Galileo and the humanities

The field of developmental science is increasingly interested in conducting research that is more representative, equitable, inclusive and generalizable. One way to achieve these aims is to conduct research that positions communities as key collaborators and central contributors to our scientific inquiries. These principles are evident in community science approaches like community-based participatory research (CBPR) and participatory action research (PAR). We argue that CBPR and PAR can be implemented by developmental scientists. Here, we describe two initiatives that utilized CBPR and PAR. The first initiative is Playful Learning Landscapes (PLL). PLL embeds research from the learning sciences into public spaces to offer playful learning opportunities for children and families, and community science practices are leveraged throughout the process. The second initiative is the Galápagos Education and Research Alliance (GERA). GERA harnesses the tools of community science by working directly with communities in the fragile environment of Galápagos to gather data about ecosystem health and build community-based plans for climate change adaptation. Together, these two initiatives offer rich examples of how CBPR and PAR principles engender active participation from the community throughout the design and evaluation of a research project. We discuss the opportunities and challenges of using community-centred approaches.

Show your work: Tools for open developmental science.

Many scientific disciplines rely on computational methods for data analysis, model generation, and prediction. Implementing these methods is often accomplished by researchers with domain expertise but without formal training in software engineering or computer science. This arrangement has led to underappreciation of sustainability and maintainability of scientific software tools developed in academic environments. Some software tools have avoided this fate, including the scientific library Rosetta. We use this software and its community as a case study to show how modern software development can be accomplished successfully, irrespective of subject area. Rosetta is one of the largest software suites for macromolecular modeling, with 3.1 million lines of code and many state-of-the-art applications. Since the mid 1990s, the software has been developed collaboratively by the RosettaCommons, a community of academics from over 60 institutions worldwide with diverse backgrounds including chemistry, biology, physiology, physics, engineering, mathematics, and computer science. Developing this software suite has provided us with more than two decades of experience in how to effectively develop advanced scientific software in a global community with hundreds of contributors. Here we illustrate the functioning of this development community by addressing technical aspects (like version control, testing, and maintenance), community-building strategies, diversity efforts, software dissemination, and user support. We demonstrate how modern computational research can thrive in a distributed collaborative community. The practices described here are independent of subject area and can be readily adopted by other software development communities.

Mathematics and English language are both perceived as very important in the education of both primary and secondary school national examination in Kenya. This is because mathematics is basic for modern scientific development and technology, and English is the language of instruction and also facilitates for communication in the world of work and for social-economic upward mobility. However, the national educational curriculum implementation process has not attained satisfactory academic achievement equitably across the genders. The curriculum examinations' vast obsession with grades, cutthroat competition under fundamentally diverse and distinct circumstances to the exclusion, or how they are acquired and ability the levels. Managers of the pedagogy, teachers, and parents emphasize ranking system and the elitist principle of selecting out of school instead of recruiting into school but hardly take into account a very instrumental variable, self-efficacy. The primary objectives of study was to determine the relationship between gender differences in self-efficacy and academic performance, and the influence of self-efficacy on academic performance in mathematics and English language in Nyamira County. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. Participants were selected through purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling procedures. A sample of 24 public secondary schools was selected for inclusion in the study. These constituted 30% of the total, in proportionate sampling. A total of 240 form four students were selected through simple random sampling for the study. Data was collected through a thirty-item questionnaire to students. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics.

