Geographical information systems and dynamic modelling

The geographical information system (GIS) has provided the effective tools to capture, store, manage, analyze and express the spatial information. Gradually, the research region has included the dynamical mechanism and the spatialtime characteristics of the geography process, transmission mechanisms, uncertainty (multi-solutions), predictability, and so on. Corresponding, GIS modeling is one of hotspots of current GIS research. The paper is the embodiment of GIS modeling methods applied to geo-simulation research. Also it provides the model support for the management of the ground water resources. In this paper, the methods for constructing the ground-water conceptual model through 3D stratum model are discussed. Firstly, the constructing method of delaunay triangulation with constraint conditions is proposed, which is suitable to the ground-water flow simulation. Then stratum (or aquifer) multi-DEMs are completed. Based on the multi-DEMs, the Su-Xi-Chan hydrogeological conceptual model is reconstructed by irregular Tri-prism. In order to prevent dispersed irregular tri-prism voxels from disunity, the spatial index mechanism is established for groundwater model. Finally, the 3D groundwater simulation model is integrated with GIS, which can provide data for 3D numerical simulation. The results indicate that the integration of 3D GIS and geo-analysis model be convenient and can accelerate process simulation of geo-science.

The objective of this paper is to argue for a new model of Geographic Information System (GIS) implementation, Web-based GIS, for supporting decision-making in local government. In this paper, the GIS implementation in Ascension Parish Government, Louisiana is used as a case study to show how Web-based GIS implementation can improve the system use and maximize the value of GIS infrastructures for the community. The author first defines the concept of implementation and role of GIS in local government as a base for further discussion. Special attention is given to analyze the variables that influence the parish employees’ acceptance and use of the GIS in the work. A three-level evaluation framework is established to evaluate GIS implementation strategy and GIS impacts on decision-making in local government. Research findings will be used to direct future implementation strategy. The paper concludes that Web-based GIS, by combining GIS technology and Internet technology, can distribute GIS resources and geo-processing tools to a wider range of potential users. In addition, flexible user-oriented GIS applications can best be developed with intensive user participation and feedback. One of the arguments proposed is that the Web-based GIS can be used to help the local government employees to provide better service for the public and improve the performance of a specific local government agency in processing land development permit applications.

In this paper, one approach of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) assessment of potential natural hazard areas (excess erosion, landslides, flash floods and fires) is presented. For that purpose Pehchevo Municipality in the easternmost part of the Republic of Macedonia is selected as a case study area because of high local impact of natural hazards on the environment, social-demographic situation and local economy. First of all, most relevant static factors for each type of natural hazard are selected (topography, land cover, anthropogenic objects and infrastructure). With GIS and satellite imagery, multi-layer calculation is performed based on available traditional equations, clustering or discreditation procedures. In such way suitable relatively “static” natural hazard maps (models) are produced. Then, dynamic (mostly climate related) factors are included in previous models resulting in appropriate scenarios correlated with different amounts of precipitation, temperature, wind direction etc. Finally, GIS based scenarios are evaluated and tested with field check or very fine resolution Google Earth imagery showing good accuracy. Further development of such GIS models in connection with automatic remote meteorological stations and dynamic satellite imagery (like MODIS) will provide on-time warning for coming natural hazard avoiding potential damages or even causalities.

A GIS model for personal exposure to PM10 for Dublin commuters

A dynamic dehumidifier model for simulations and control of liquid desiccant hybrid air conditioning systems

Environmental risk assessment based on the allergenicity of urban green infrastructure: Case study of an urban park

Modeling BVOC isoprene emissions based on a GIS and remote sensing database

Context In New Zealand, the introduced brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, is a reservoir of bovine tuberculosis and as such poses a major threat to the livestock industry. Aerial 1080 poisoning is an important tool for possum control but is expensive, creating an ongoing need for ever more cost-effective ways of using this technique. Aims To develop geographic information system (GIS) models to better predict spatial variation in the distribution of unmanaged possum populations, to facilitate better targeting of control activities. Methods Relative abundance of possums and their distribution among habitat types were surveyed in a dry high-country area of the northern South Island. Two GIS-based models were developed to predict the relative abundance of possums on trap lines. The first model used remotely sensed (digital) environmental data; the second complemented the remotely sensed data with fine-scale habitat and topographic data collected on the ground. Key results Digital environmental factors and habitat features proved to be key predictors of relative possum abundance. In both GIS models, height above valley floor, presence of forest cover and mean annual temperature were the strongest predictors. Conclusions Predictive maps (projections) of relative possum abundance produced from these models can provide useful decision-support tools for pest-control managers, by enabling possum control to be targeted spatially. Implications Spatially targeted pest control could allow effective control activities for invasive species or disease vectors to be applied at a lower cost for the same benefit.

