Generating Fault Databases Through Simulated and Experimental Multi-Rotor UAV Propulsion Systems

The paper describes the implementation of a simulation platform that analyses the behavior of a light electric vehicle (LEV) propulsion unit, following an imposed driving cycle. The simulation model is built in MATLAB/Simulink using energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) due to its proven suitability as a tool in the control design and model organization of complex energy conversion systems. The emulation platform considers all the elements such as control unit, the machine under test with its electronics and the load machine with its attached electronic load. A surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is used as a traction motor and a DC machine (DCM) is used as a load. For the PMSM traction motor, the field-oriented control is applied. In order to validate the complete simulation a driving schedule was applied. The concept of emulation platform represents the first step in the testing of a prototype because it's easier and less risky to test fault responses on a simulated model.

The efficiency of control systems in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is crucial, especially for applications in physiotherapy robots. Previous studies have demonstrated that an open-loop field-oriented control (FOC) driver using BTS7960 outperforms the commonly used electronic speed controller (ESC). This research addresses the challenge of further improving efficiency by employing a closed-loop FOC driver with the BTS7960. The research methodology involves two main stages. First, a PSIM software simulation of a closed-loop FOC using a proportional integral (PI) controller is conducted. The aim is to determine the P and I parameters that result in the smallest settling time, steady-state error, and overshoot in controlling the PMSM motor's rotation per minute (RPM). The second stage involves hardware implementation with the BTS7960, where the PMSM motor RPM is compared under various loads ranging from 10-gram to 60 gram. RPM results from both open-loop and closed-loop configurations are compared. The results show that the closed-loop FOC driver has improved system transient response compared to the previous open-loop FOC driver, notably reducing the settling time from 2.24 seconds to 1.45 seconds for a 60 gram load. Therefore, this research concludes that a closed-loop configuration with well-tuned PI parameters can deliver better performance compared to open-loop methods, as clearly demonstrated.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are becoming increasingly popular in traction applications. PMSMs have gained popularity due to their efficiency, compactness and excellent features related to control. This is mainly because of the permanent magnet placement in the rotor, which negates any additional rotor excitation, hence reducing energy losses considerably. This makes them more efficient compared to induction motors. PMSMs also have a high-power density, enabling them to provide more power relative to their size. These features make them highly feasible in electric vehicles and aerospace applications where size and weight are one of the critical aspects. With the possibility of precise and smooth torque control, they are well adapted to applications that have strict requirements for precise speed and position control. Also, PMSMs provide superior dynamic performance with low maintenance since they do not contain brushes and commutators; hence, they are supposed to have a longer life. But PMSMs have also some challenges, the most critical problem that usually faces PMSMs is fault detection, mainly bearing faults. The bearings in PMSMs are critical components, and any defect in those components creates serious mechanical and electrical problems for the motor. Due to its defective state, the bearing may impose the emergence of vibration, raised friction, and wear, leading to inefficiencies, increased heat generation, and, finally, motor failure. Thus, early detection of bearing faults is indispensable; prolonged operation with faulty bearings results in catastrophic damage to the motor, longer downtime, and more expensive repairs. Thus, the fault diagnosis at the inception stage has become very critical now. In this paper, a technique based on cyclization dominant frequency analysis for bearing fault detection using the phase current of a motor has been proposed. The results have shown that this method can be used for monitoring and detecting bearing faults without the use of any additional sensor.

Modeling of unstable pelvic fractures for 20 ° sagittally rotated pelvic displacement