The love of a beloved hapatologist, Dr. Rudi Schmid

The traditional IX Forum of Pediatric Surgeons of Russia took place on November 9–11, 2023, at the Izmailovo Hotel, Moscow. The plenary session of the forum included the presentation of the S.D. Ternovsky Prize, “for his great contribution to the development of domestic pediatric surgery”, wherein Professor L.I. Budkevich gave an assembly speech “Combustiology of childhood — a first-person view” (online). Professor A.Yu. Razumovsky presented a report and historical documentary film dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Yuri F. Isakov during the plenary session. The report “Pediatric surgery of the Russian Federation. Figures and Facts” was delivered by Professor D.A. Morozov. The plenary session ended with a message from Professors E.V. Yudina and O.G. Mokrushina, “Antenatal diagnosis of congenital defects”. The video session “How I Do It” included 17 presentations with original medical technologies. The working meeting of the main freelance pediatric surgeons of the constituent entities of Russia and department heads of pediatric surgery was combined with a meeting of the specialized commission “Pediatric surgery” of the Ministry of Health of Russia and was chaired by D.A. Morozov and A.Yu. Razumovsky. The scientific program of the forum included symposia (14), round tables (4), a seminar, and a workshop. Overall, the scientific program included 169 reports, and 645 specialists participated in the forum in person. In total, 1,674 participants were registered at the forum. The total broadcast duration of the forum on the Internet was 49.5 hours. On the final day of the forum, a traditional competition of scientific research works of young scientists transpired. The IX Forum of Pediatric Surgeons of Russia was a scientific and practical event of a federal scale, showing, in an interactive format, the evolution and time frame of current problems of our specialty. The content of the reports and discussion results determined the vector of further scientific development and ways of introducing new organizational solutions and advanced medical technologies into clinical practice.

Background: Human health and environment exposure assessments of chemicals are essential part for REACH and BPR as well as K-REACH and K-BPR. Several useful exposure assessment tools have been developed and updated to become extensively used during more than fifteen years of chemical registrations under REACH and their updates are still going on. Objectives: Evolution of regulatory tools for environment, workers and consumers exposure assessments under REACH is investigated focusing on why and how tools have been developed and updated for the future regulatory tools in Korea. Methods: REACH regulatory tools including EUSES, ECETOC TRA and CHESAR as well as built-in models SimpleTreat and SimpleBox were chosen with other frequently used Tier 1 and 2 tools. Available resources such as homepage information, background documents, related scientific reports, relevant journal publications, up-to-date lists of new version publications, release notes and user guides were reviewed extensively and summarized using easy-readable Tables and Figures. Results: SimpleTreat and SimpleBox are built-in models both for EUSES and ECETOC TRA (Environment). ECHA's CHESAR contains ECETOC TRA (Workers) and ECETOC TRA (Consumers) as well as EUSES and ECETOC TRA (Environment) for environment exposure assessment while results of Tier 2 Stoffenmanager and ConsExpoWeb can be imported. Evolution of CHESAR from version 1 (2010) to 3.8 (2023) has focused on the compatibility of frequent updates of IUCLID, importing functionality, editability, updated use maps, harmonised conditions of use as well as updates of the built-in tools evolved according to scientific development, refinements of the tool, increased conservatism and user-friendliness. CHESAR Platform 1.0 will soon be published to serve both for REACH and BPR. Conclusions: Updates of the tools can be successfully continued by transparency of the tools, participation of industry sectors for tool refinements and tool developers'/authorities' encouragements of partners/users to jointly innovate tools through scientific researches, tool validations and user feedback.

