Geography of Crime

The institution of complicity in crime as a whole is one of the most problematic areas for criminal law doctrine and law enforcement practice. The problem of complicity in crime, which acts as one of the fundamental institutions of criminal law in different countries, is given increased attention in the legal science of China and Russia, which is primarily due to the importance of this institution.In the Chinese criminal law, only five articles of the General part (articles 25-29 of the criminal code of the People’s Republic of China) are devoted to complicity in a crime. In addition, in many articles of the special part of the criminal code of the People’s Republic of China, incitement, aiding and abetting, as well as preparing, creating, directing, or participating in a criminal group, constitute a complete crime. These are such elements of a crime as: incitement to split the state (part 2 of article 103), incitement to overthrow the state power (part 2 of article 105), incitement to carry out terrorist activities (article 120), financial assistance to terrorist activities (article 120.1), assistance to information network criminal activities (article 287.2), preparatory actions for terrorist activities (article 120.2), organization, leadership, participation in a terrorist organization (article 120), organization, leadership and active participation in organizations of a mafia nature (article 294) , etc. In the current Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, seven articles of the General part (articles 32-36, articles 63, 67 of the Criminal Code) are devoted to the institution of complicity. In addition, the group committing a crime is as qualified or very qualified type of specific crimes (for example, article 105, 117, 158, 164 of the Criminal Code), or forms a constitutive characteristic of certain types of crime (for example, article 208, 209, 210 of the Criminal Code, which criminalize the creation of formations, gangs or communities or participate in them).The paper deals with Chinese and Russian criminal law in part of the normative regulation of the Institute of complicity in a crime, considerable attention is given to the analysis of criminal legislation of China and Russia in the sphere of legal regulation of concepts, forms of participation, types of participation and the principles of bringing them to criminal liability. In the course of the study, the author also attempts to analyze some controversial issues related to the institution of complicity in crime, such as complicity in careless crime, indirect execution, and the legal nature of complicity in crime.

Crime change patterns in American cities

In the textbook, within the framework of the General part of Criminology, the main modern scientific views on crime, the identity of the criminal, the determinants of crime in Russia, the crime prevention system are revealed. Within the framework of a Special part of criminology, the fundamental knowledge about crime, its causality and counteraction measures are differentiated and specified in priority areas corresponding to a particular type of crime. The organizational foundations of the prevention of certain types of crime are outlined, the features, forms, methods and means of preventive action are revealed. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students, postgraduates, teachers of law schools, practitioners of law enforcement agencies, as well as anyone interested in crime prevention issues.

The frequency of nonnarcotic drug use and its relationship to criminal activity among narcotic addicts

The paper reveals the main forms of using special knowledge in the investigation of crimes where the main participants are minors. Persons with special knowledge play a major role in the investigation of these crimes. In turn, the choice of these persons is determined by the type of crime, modus operandi, environment. Using the example of certain types of crimes, the article presents a number of situations that determine the choice of persons with special knowledge. Purpose: to consider and substantiate the importance and expediency of the participation of persons with special knowledge in various investigative situations. Methods: the principles of materialistic dialectics, the theory of knowledge and the general theory of criminology. The research uses general scientific and specific scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, scientific prediction, description, formal legal, comparative legal and statistical methods. Results: the study makes it possible to develop a system of criminalistically significant features that determine the choice of special knowledge in the investigation of crimes involving minors, which will allow to orient persons conducting a preliminary investigation in various investigative situations.

Evidence about the relationship between lighting and crime is mixed. Although a review of evidence found that improved road / street lighting was associated with reductions in crime, these reductions occurred in daylight as well as after dark, suggesting any effect was not due only to changes in visual conditions. One limitation of previous studies is that crime data are reported in aggregate and thus previous analyses were required to make simplifications concerning types of crimes or locations. We will overcome that by working with a UK police force to access records of individual crimes. We will use these data to determine whether the risk of crime at a specific time of day is greater after dark than during daylight. If no difference is found, this would suggest improvements to visual conditions after dark through lighting would have no effect. If however the risk of crime occurring after dark was greater than during daylight, quantifying this effect would provide a measure to assess the potential effectiveness of lighting in reducing crime risk after dark. We will use a case and control approach to analyse ten years of crime data. We will compare counts of crimes in 'case' hours, that are in daylight and darkness at different times of the year, and 'control' hours, that are in daylight throughout the year. From these counts we will calculate odds ratios as a measure of the effect of darkness on risk of crime, using these to answer three questions: 1) Is the risk of overall crime occurring greater after dark than during daylight? 2) Does the risk of crime occurring after dark vary depending on the category of crime? 3) Does the risk of crime occurring after dark vary depending on the geographical area?