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for hallux valgus (HV) has gained popularity. However, adopting this technique faces the challenges of a pronounced learning curve. This study aimed to address these challenges by developing and validating an innovative simulation model and training program, targeting enhanced proficiency in HV MIS. A training program and a high-fidelity simulation model for HV MIS were designed based on experts' recommendations. Four foot and ankle surgeons without experience in MIS formed the novice group and took the program that encompassed six-session instructional lessons, hands-on practice on simulated models, and immediate feedback. The program concluded with a cadaveric surgery. Four foot and ankle experienced MIS surgeons formed the expert group and underwent the same procedure with one simulated model. Participants underwent blind assessment, including Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS), surgical time, and radiograph usage. Expert evaluation of the simulation model indicated high satisfaction with anatomical representation, handling properties, and utility as a training tool. The expert group consistently outperformed novices at the initial assessment across all outcomes, demonstrating OSATS scores of 24 points (range, 23 to 25) versus 15.5 (range, 12 to 17), median surgical time of 22.75 minutes (range, 12 to 27) versus 48.75 minutes (range, 38 to 60), and median radiograph usage of 70 (range, 53 to 102) versus 232.5 (range, 112 to 280). Novices exhibited a significant improvement in OSATS scores from the fifth session onward (P = 0.01), reaching the desired performance of 20 points. Performance at the final training with the simulated model did not differ from cadaveric surgery outcomes for all parameters. This study validated a simulation model and training program, allowing nonexperienced HV MIS foot and ankle surgeons to enhance their surgical proficiency and effectively complete a substantial portion of the learning curve at the fifth session, and this performance was successfully transferred to a cadaver model. III.

Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of a sophisticated military security drone equipped with advanced components including Pixhawk flight controller, GPS module, camera, receiver, telemetry system, BLDC (Brushless Direct Current) motors, and electronic speed controller (ESC). The Pixhawk flight controller serves as the brain of the drone, managing flight dynamics, navigation, and mission planning with remarkable precision and reliability. Integrated with a highaccuracy GPS module, the drone achieves autonomous navigation capabilities, enabling it to execute pre-defined flight paths and perform missions with minimal human intervention. A high-resolution camera system is incorporated into the drone, providing real-time video surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. This camera system is complemented by a receiver module, facilitating remote control and data transmission between the drone and ground control station.Furthermore, the telemetry system enables remote monitoring of the drone's vital parameters, including altitude, speed, battery status, and sensor readings. This real-time telemetry data enhances situational awareness and facilitates informed decision-making during missions.The propulsion system of the drone consists of BLDC motors and electronic speed controllers, offering efficient and reliable propulsion for sustained flight operations. These components are carefully integrated to optimize power consumption, flight endurance, and maneuverability, ensuring the drone's effectiveness in various operational scenarios. In summary, the integration of Pixhawk flight controller, GPS module, camera, receiver, telemetry, BLDC motors, and electronic speed controller in the design of the military security drone represents a significant advancement in unmanned aerial technology. The resulting drone platform offers enhanced capabilities for surveillance, reconnaissance, and security applications, contributing to the effectiveness and efficiency of military operations in diverse environments

The article provides an overview of the possibilities of holographic 3D showcases as one of the methods of visualizing 3D content by recognizing individual objects in the image and transferring them as individual elements to a holographic 3D showcase. Depending on the types of simulation models, there is a need for visualization of the obtained results for their evaluation and testing, with the possibility of further improvement. The use of displays that transmit images on a plane does not make it possible to get a complete picture of the subject being studied. The use of holographic 3D showcases opens the possibility of working with simulated models even at the stage of their creation in software applications for 3D modeling or for creating simulated 3D models. This gives the developer the opportunity to speed up the adjustment of object parameters even at the stage of forming models according to the initial technical task. It should be noted that the holographic 3D showcase is most effective for working with objects that have a 1:1 ratio with a real industrial sample. This makes it possible to adjust the development and testing of the model, as well as to change or evaluate the effectiveness of the functionality and to change the operating parameters without creating a useful model. This technique significantly speeds up the time of model implementation from the design project to the realization of a physical object. The information technologies used in the work of holographic 3D showcases are based on the use of web technologies, which, due to the programming of js scripts and parameters of style tables, allows you to obtain optimal results with a minimum load on the working computer, which allows you to use the application on a computer in parallel with applications for developing simulation models. The ability to display elements of the work area on a holographic 3D showcase directly in the modeling process allows you to focus on details that are invisible on flat displays.

