Generalized boundary conditions in closed cosmologies

A unified modeling approach for rotating flexible shaft-disk systems with general boundary and coupling conditions

The most general admissible boundary conditions are derived for an idealized Aharonov–Bohm flux intersecting the plane at the origin on the background of a homogeneous magnetic field. A standard technique based on self-adjoint extensions yields a four-parameter family of boundary conditions; the other two parameters of the model are the Aharonov–Bohm flux and the homogeneous magnetic field. The generalized boundary conditions may be regarded as a combination of the Aharonov–Bohm effect with a point interaction. Spectral properties of the derived Hamtonians are studied in detail.

A Fourier-Ritz method for predicting the free vibration of composite laminated circular panels and shells of revolution subjected to various combinations of classical and non-classical boundary conditions is presented in this paper. A modified Fourier series approach in conjunction with a Ritz technique is employed to derive the formulation based on the first-order shear deformation theory. The general boundary condition can be achieved by the boundary spring technique in which three types of liner and two types of rotation springs along the edges of the composite laminated circular panels and shells of revolution are set to imitate the boundary force. Besides, the complete shells of revolution can be achieved by using the coupling spring technique to imitate the kinematic compatibility and physical compatibility conditions of composite laminated circular panels at the common meridian with θ = 0 and 2π. The comparisons established in a sufficiently conclusive manner show that the present formulation is capable of yielding highly accurate solutions with little computational effort. The influence of boundary and coupling restraint parameters, circumference angles, stiffness ratios, numbers of layer and fiber orientations on the vibration behavior of the composite laminated circular panels and shells of revolution are also discussed.

Efficient spectral-Galerkin methods for polar and cylindrical geometries

Nonlinear dynamics of straight fluid-conveying pipes with general boundary conditions and additional springs and masses

The three most commonly used boundary conditions for charged colloidal systems are constant charge (insulator), constant potential (conducting electrode) and charge regulation (ionizable groups at the surface). It is usually believed that the charge regulation is a generalized boundary condition that reduces in some specific limits to either constant-charge or constant-potential boundary conditions. By computing the disjoining pressure between two symmetric planes for these three boundary conditions, both numerically (for all inter-plate separations) and analytically (for small inter-plate separations), we show that this is not, in general, the case. In fact, the limit of charge regulation is a separate boundary condition, yielding a disjoining pressure with a different characteristic separation scaling. Our findings are supported by several examples demonstrating that the disjoining pressure at small separations for the charge regulation boundary condition depends on the details of the dissociation/association process.

Static and dynamic analysis of two-phase peridynamic one-dimensional systems is thoroughly investigated in this paper for various boundary conditions by exact and numerical approaches. Such a nonlocal study concerns the axial or torsional responses of two-phase peridynamic rods or the behavior of a two-phase peridynamic string. For a normalized exponential kernel, the integro-differential equation of the two-phase peridynamic problem can be converted as a linear higher-order differential equation with constant coefficients. Exact static solutions of fixed–fixed and fixed–free two-phase peridynamic axial rod (TPPAR) under uniform distributed loading and concentrated force are analytically derived. It is shown that the pure peridynamic rod problem can be ill-posed due to a conflict between the natural boundary condition and the peridynamic constitutive boundary condition. The two-phase peridynamic problem may be justified from physical arguments, and is also seen as a regularized peridynamic problem. The exact eigen-frequencies of the two-phase peridynamic rods are also analytically obtained for various boundary conditions, including fixed–free, fixed–fixed or free–free boundary conditions. These theoretical approaches are corroborated by numerical investigations based on Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM), exact FEM and variational iterative methods. Two FDM schemes are presented for the statics and the vibration of two-phase peridynamic rods, with convergence orders of 1 and 2, respectively. Moreover, three different FE procedures are proposed as: (1) FEM for direct solving the integro-differential equations of two-phase peridynamic one-dimensional system, (2) FEM for discretizing the pure differential equations, and (3) Exact FEM to obtain both the exact stiffness matrix and exact dynamic stiffness matrix of two-phase peridynamic one-dimensional system, based on Eisenberger’s methodology. The order of convergence for the first and the second proposed FEM is equal to 2 and 4, according to the type of selected finite elements. Moreover, the third proposed FEM based on the exact shape function of the peridynamic problem gives the exact solution from one single FEM element. In addition, the variational iterative method of Stodola–Vianello is successfully applied to the two-phase peridynamic eigenvalue problems.