Ridge regression models of urban crime

Does crime in a neighborhood cause future crime? Without a source of quasi‐experimental variation in local crime, we develop an identification strategy that leverages a recently developed test of exogeneity (Caetano (2015)) to select a feasible regression model for causal inference. Using a detailed incident‐based data set of all reported crimes in Dallas from 2000 to 2007, we find some evidence of dynamic spillovers within certain types of crimes, but no evidence that lighter crimes cause more severe crimes. This suggests that a range of crime reduction policies that target lighter crimes (prescribed, for instance, by the “broken windows” theory of crime) should not be credited with reducing the violent crime rate. Our strategy involves a systematic investigation of endogeneity concerns and is particularly useful when rich data allow for the estimation of many regression models, none of which is agreed upon as causal ex ante. Neighborhood crime broken windows model selection test of exogeneity C52 C55 K42 R23

This article examines the possibilities of using machine-readable law technologies in criminal procedural legislation and criminal proceedings; the analysis of the Concept of development of technologies of machine-readable law is carried out in order to determine the possibility of applying its provisions in the context of criminal procedural law. According to the author, the development of the technology of machine-readable law sets the legislator the task of starting the process of adapting the norms of the criminal procedure law to their subsequent presentation in formal language. Legislative acts should be structured as much as possible, within the acts, norms are more clearly divided into certain categories and groups with the building of logical connections between them. The norms of legislative acts need to be formalized, their content should not have legal and linguistic uncertainties, normative conflicts and broad discretionary powers. The conclusion is made about the need for legal transformations, formalization of the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, based on the principle of legal certainty. If the adaptation of legislation to machine-readable norms is the future in the development of science and the system of legal regulation of the state, then the use of digital technologies in criminal proceedings is a matter of the present. It seems that modern digital technologies are sufficiently developed to start developing an automated information system at the state level that meets the formal requirements of the Criminal Procedure Code, within the framework of which a preliminary investigation will be carried out. Moreover, we are talking not only about the «electronic criminal case» in its generally accepted understanding. The author proposes the creation of a comprehensive universal program that provides for the automated application of the ontology of machine-readable law (descriptions in the formal language of many objects in the field of law and the connections between them) in the investigation of criminal cases using the method of teaching artificial intelligence based on a large array of data (including data, constituting the empirical base of research, which was studied in the development of private methods for investigating certain types of crimes).

History of transplant organs originates from a series of experimental studies, for which in 1912 Karel Alexis (Alexis Carrel) was awarded the Nobel Prize for pioneering work. Surgical transplantation of human organs from deceased and living donors, the sick and dying patients began its development after the Second World War. Over the past 50 years, transplantation of human organs, tissues and cells began to practice worldwide. Due to managed to save more than one life and improve its quality. The demand has always exceeded supply, despite a significant increase in the scale of organs from deceased donors, as well as an increase in recent years, the use of organs from living donors. Lack of available grafts for transplantation not only contributed to the development in many countries, procedures and systems to increase their numbers, but also stimulated the growth of illicit trade in human organs. Analysis of foreign countries concerning transplantation of organs and human allows to distinguish two models of regulation donation of organs and tissues from deceased persons, so- called presumed and presumption of bad weather. Presumed is also known in the legal literature as alleged or model objections. It applies to those who died, according to her removal and use of organs from deceased performed if the life of the deceased has expressed objection to this, or if not express denial of his relatives or legal representatives. As for the second model, namely the presumption of dissent it means if his death the decedent expressly declared his consent to organ removal or his family members clearly expressed opposition to such action in the case when deceased did not leave such a statement. In such cases, the lack of agreement is considered as a waiver of transplantation. According to this principle, it is assumed that everyone in advance disagrees with the fact that her organs be transplanted to another person. Analysis of social, criminal and medical factors provides a basis for predicting the high level of delinquency in the field of transplantation and significant negative social consequences in this regard. Illegal transplantation always perpetrated regarding the donor or recipient. In violation of the law transplant human organs or provides for criminal responsibility century. 143 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine Violation of law transplant human organs or tissue and Art. 144 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine Violent donation. Preventing crime in the field of transplantation of organs or human is carried out primarily on the factors that cause certain types of crime in the medical practice regarding organ transplantation or human tissue. In scale implementation of preventive activities in the field of transplantation of organs or human implemented at the national level, regional or sectoral level, object level and the individual level.