BackgroundAssessment of the spatial accessibility of hospital accident and emergency departments as perceived by local residents has not previously been investigated. Perceived accessibility may affect where, when, and whether potential patients attend for treatment. Using data on 11,853 respondents to a population survey in Caerphilly county borough, Wales, UK, we present an analysis comparing the accessibility of accident and emergency departments as reported by local residents and drive-time to the nearest accident and emergency department modelled using a geographical information system (GIS).ResultsMedian drive-times were significantly shorter in the lowest perceived access category and longer in the best perceived access category (p < 0.001). The perceived access and GIS modelled drive-time variables were positively correlated (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, r = 0.38, p < 0.01). The strongest correlation was found for respondents living in areas in which nearly all households had a car or van (r = 0.47, p < 0.01). Correlations were stronger among respondents reporting good access to public transport and among those reporting a recent accident and emergency attendance for injury treatment compared to other respondents. Correlation coefficients did not vary substantially by levels of household income. Drive-time, road distance and straight-line distance were highly inter-correlated and substituting road distance or straight-line distance as the GIS modelled spatial accessibility measure only marginally decreased the magnitude of the correlations between perceived and GIS modelled access.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that the accessibility of hospital-based health care services as perceived by local residents is related to measures of spatial accessibility modelled using GIS. For studies that aim to model geographical separation in a way that correlates well with the perception of local residents, there may be minimal advantage in using sophisticated measures. Straight-line distance, which can be calculated without GIS, may be as good as GIS-modelled drive-time or distance for this purpose. These findings will be of importance to health policy makers and local planners who seek to obtain local information on access to services through focussed assessments of residents' concerns over accessibility and GIS modelling.

Introduction Evidence suggests that Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR) can improve survival rates for nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, when ECPR is indicated over 50% of potential candidates are unable to qualify in the current hospital-based system due to geographic limitations. This study employs a Geographic Information System (GIS) model to estimate the number of ECPR eligible patients within the United States in the current hospital-based system, a prehospital ECPR ground-based system, and a prehospital ECPR Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS)-based system. Methods We constructed a GIS model to estimate ground and helicopter transport times. Time-dependent rates of ECPR eligibility were derived from the Resuscitation Outcome Consortium (ROC) database, while the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) registry determined the number of OHCA patients meeting ECPR criteria within designated transportation times. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) response time, ECPR candidacy determination time, and on-scene time were modeled based on data from the EROCA trial. The combined model was used to estimate the total ECPR eligibility in each system. Results The CARES registry recorded 736,066 OHCA patients from 2013 to 2021. After applying clinical criteria, 24,661 (3.4%) ECPR-indicated OHCA were identified. When considering overall ECPR eligibility within 45 min from OHCA to initiation, only 11.76% of OHCA where ECPR was indicated were eligible in the current hospital-based system. The prehospital ECPR HEMS-based system exhibited a four-fold increase in ECPR eligibility (49.3%), while the prehospital ground-based system showed a more than two-fold increase (28.4%). Conclusions The study demonstrates a two-fold increase in ECPR eligibility for a prehospital ECPR ground-based system and a four-fold increase for a prehospital ECPR HEMS-based system compared to the current hospital-based ECPR system. This novel GIS model can inform future ECPR implementation strategies, optimizing systems of care.