Many countries make policies to achieve and support sustainable economic growth. The existence of countries on international platforms depends whether they can transform the scientific knowledge into technological developments. In addition, as the developed countries and economies become the source knowledge export, less developed countries depend more on them. It is necessary for both less developed and developing countries to systematically analyses their science policies, and guided by these policies they should make future plans, set goal and attain their goals. Bibliometric indicators first took place in Science Indicator Report of National Science Foundation in 1973 and since then they are being used in countries' science policies reports. These reports form the starting point of analyzing structure of science policies quantitatively (Karasozen, 2009). Quantitative analysis of science policies by bibliometric methods makes it possible to compare developments in areas of expertise in accordance with the world standards or to compare national institutions with each other (Zan, 2013).Turkey, as a slowly progressing country in terms of science and technology, needs bibliometric research in order to direct her main goals such as following changes in the knowledge, setting aims in accordance with the economy of developed countries and improving the quality of lab our force. The use of bibliometric in reviewing scientific articles in Turkey is at its early stage. Bibliometric is a method that uses mathematical and statistical methods to assess and analyses scientific publications and plays an important role in guiding science and technology policies (Zan, 2013).BibliometricThe qualitative and quantitative analysis of scientific publications, particularly articles, is important for revealing the change in scientific fields. Bibliometric can be defined as the 'mathematical and statistical methods employed in the analysis of scientific communication tools such as journals and books'. It aims to reveal the change, development and characteristic features of a field (Diodato, 1994). The first studies in the bibliometric started before 1920s and but the term was first employed by Pritchard (1969) who defined it as application of statistical and mathematical methods to publications. Thus the term is replaced with statistical bibliography (Forsman, 2008).The statistical analysis of different aspects of scientific publications (for instance; such as author, theme, and citations) forms the basis of bibliometric studies. Bibliometric analysis can be in the form of citation analysis in order to describe and define the number of publications in a given year or to find out how a publication affected the subsequent studies (McBurney & Novak, 2002).Reports prepared by institutes or scientific institutions are frequently seen in the literatures and these reports are based on bibliometric research with the aim of determining the scientific development of countries. The first report using the bibliometric is the US National Scientific Council report (Aksnes, 2006). Such reports show the status of science in a country, its existing scientific systems, research approaches, and the scientific performances of researchers (Van der Meulen, 1997). These findings play an important role in determining the scientific development of the country/field and in academic promotions. For instance, today's universities place importance not only on publications in academic promotion but also pay particular attention to the bibliometric data such as citations. Bibliometric studies basically include statistical analysis of publications and make it possible to present the general structure of a field (Egghe & Rousseau, 1990; Wallace, 1989).As the importance scientific studies, which form the basis of economic development and competition in the global world, increases, and the area of use of bibliometric studies are also expanding rapidly. …