This article examines the points of view of Russian pre-revolutionary scientists on the institution of joint commission of crime in the early twentieth century. During this period of time, not only works are published that are of a general commentatorial nature or include attempts at comparative analysis with the subsequent development of their own original point of view on the institution, but also works appear in which the institution of joint commission of a crime is considered from a slightly different perspective. Such research is carried out from the historical, criminological, penitentiary, criminal-sociological and criminal-statistical points of view. The institute of joint commission and the aspect of a special part of criminal law, in relation to certain types of crimes, is being investigated. Separate issues of the institution of joint commission of a crime are also being analyzed, and this is beginning to be implemented at the monographic level. The authors conclude that in recent years there has been.

The scientific review provides answers to the questions of judges received by the Russian State University of Justice concerning the qualification of certain crimes: group crimes with a person who is not subject to criminal liability by virtue of age or insanity; the combination of crimes provided for by paragraph “b” Part 4 of Article 132 and “b” Part 3 of Article 242 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; embezzlement by means of a loan with the use of the victim’s cell phone; determination of the size of alcohol-containing products; attempted sale of narcotic drugs; a combination of crimes under Аrticles 264.1 and 264.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation; cumulative offenses under Аrticles 322.1 and 322.2 (322.3) of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

An expert’s knowledge of an application is concerned with general tendencies, what is likely to be the case, frequent conjunctions, rules of thumb and other forms of statistical statements. An investigator may know that a certain type of crime is common among criminals of a certain type, an insurance company may know that a person with certain characteristics is a good risk, a doctor knows that certain symptoms almost always means the person is suffering from a given disease. The conclusion in each of these cases comes from studying tendencies in a population of relevant cases and using these to infer something about an individual case.

This article provides some suggestive evidence that crime risk increases at the intersection of offender awareness and victim unawareness spaces using data from a crime survey. This is evident as 31.7% of self-reported victimization occurs more than 10 min away from the victim's home. About 78.2% of personal theft and 0.20% of burglary (both including attempts) occurred outside the victim's immediate locality. These figures reveal a stronger link between victim movement and certain types of crime. Furthermore, they presumably give evidence that while personal theft occurs frequently, burglary only occurs in rather rare and specific circumstances at some distance from the victim's home. The study therefore concludes that it is the intersection of the offender's and the victim's movements at a time and in a given place that presents the opportunity for crime to occur. The study suggests that where both victim and offender have traveled short distances and/or are locals, community-related approaches may plausibly have roles to play in preventing crime. On the contrary, cautions to strangers, warnings to travelers, and external importation of guardianship as well as situational prevention measures are more appropriate crime prevention strategies when the victim is not local.

Crime is a complex phenomenon not easily measured. Yet systematic data are fundamental to developing and evaluating effective crime prevention strategies. Official criminal justice data are valuable because they have long been uniformly collected in the USA. However, official data sources cannot capture the sizeable amount of crime unreported to police or undetected. Victim- and self-report data address underreporting of crimes by citizens and victims to law enforcement, although these data under-represent certain types of crimes and have some sampling issues, respondent error, and interviewer bias. Just as there is not a “silver bullet” for preventing crime, there is not one solution to best measuring crime. Existing crime data are perhaps most useful to prevention researchers interested in etiological and epidemiological aspects of social problems because these data may be used to detail the prevalence and distribution of crime, delinquency, and substance abuse across time, place, and population subgroups such as race-ethnicity, sex, and age. Crime data based on survey research methods (e.g., victimization, self-report data) offer measures of commonly theorized risk and protective factors for crime. Another advantage for prevention researchers, some existing datasets support techniques to address contextual effects (individual and neighborhood influences) on crime. Although there are noteworthy caveats to using official or survey data, these crime data sources continue to provide much valuable information on prevalence, distribution, and etiology of substance abuse, deviance, and crime and are useful in evaluating promising paths to prevention.