Cost Effective Simulation Model for Laparoscopic Uretero-Ureterostomy

Prediction of internal temperature in three-phase induction motors with electronic speed control

The decision rules in simulation models of human behavior purport to describe decision-making behavior as it is and not as it should optimally be. Without the criterion of optimality to judge the appropriateness of a decision rule, simulation modelers must rely on empirical confirmation of the structure of their models. In models of small organizations, traditional social science methods may be used. But these methods are infeasible in models of larger systems such as industries or the macroeconomy. This paper shows how direct experiment can be used to confirm or disconfirm the decision rules in simulation models. Direct experiment uses interactive gaming in which people play a role in the system being modeled. Subjects play the game in an institutional context corresponding to that of the model to be tested, and are given the same information set, but are free to make decisions any way they wish. The behavior of subjects can then be directly compared against the behavior produced by the assumed decision rules of the model. Differences between experiments to test simulation models and experiments in psychology and economics are discussed. The decision rule for capital investment in a simple macroeconomic model is tested as an example of the experimental approach. The model considers interactions between the multiplier and accelerator, a well-known structure underlying popular theories of business fluctuations, but one which has not been tested experimentally. Through their investment decisions, subjects attempt to balance demand and supply over time. The results strongly support the decision rule of the original model. Both model and subjects produce dysfunctional oscillations. The behavior of the subjects is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that of the original model. Explanations for the bounded rationality of the subjects' behavior are considered, and the correspondence of the experiment to reality is discussed. The results demonstrate the promise of experimental methods as a complementary approach to econometrics in testing simulation models.

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in simulation modelling to study, control, and manage software development processes. Despite this, little attention has been paid towards the simulation modelling process itself. We have developed a rapid simulation modelling process (RSMP) based on our study of experienced simulation modellers. This paper reports a set of controlled experiments to evaluate the usability and utility of the RSMP. The results from this show that the RSMP has proved to be a usable and useful approach for developing software process simulation models. The results show that the RSMP is likely to bring discipline to software process simulation modellers and improve the quality of the model they produce.

Small electric uninhabited aerial vehicles (UAV) represent a rapidly expanding market requiring optimization in both efficiency and weight; efficiency is critical during cruise or loiter where the vehicle operates at part power for up to 99% of the mission time. Of the four components (battery, motor, propeller, and electronic speed controller (ESC)) of the electric propulsion system used in small UAVs, the ESC has no accepted performance model and almost no published performance data. To collect performance data, instrumentation was developed to measure electrical power in and out of the ESC using the two wattmeter method and current sense resistors; data was collected with a differential simultaneous data acquisition system. Performance of the ESC was measured under different load, commanded throttle, bus voltage, and switching frequency, and it was found that ESC efficiency decreases with increasing torque and decreasing bus voltage and does not vary much with speed and switching frequency. The final instrumentation was limited to low-voltage systems and error propagation calculations indicate a great deal of error at low power measurements; despite these limitations, an understanding of ESC performance appropriate for conceptual design of these systems was obtained. MODELING AND TEST OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ELECTRONIC SPEED CONTROLLERS FOR BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS

In this paper, a 3-axis motion simulator is proposed to provide a laboratory environment for testing spacecraft instruments. A mathematical model of the simulator mechanical structure is developed by means of calculating angular momentum of each rotating part with respect to relevant reference frames. Motion simulator actuators are permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives. A compact mathematical model of the whole electromechanical system is obtained by representing the PMSM drives in their field orientation. By using Lyapunov stability theory and linearization techniques, a novel robust adaptive nonlinear control law, which is not only adaptable to constant unknown parameters but also robust to unknown but bounded fast varying disturbances, is developed for the tracking task of this PMSM direct driven system. The efficiency and correctness of the proposed control system are verified by simulation and experimental results.

MP60-18 PCP-SMART STUDY AND PCRD INDEX: INTRODUCTION AND RESULTS OF A NOVEL MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION MODELING METHOD, DEVISED TO PREDICT THE OUTCOME OF PROSTATE BIOPSY.

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the application of traditional statistical methods to simulation modeling within the hypothetical context of comparing manual and automated production lines in manufacturing. Through a detailed methodology involving the AnyLogic simulation platform and Minitab for statistical analysis, we emphasize the significance of power analysis, two-sample t-tests, and one-way ANOVA in validating and optimizing simulation models. Our hypothetical findings demonstrate the potential of statistical analysis to identify significant efficiency improvements, with a particular focus on the implications of process modifications on automated production lines. The primary contribution of this research lies in illustrating the practical application of statistical tools in simulation studies, serving as a manual for simulation modelers in logistics and manufacturing sectors. By foregrounding the statistical methods over specific operational improvements, this study aims to bridge the gap in literature regarding the integration of foundational statistical analysis within simulation modeling, offering valuable insights for enhancing decision-making and optimization in manufacturing simulations.