In this article we will analyze the possibility of a nontrivial central\nextension of the Poisson algebra of the diffeomorphism generators, which\nrespect certain boundary conditions on the black hole bifurcation. The origin\nof a possible central extension in the algebra is due to the existence of\nboundary terms in the in the canonical generators. The existence of such\nboundary terms depend on the exact boundary conditions one takes. We will check\ntwo possible boundary conditions i.e. fixed bolt metric and fixed surface\ngravity. In the case of fixed metric the the action acquires a boundary term\nassociated to the bifurcation but this is canceled in the Legendre\ntransformation and so absent in the canonical generator and so in this case the\npossibility of a nontrivial central extension is ruled out. In the case of\nfixed surface gravity the boundary term in the action is absent but present in\nthe Hamiltonian. Also in this case we will see that there is no nontrivial\ncentral extension, also if there exist a boundary term in the generator.\n

This paper derives, for the first time, the complete set of three-dimensional Green’s functions (displacements, stresses, and derivatives of displacements and stresses with respect to the source point), or the generalized Mindlin solutions, in an anisotropic half-space z>0 with general boundary conditions on the flat surface z=0. Applying the Mindlin’s superposition method, the half-space Green’s function is obtained as a sum of the generalized Kelvin solution (Green’s function in an anisotropic infinite space) and a Mindlin’s complementary solution. While the generalized Kelvin solution is in an explicit form, the Mindlin’s complementary part is expressed in terms of a simple line-integral over [0,π]. By introducing a new matrix K, which is a suitable combination of the eigenmatrices A and B, Green’s functions corresponding to different boundary conditions are concisely expressed in a unified form, including the existing traction-free and rigid boundaries as special cases. The corresponding generalized Boussinesq solutions are investigated in details. In particular, it is proved that under the general boundary conditions studied in this paper, the generalized Boussinesq solution is still well-defined. A physical explanation for this solution is also offered in terms of the equivalent concept of the Green’s functions due to a point force and an infinitesimal dislocation loop. Finally, a new numerical example for the Green’s functions in an orthotropic half-space with different boundary conditions is presented to illustrate the effect of different boundary conditions, as well as material anisotropy, on the half-space Green’s functions.

The problem of vibrations of double-beam systems is of technological interest and has been extensively studied in the literature. However, a general solution is yet to be developed for the general boundary conditions. In this paper, a general solution of the free and forced vibrations of double-beam systems under classical, nonclassical, and mixed boundary conditions is derived. The obtained mode-shape solutions are exact and explicit. The characteristic frequency equation of a double-beam system is of order-4 and order-8 for the classical boundary conditions and the nonclassical boundary conditions, respectively. The solution of forced vibrations is developed with the classical modal expansion technique. In addition to the theory, applications of the proposed method are illustrated by numerical examples. The obtained frequencies for special problems are compared with the literature, and the agreement between the proposed method and the literature is remarkably good. This shows that the proposed shape function method may be applied reliably to determine the transverse vibration mode shapes and natural frequencies of the double-beam system under the general boundary conditions. The solutions of free and forced vibrations of the double-beam systems presented in the paper could easily be programmed into a computer for vibration analyses.

The conventional no-slip boundary condition does not always hold in several fluid flow applications and must be replaced with appropriate slip conditions according to the wall and fluid properties. However, not only slip boundary conditions are still a subject of discussion among fluid dynamicists, but also their numerical treatment is far from being well-developed, particularly in the context of very high-order accurate methods. The complexity of these conditions significantly increases when the boundary is not aligned with the chosen coordinate system and, even more challenging, when the fluid slips along a curved boundary. The present work proposes a simple and efficient numerical treatment of general slip boundary conditions on arbitrary curved boundaries for three-dimensional fluid flow problems governed by the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. In that regard, two critical challenges arise: (i) achieving very high-order of convergence with arbitrary curved boundaries for the classical no-slip boundary conditions and (ii) extending the developed numerical techniques to impose general slip boundary conditions. The conventional treatment of curved boundaries relies on generating curved meshes to eliminate the geometrical mismatch between the physical and computational boundaries and achieve high-order of convergence. However, such an approach requires sophisticated meshing algorithms, cumbersome quadrature rules on curved elements, and complex non-linear transformations. In contrast, the reconstruction for off-site data (ROD) method handles arbitrary curved boundaries approximated with linear piecewise elements while employing polynomial reconstructions with specific linear constraints to fulfil the prescribed boundary conditions. For that purpose, the general slip boundary conditions are reformulated on a local orthonormal basis to allow a straightforward application of the ROD method with scalar boundary conditions. The Navier–Stokes equations are discretised with a staggered finite volume method, and the numerical fluxes are computed solely on the polygonal mesh elements. Several benchmark test cases of fluid flow problems in non-trivial three-dimensional curved domains are addressed and confirm that the proposed method effectively achieves up to the eighth-order of convergence.

