (57.1%, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with increased likelihood of VH. Parents who were depending on healthcare provider as a source of information regarding vaccines were less likely to report VH (47.9%, p < 0.001), meanwhile those who used social media as their source of health information showed a significantly higher VH (57.2%, p < 0.001). The SEM suggested that mother’s age, residence, country income level, child gender, total number of children and source of information regarding vaccines had a direct effect on VH. Meanwhile, parents vaccinated against influenza, children completely or partially vaccinated with routine vaccines and children vaccinated against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had an indirect effect on VH.ConclusionA high proportion of included parents were hesitant to vaccinate their children against seasonal influenza. This attitude is due to many modifiable and non-modifiable factors that can be targeted to improve vaccination coverage.

Research conducted these last years in the field of spatial cognition report empirical findings that are difficult to account for with the traditional visual cognitive model of scene perception. One of the major contributions of these findings has been to invite rethinking scene perception, which would benefit from not being apprehended as centered mainly on the sensory modality considered. On the contrary, the Multisource model of scene perception developed by Intraub et al. offers an alternative theoretical framework considering visual perception as an act of spatial cognition, with spatial information at its core. According to this model, during the initial understanding of a view, the cognitive system would be elaborating a multisource representation, with spatial information constituting an egocentric framework that conveys to the observer a sense of the environment in which he/she is embedded. Scene representation would be organized around an amodal spatial structure combining different sources of information: a bottom-up and external source of information derived from different modalities (e.g., visual, haptic), as well as internal sources of high-level information (i.e., amodal, conceptual and contextual information). These different sources of information would work together to create a simulation of the likely environment, integrating the perceived view into a broader spatial context. Beyond rethinking scene perception, one of the advances of the model is to unify different fields of cognition apprehended until then in isolation. The current paper aims to present this model and some of the results it allows to account for.

YouTube as a source of information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation

HIV risk characteristics and sources of HIV information were examined in a sample of 430 sexually active street youth recruited in Seattle, Washington. Overall, 40% of these youth were living on the street or in a shelter at time of interview. The majority (80%) reported having multiple sex partners in the prior 30 days. Condom use was reported more frequently for non-main partners versus main partners. More than one-third had ever injected drugs and almost all reported use of alcohol or other substances. Basic HIV knowledge and recent exposure to HIV information were relatively high—63% of street youth had received HIV information from two or more sources in the prior 3 months. Small media (e.g. brochures, flyers) were the most frequently-mentioned channel of HIV information (77%), followed by interpersonal (60%), and mass media sources (41%). HIV information from street-based small media had been received by 63% of the sample, and were the only specific source of HIV information to reach more than half of street youth. Significant differences in sources of HIV information were observed for gender and homeless status. Recent exposure to HIV information via small media channels was positively associated with several psychosocial variables pertaining to condom-use with the respondent's main sex partner, while exposure to any source was not related to variables associated with condom use with non-main partners. Implications of these findings for prevention communication campaigns targeting street youth are discussed.

Objective:To survey self-reported knowledge of home health care (HHC) services of health care professionals in Al-Khobar and Al-Dammam.Methods:A specially developed questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional study to find out how knowledgeable 11 hospital administrators, 16 PHHC medical directors, and 637 health care team were of HHC services.Results:When asked whether they knew of HHC services, 90.9% of medical directors, 62.5% of primary health care center directors, 83.1% of physicians, 92.9% of nurses, 98.6% of physiotherapists, 95.9% of social workers, and 57.6% of the health team members replied that they did, although this knowledge was very scanty. Health care workers’ source of information on HHC services was hospital work (65.0%) while administrators’ sources were journals (65.0%). Only 11.1% of the administrators and 30.3% of the health team members indicated having had HHC training from university, and 3.7% of administrators and 20.4% of health team members indicated having attended a HHC lecture or symposium. The only finding with significant difference of responses (p<0.001) was on the knowledge of HHC services among health care professionals. All other responses showed no significant differences between them. No significant differences in the responses were found between the two groups of administrators.Conclusions:Health professionals and administrators showed little knowledge of HHC services. The main source of HHC information for health professionals was from their hospital experience while administrators learned more about HHC services from medical journals.Recommendations:HHC training centers must be set up in Saudi Arabia. Home health care concepts and skills should be part of the regular health science undergraduate curriculum.

Malawi faces a heavy cancer burden because of high incidence and late-stage diagnoses, largely driven by low public awareness of cancer risk factors and early warning signs. This study aimed to explore the cancer knowledge of cancer risk factors and early warning signs, and sources of information among the public. This study was conducted in four districts within the Southern Region of Malawi. The study used a cross-sectional approach to elicit knowledge of cancer and sources of cancer information among a sample of 305 participants. Data were collected using a previously standardised Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM). Statistical data analyses were conducted using IBM®SPSS®statistics version 22. Awareness of cancer risk factors and early warning signs was found to be low, indicating a significant lack of public knowledge about cancer. The radio emerged as the most common medium of cancer information through which Malawians receive cancer information, followed by clinics and hospitals. Interestingly, many individuals perceived clinics - not the radio - as the primary source where they gained a clearer understanding of cancer information. The study concludes that public knowledge of cancer in Southern Malawi is low and although radio is the main information source, clinics are more effective because of expert guidance.Contribution:This study identifies critical gaps in cancer awareness and understanding in Malawi, highlighting the need for improved and targeted communication strategies, particularly among vulnerable populations.