급속한 과학기술의 발전 속도에 비해, 국내 종합 과학관들의 전시물 교체주기는 길고, 교체 순서는 산발적(散發的)이며, 예산의 효율적 활용이 이루어지지 못해, 전시품들의 시의성(時宜性)이 과학기술의 발전 속도를 따라가지 못하고 있다. 이는 과학관의 기본 기능인 전시 및 교육기능을 원활하게 수행하지 못한다는 것을 의미하여, 2010년 국회는 이런 문제성을 인지하고, 과학관의 자율성을 보장하고 예산의 효율적 활용을 도모 하고자, 과학관의 법인화를 추진하는 법령을 발의 하였으나, 이는 국내의 여건을 고려하지 않은 발의라는 비판을 받았다. 하지만 과학관의 법인화 추진은 과학관의 자율성 보장과 예산의 효율적 활용이라는 점에서는 과학관이 과학관의 기본 기능을 수행하고 발전시키는데, 지금의 형식보다 효율적임은 외국의 사례를 통해서도 충분히 검증되고 있다.BR 이에 선행 조사 결과, 과학관 법인화를 현재 국내 과학관에의 적용함에 있어서 예상되는 다양한 문제점이있다. 하지만 그중 가장 큰 문제점은 만약 국내 종합과학관이 법인화 추진 이전에 충분한 예산 자립도를 확보하지 못하게 되면 과학관의 자율성 보장을 목표로 했던 법인화 추진의 결과는 과학관이 국민에게 자립을 위한 비용 부담을 전가하는 상황을 유발하게 되고, 이는 모든 국민에게 공평하게 과학을 접할 수 있는 기회를 박탈하는 현상을 초래하게 될 수 있다는 것이다.BR 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 국내 과학관의 법인화에 가장 큰 걸림돌이라 생각되는 예산의 자립도 문제를 해외 과학관과 국내 과학관의 예산의 집행 분야를 비교 분석하여 국내 국립 과학관의 운영방식이 장기적인 예산자립도 향상에 목표를 두지 않고, 유지·관리하는데 초점이 맞춰져 있음을 유추해 냈다.BR 이런 운영 방식은 김찬종1)이 규정한 과학관의 7개의 기능 중, 연구기능의 부실함으로 인한 것이며 이는 과학관으로 하여금 전체 체험물 기획 및 제작을 외부 전문가에 의존하게 하여, 과학관의 자체 콘텐츠 확보 및 누적을 불가하게 함으로써, 과학관 자체 콘텐츠의 융,복합을 통한 새로운 콘텐츠의 재생산으로 이루어지지 못하는, 즉 일련의 인과적인 발전저하를 초래하고 있다는 결과를 얻게 되었다.BR 본 연구에서는 이 일련의 연구 과정으로부터 과학관의 연구기능 활성화를 위한 최소한의 요소와 교체 모델을 설정하여 현 연구의 한계점 내에서 목표에 근접한 교체 방안의 모델 제시를 목표로 한다. 이 모델은 차후 추가 연구를 통하여 좀 더 적합한 모델로서의 역할을 하게 될 것으로 기대되며, 이것은 추가적인 연구를 통해 점진적으로 과학관 자립화에 큰 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of soybean cultivars by adopting phenotypic traits and enzymatic markers, the relative contribution of agronomic traits to diversity, as well as diversity between the level of technology used in soybean cultivars and genetic breeding programs in which cultivars were inserted. The experiments were conducted on the field at the Center for Scientific and Technological Development in crop-livestock production and the Electrophoresis Laboratory of Lavras Federal University. The agronomic traits adopted were grain yield, plant height, first legume insertion, plant lodging, the mass of one thousand seeds, and days for complete maturation, in which the Euclidean distance, grouped by Tocher and UPGMA criteria, was obtained. After electrophorese gels for enzymatic systems, dehydrogenase alcohol, esterase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase were performed. The genetic similarity estimative was also obtained between genotypes by the Jaccard coefficient with subsequent grouping by the UPGMA method. The formation of two groups was shown using phenotypic characters in the genetic diversity study and individually discriminating the cultivar 97R73 RR. The character with the greatest contribution to the genetic divergence was grain yield with contribution higher than 90.0%. To obtain six different groups, individually discriminating the cultivars CG 8166 RR, FPS Jupiter RR, and BRS MG 780 RR, enzymatic markers were used. Cultivars carrying the RR technology presented more divergence than conventional cultivars and IPRO cultivars.

M ANY ANTHROPOLOGISTS who began their careers in research on tribal societies now find themselves involved in the analysis of such complicated contemporary sociocultural systems as China, Russia, India, or the United States. It is not surprising that they bring to these newer tasks methodological tools that were devised primarily for the study of tribal society. Valuable as these tools are for many purposes, they are not adequate to deal with all the phenomena encountered either in the study of modern nations or in the analysis of the acculturation of native populations under the influence of these nations. There is some tendency to meet the difficulty by borrowing concepts and methods from the other social sciences which have had long experience in dealing with contemporary societies. Where this leads to new interdisciplinary approaches it represents healthy scientific development, but often it appears that anthropologists are ready to abandon the unique methods of their own science to imitate the other social sciences. It should be possible to revise basic anthropological concepts and methods to meet the needs of the new and enlarged subject matter. The greatest need is an adequate conceptualization of the phenomena of sociocultural systems above the tribal level. Because anthropology is distinctive in its primary concern with culture-a concept which perhaps represents its greatest contribution to the social sciences-it seems to be widely held that a general definition of culture is sufficient to dictate problem and method in the study of any culture. There would probably be no great disagreement with the bare statement that culture consists of learned modes of behavior that are socially transmitted from one generation to the next and from one society or individual to another. To have operational utility, however, this definition would have to be modified in the case of each particular kind of culture. Our present working definition of culture was devised largely for the study of tribal societies, and it does not at all meet certain needs in the analysis of the more complicated contemporary cultures. The concept of tribal culture is based on three fundamental aspects of the behavior of members of tribal societies. First, it is a construct that represents the ideal, norm, average, or expectable behavior of all members of a fairly small,