Spatial Models and Geographic Information Systems

This study uses GIS spatial analysis and open-source data based on flood hazards formulas to provide a thorough analysis and forecast of floods using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS). The Wadi Baysh Dam overflowed with water in 2016 as a result of the torrential downpour that hit the dam, its streams, and the surrounding surroundings results the increasing the storage capacity. In terms of water reserves, it is the dam that is thought to be the biggest in the Kingdom. Some settlements in Baysh, which are under siege since their highways are blocked off, suffered greatly as a result of flooding. However the storage capacity of Wadi Baysh Dam around 200 million cubic meters of water. In order to identify the actual Wadi Baysh flood-vulnerable area, this study combined data from remote sensing, the Geographic Information System (GIS) technique, and an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) computation. The investigation was carried out to determine the viability of using remote sensing open-source data,basemap of the study area andArcGIS10.4 software in Wadi Baysh risk management. Slope (10%), height (15%), drainage density (20%), distance to stream (20%), rainfall intensity (25%), and land cover (10%) all have a proportion of relative weight that determines how flooding is analyzed. As a result of the most recent GIS analysis (weighted overlay approach), five zones are identified within the extracted flood region based on the categories of hazard. There are ten blocks in all—five in a high-risk area and five in a moderately dangerous one. The paper looks at the flood risk in Wadi Baysh using a combination and integration betweenremote sensing opensources data and GIS models. High precipitation and runoff in the dam’s downstream sections will be the main cause of difficulties, causing a great deal of death and destruction to agricultural and urban areas. Eventually, a control room connected to the GIS model and remote sensing devices will be needed in this valley to implement an efficient warning system and flood hazard management system.

Collection of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is important in every waste management program. Communal container collection systems appear most prevalent in many developing countries. However, this collection system is associated with problems such as overflow of waste containers, ground dumping at collection sites, and open/indiscriminate dumping at unauthorized places. The spatial distribution of these activities present potential contamination challenges to water resources. Spatial information on Municipal Solid Waste Collection/Dump Sites (MSWCS) is essential for Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) decision-making, including siting and collection route planning, and dumps cleanup. Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) present a platform to capture, map, and analyze spatial MSWM issues. This study applied GIS and GPS technologies to map MSWCS in Wa town, Ghana. Wa Municipality waste collection system efficiency was analyzed based on spatial availability of communal containers. A GIS model was developed and used to analyze proximity of MSWCS to boreholes drinking water sources. A pollution risk map was also developed to analyze the potential impact of indiscriminate dumps on hand-dug wells and surface water in Wa. The results reveal poor management in a significant number (about 67%) of MSWCS sites. Fifteen percent of mechanized boreholes failed the minimum proximity requirement (≥100 m) of the model. This study findings illustrate that MSWM in developing countries may be improved using GIS and GPS technologies. The approach used for Wa could be replicated in other towns in Ghana and other developing nations with similar MSWM problems to enhance policy and management decision-making.

This research aimed to modeling a geographic information system (GIS) using graph clustering. GIS discuss about spatial data that consists of several objects including points, lines, regions, rectangles, surfaces, volumes, and the all data representation of an object on earth. Graph-based clustering techniques are extremely useful because many real word problem domains have a natural graph representation. This research focused on case GIS for family empowerment post (POSDAYA) which is one of the programs for improving the quality of human beings, especially in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Indonesia that has a priority on family-based poverty reduction. The results are the GIS framework model that use three components such as graph clustering, layering, and the view of data properties. GIS provided the spatial data and its properties, and graph clustering as a method or algorithm used to make the layers properties and related to each points based on similarities.

Given the increased conflict between human development and land use in fragile mountainous areas, debris flow waste‐shoal land (DFWSL) use has shown beneficial effects and drawn public concern in recent years. However, temporal–spatial future change trends of DFWSL are not yet clear, meanwhile widely applied singular methods, including the system dynamics (SD) model and geographic information systems (GIS), are unsatisfactory. To better assess the sustainability and challenges of DFWSL use and provide reference for future development, we propose a hybrid SD–GIS model for characterizing complex relationships and performing dynamic simulations and spatial spreading. A causality flowchart was plotted and response equation defining the changes was established to predict macro land‐use demands in the SD model component. Additionally, the spatial distribution of land‐use types was determined using the GIS model component. The Awang DFWSL system in the Yunnan Province, China was analyzed using the coupled method. The results revealed a steadily declining trend in cultivated land and water areas accompanied by a substantial increase in construction land. Future projections indicate that from 2018 to 2025, the total area of cultivated land will decrease by nearly half compared with that in 2018 and decrease to one‐quarter of the level in 2018 by 2030. These predictions consider the reciprocal influences of social, economic, and ecological indicators, and risk factors, such as debris flow scale and frequency. This study provides a new approach for estimating future trends of DFWSL use and increases the awareness of the spatiotemporal changes encountered when using marginal land.