An exact semianalytical method for vibration analysis of general thin and moderately thick laminated composite curved beams with variable curvatures and general boundary conditions is presented. In the framework of the first-order shear deformation theory, the method combines the variational principle and multilevel partition technique. As one of the innovation points, the general boundary conditions are enforced by using the virtual boundary spring technology. Each of the fundamental beam unknowns is then invariantly expanded as Jacobi polynomials. The convergence study and numerical verifications of the laminated composite curved beams with various boundary conditions are carried out.

In this paper, a modified Fourier–Ritz approach has been adopted to analyze the free vibration of axially loaded laminated composite beams with arbitrary layup and general boundary conditions, which include classical boundaries, elastic boundaries, and their combination. The influences of Poisson effect, axial deformation, couplings among extensional, bending and torsional deformations, shear deformation, and rotary inertia are incorporated in the formulation. In this present method, regardless of boundary conditions, the displacements and rotation components of the beam are invariantly expressed as a standard Fourier cosine series and several auxiliary closed-form functions. These auxiliary functions are introduced to eliminate any potential discontinuities of the original displacement function and its derivatives, throughout the whole beam including its ends, and to effectively enhance the convergence of the results. Since the displacement field is constructed to be adequately smooth in the whole solution domain, an accurate solution can be obtained by using Ritz procedure based on the energy functions of the beam. Numerical examples are presented for several different boundary conditions, geometric properties, and material parameters. The results show that the present method enables rapid convergence, high reliability, and accuracy. Numerous new free vibration results for axially loaded laminated composite beams with different lamination schemes and elastic restraints are presented.

The Brinkman–Bénard convection problem is chosen for investigation, along with very general boundary conditions. Using the Maclaurin series, in this paper, we show that it is possible to perform a relatively exact linear stability analysis, as well as a weakly nonlinear stability analysis, as normally performed in the case of a classical free isothermal/free isothermal boundary combination. Starting from a classical linear stability analysis, we ultimately study the chaos in such systems, all conducted with great accuracy. The principle of exchange of stabilities is proven, and the critical Rayleigh number, Rac, and the wave number, ac, are obtained in closed form. An asymptotic analysis is performed, to obtain Rac for the case of adiabatic boundaries, for which ac≃0. A seemingly minimal representation yields a generalized Lorenz model for the general boundary condition used. The symmetry in the three Lorenz equations, their dissipative nature, energy-conserving nature, and bounded solution are observed for the considered general boundary condition. Thus, one may infer that, to obtain the results of various related problems, they can be handled in an integrated manner, and results can be obtained with great accuracy. The effect of increasing the values of the Biot numbers and/or slip Darcy numbers is to increase, not only the value of the critical Rayleigh number, but also the critical wave number. Extreme values of zero and infinity, when assigned to the Biot number, yield the results of an adiabatic and an isothermal boundary, respectively. Likewise, these extreme values assigned to the slip Darcy number yield the effects of free and rigid boundary conditions, respectively. Intermediate values of the Biot and slip Darcy numbers bridge the gap between the extreme cases. The effects of the Biot and slip Darcy numbers on the Hopf–Rayleigh number are, however, opposite to each other. In view of the known analogy between Bénard convection and Taylor–Couette flow in the linear regime, it is imperative that the results of the latter problem, viz., Brinkman–Taylor–Couette flow, become as well known.

A semi-analytical approach to analyze vibration characteristics of uniform and stepped annular-spherical shells with general boundary conditions